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1.
One of the major causes of instability in geotechnical structures such as dikes or earth dams is internal erosion, an insidious process that occurs over a long period of time. Research on this topic is still fairly new and much more needs to be understood in order to solve the problems posed by this phenomenon. This paper proposes a hydromechanical model based on porous continuous medium theory to assess how internal erosion impacts the safety of earthen structures. The saturated soil is considered as a mixture of four interacting constituents: soil skeleton, erodible fines, fluidized fine particles, and fluid. The detachment and transport of the fine particles are described by a mass exchange model between the solid and the fluid phases. An elastoplastic constitutive model for sand-silt mixtures has been developed to monitor the effect of the evolution of both porosity and fines content induced by internal erosion upon the behavior of the soil skeleton. The model has been numerically solved with the finite element method. It has then been applied to the specific case study of a dike foundation subjected to internal erosion induced by the presence of a karstic cavity beneath the alluvium layer. The numerical results show the onset of erosion, the time-space evolution of the eroded zone, and the hydromechanical response of the soil constituting the dike, all of which highlights the effects of the cavity location, the erosion rate, and the fines content. 相似文献
2.
In this work, 3D discrete element method modeling of drained shearing tests with gap-graded soils after internal erosion is carried out based on published experimental results. The erosion in the model is achieved by randomly deleting fine particles, mimicking the salt dissolving process in the experiments. The present model successfully simulates the stress–strain behavior of the physical test by employing the roll resistance and lateral membrane. The case without erosion shows a strain-softening and dilative response, while strain-hardening and contractive response starts to occur as the degree of erosion increases. The dilative to contractive transition is mainly caused by the increase in void ratio due to the loss of fine particles. The change from dilative behavior to contractive behavior is more abrupt for the specimen with larger fine particle percentage because the soil skeleton is mainly controlled by the fine particles instead of by the coarse soil particles. The transition from “fines in sand” to “sand in fines” might be associated with the rapid increasing in the contacts associated with fine particles in the specimen as the percentage of fine content increases. The erosion scenario based on the hydraulic gradient is also modeled by deleting the fine particles based on the ranking of the contact force. Compared with the scenario based on random deletion, the remaining fine particles for the erosion scenario based on the ranking of contact force are more dispersedly distributed, which might benefit the small strain stiffness but result in a smaller strength. This work provides some insights for better understanding the mechanism behind the internal erosion and the associated stress–strain behavior of soil. The gradient of the critical state line increases with more loss of fine particles denoting that the fine particles are helpful for holding the structure of the soils from larger deformation. 相似文献
3.
It has been reported that sand production, which is a simultaneous production of soil particles along with gas and water into a production well, forced to terminate the operation during the world's first offshore methane production test from hydrate-bearing sediments in the Eastern Nankai Tough. The sand production is induced by internal erosion, which is the detachment and migration of soil particles from soil skeleton due to seepage flow. The inflow of the eroded soil particles into the production well leads to damage of the production devices. In the present study, a numerical model to predict the chemo-thermo-mechanically coupled behavior including internal erosion during hydrate dissociation has been formulated based on the multiphase mixture theory. In the proposed model, the internal erosion is expressed as mass transition of soil particles from soil skeleton to the fluidized soil particles. Since the internal erosion is considered to depend on the soil particle size, mass of soil particles are divided into several groups that have different representative particle diameters, and the constitutive equations for the onset condition and the mass transition rate of the internal erosion are formulated for each group. Also, transportation of soil particles in the liquid phase is formulated for each particle size group in the proposed model. Finally, a simulation of the methane gas production from the hydrate-bearing sediment by depressurization method is presented, and the internal erosion and the dissociation behavior are discussed. 相似文献
4.
One of the major causes of instability in geotechnical structures such as dikes or earth dams is the phenomenon of suffusion including detachment, transport and filtration of fine particles by water flow. Current methods fail to capture all these aspects. This paper suggests a new modeling approach under the framework of the porous continuous medium theory. The detachment and transport of the fine particles are described by a mass exchange model between the solid and the fluid phases. The filtration is incorporated to simulate the filling of the inter-grain voids created by the migration of the fluidized fine particles with the seepage flow, and thus, the self-filtration is coupled with the erosion process. The model is solved numerically using a finite difference method restricted to one-dimensional (1-D) flows normal to the free surface. The applicability of the model to capture the main features of both erosion and filtration during the suffusion process has been validated by simulating 1-D internal erosion tests and by comparing the numerical with the experimental results. Furthermore, the influence of the coupling between erosion and filtration has been highlighted, including the development of material heterogeneity induced by the combination of erosion and filtration. 相似文献
5.
针对含细颗粒砂土的反常剪切行为,开展了双轴剪切试验的数值模拟,从宏细观角度分析了其反常剪切行为发生的内在机制。数值模拟结果表明,增加围压能提高含细颗粒砂土的抗剪切液化能力,该反常行为的根本原因在于围压上升使得粗细颗粒更有效地参与了力链传递,增加了颗粒间的接触,增强了土体的密实度。细颗粒在土骨架中的移动对砂土的液化起着至关重要的作用,而粗颗粒仅起次要作用。研究表明,细颗粒在剪切过程中会持续从有效土骨架中移出成为无效颗粒,而部分粗颗粒也因失去细颗粒的支撑作用会脱离土骨架,直至试样最终液化。细颗粒一般参与土骨架中的弱力链,而粗颗粒则一般参与强力链,导致细颗粒较粗颗粒更容易在土骨架中移动。 相似文献
7.
This paper numerically investigates the slurry shield tunneling in fully saturated soils with different hydraulic conductivities in short- and long-term scales. A fully coupled hydromechanical three-dimensional model that accounts for the main aspects of tunnel construction and the hydromechanical interactions due to tunneling process is developed. An elasto-plastic constitutive model obeying a double hardening rule, namely hardening soil model, is employed in the numerical simulations. The research mainly focuses on assessing the influence of soil hydraulic conductivity and the method to simulate backfill grouting in the tail void on the evolution of ground subsidence, excess pore water pressure and lining forces. Two different consolidation schemes have been taken into account to computationally address the tunnel construction in soil with low and high hydraulic conductivities. In addition, different methods are employed to simulate the tail void grouting as a hydromechanical boundary condition and to study its effects on the model responses. Finally, the influences of infiltration of the fluidized particles of grouting suspension into the surrounding soil and its corresponding time–space hydraulic conductivity evolution on the displacements and lining forces are studied. 相似文献
8.
Prediction of unsaturated soil behavior during earthquake loading has received increasing attention in geotechnical engineering research and practice in recent years. Development of a fully coupled analysis procedure incorporating a coupled hydromechanical elastoplastic constitutive model for dynamic analysis of unsaturated soils has, however, been limited. This paper presents the implementation of a coupled hydromechanical elastoplastic constitutive model into a fully coupled dynamic analysis procedure and its validation using a centrifuge test. First, the fully coupled finite element equations governing the dynamic behavior of unsaturated soils with the solid skeleton displacement, pore water pressure, and pore air pressure as nodal unknowns are briefly presented. The closest point projection method is then utilized to implement the coupled hydromechanical elastoplastic constitutive model into the finite element equations. The constitutive model includes hysteresis in soil–water characteristic curves, cyclic elastoplasticity of the solid skeleton, and the coupling mechanisms between the SWCCs and the solid skeleton. Finally, the analysis procedure is validated using the results from a dynamic centrifuge test on an embankment constructed of compacted unsaturated silt subjected to base shaking. Reasonable comparisons between the predicted and measured accelerations, settlements, and deformed shapes are obtained. 相似文献
9.
The present paper describes a model of internal erosion of earth structures, based on rigorous thermodynamic principles and the theory of porous media. A particular focus of this paper is concerned with the initial stage of internal erosion, when the pore volume forms a continuous network, without the formation of macroscopic cavities or channels. The continuum approach is applicable in this case. The soil skeleton saturated by a pore fluid is treated as the superposition of three continua in interaction, with independent velocity fields. The pore fluid itself consists of a mixture of water and eroded particles. The erosion kinetics is based on the shear stress developed at the solid–fluid interface. The applicability of the model is illustrated by numerical simulations based on the finite element method. These simulations show how the phenomenon of piping can progressively arise, and preferentially in regions where hydraulic gradients are critical. Effects of mechanical degradations due to internal erosion are at the same time demonstrated. 相似文献
10.
对由弱透水黏土层、细砂层和强透水砂砾层组成的三层堤基进行了管涌发展的砂槽模型试验,为了便于观察分析,细砂层由各种颜色的细彩砂依次排列在砂砾石层上表面,通过改变彩砂层的厚度分析研究了不同细砂层厚度对管涌发生、发展机制及过程的影响。试验结果表明,三层堤基细砂层厚度的不同使管涌发生的临界水力梯度、涌砂量和通道发展的速度不同,与双层堤基有很大区别。临界水力梯度是由多种元素决定的,包括破坏土体的性质及其整体性等;细砂层的存在使流量在渗透变形初期对涌砂不敏感;在试验中发生的相同水位下多次间歇性涌砂,其原因一方面是颗粒在运动过程中发生堵塞,另一方面是通道边界的土体失去支撑发生应力释放,抵抗力随着时间逐渐减小。 相似文献
11.
渗透变形是颗粒材料中细颗粒在渗流作用下发生重分布且导致土体的内部结构、水力及力学特性发生变化的现象,是导致砂砾石土地基及堤防结构破坏的主要原因之一。利用自主研发的刚性壁渗透仪对不同级配及细颗粒含量的间断级配砂砾石土在恒定水头渗流作用下进行渗透变形全过程试验,监测了渗流过程中的局部水力梯度空间分布以及竖向位移变化,分析了渗透试验结束后土体的颗粒级配空间分布变化。研究结果表明：土粒中细颗粒所处的欠填、满填及过填3种堆积状态决定了粗、细颗粒间不同的接触方式,影响其渗透性。渗透试验结束后细颗粒流失量沿试样高度的空间分布可以划分为3个区域,即顶部流失区、中部均匀区及底部流失区。局部水力梯度的快速下降伴随着竖向位移的突变,意味着渗透变形的开始;渗透变形启动时的局部水力梯度大于全局水力梯度,证实了采用大尺寸试验执行渗透试验的必要性。细颗粒处于过填状态的试样依然会发生渗透变形且导致强烈的沉降变形,值得进一步的研究。 相似文献
12.
不同土层结构的堤基,其管涌发生和发展的情形不同。以前的研究多集中于双层堤基的情况。事实上,含夹砂层堤基中,位于砂砾石层内的细砂层会对堤基管涌的发生产生重大影响,并且这些影响随细砂层在砂砾石层中的位置不同而不尽相同。利用室内砂槽试验,模拟当细砂层位于砂砾石层内部不同深度时含夹砂层堤基管涌的发展过程,研究细砂层埋深对 堤基管涌的影响。试验结果表明,细砂层埋深存在一个临界深度,当细砂层埋深较浅时,堤基的临界水力梯度较小,易于发生管涌,且管涌发生以后,堤基被侵蚀的速率较大,出砂较多;堤基破坏的临界水力梯度随着细砂层埋深的增加而增大,当细砂层埋深大于临界埋深时,堤基的临界水力梯度基本不变,同时堤基抵抗管涌破坏的能力较强,其破坏形式与双层堤基 相类似。 相似文献
13.
Land subsidence is presented in many factors in different areas with urbanization. Internal soil erosion, owing to pumping confined groundwater during the deep foundation pit construction, has contributed to land subsidence. Four governing equations are presented to describe the process of internal soil erosion based on the mathematical–physical model. The finite element computation results, based on practical deep foundation pit engineering consisted of 8 layers of soil of Shanghai area, demonstrate that internal soil erosion will cause the increment of land subsidence and deformation and is related to the hydraulic gradient and the characters of the soils. 相似文献
14.
宽级配土作为堆积层滑坡的主要物源,其渗透性研究是开展降雨型堆积层滑坡机制研究的前提和基础。宽级配土的渗透是一个包括水分运移和土体细颗粒迁移的复杂过程,但在研究其渗透性时通常只考虑了水分的运移而忽略了细颗粒的迁移。为此,采用自制大型渗透仪对3组不同D15/d85值(D15为粗粒组中小于该粒径的颗粒质量分数为15%的粒径;d85为细粒组中小于该粒径的颗粒质量分数为85%的粒径)的土样进行了饱和渗流试验,研究了宽级配土的水分运移特征和细颗粒迁移规律。研究结果表明:D15/d85值对宽级配土的渗透系数和细颗粒迁移有重要影响,D15/d85值越小,则土体渗透系数越小,细颗粒不易发生迁移;D15/d85值越大,渗透系数越大,试验过程中渗透系数变化越剧烈,迁出细颗粒的量也更大。根据渗透系数的变化也可判定土体内部细颗粒的运动情况,据此提出了3种宽级配土颗粒迁移模式。该研究成果加深了对宽级配土渗透特性的认识,为完善降雨型堆积层滑坡机制研究提供了新思路。 相似文献
15.
塑料排水板在海堤、公路、码头、水闸等软基加固工程中应用较广,塑料排水板处理软地基,是用塑料排水板将地基中的水排除,以增加作用于土颗粒的有效应力来加速地基固结沉降,达到提高强度的目的。在九江市日元贷款城市防洪工程八里湖大堤软基处理中成功应用了塑料排水板施工技术,结合该工程实例。介绍了塑料排水板施工工艺。 相似文献
16.
Granular soils subjected to flow through their soil skeleton can show a behaviour in which fine particles migrate through the pore space between coarser particles. This process is called internal instability or suffusion. This contribution deals with the numerical analysis of the migration of fine particles in a soil column subjected to fluid flow with unresolved coupled computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (CFD–DEM) with special regards to the used drag force correlation. The contribution investigates the influence of the Schiller–Naumann model and its extension with a voidage term on the migration behaviour of fine particles. The voidage term is further varied with a parameter, which controls the impact of the change of the void fraction on the drag force. It could be observed that the Schiller–Naumann model does not yield in a suffusive behaviour while the extended models show significant particle migration. Thereby, increasing the impact of the void fraction on the drag force results in stronger particle migration. These results reveal the need for good validation techniques. They indicate how the drag force correlation can be adapted to depict the correct particle migration behaviour. 相似文献
17.
Rainfall-infiltration-induced fines migration within soil slopes may alter the local porosity and hydraulic properties of soils, and is known to be a possible cause of the failure of slopes. To investigate the intrinsic mechanisms, a mathematical formulation capable of capturing the main features of the coupled unsaturated seepage and fines migration process has been presented. Within the formulation, an unsaturated erodible soil is treated as a three-phase multi-species porous medium based on mixture theory; mass conservation equations with mass exchange terms together with the rate equations controlling fines erosion and deposition processes are formulated as the governing equations and are solved by the FEM method. The influences of both the fines detachment and deposition on the stability of slopes under rainfall infiltration have been investigated numerically. The results show that depending on whether the fines move out or get captured at pore constrictions, both desired and undesired consequences may arise out of the fines migration phenomenon. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to those slopes susceptible to internal erosion whose safety analysis cannot be predicted by traditional methods. 相似文献
18.
A general thermo-hydro-mechanical framework for the modelling of internal erosion is proposed based on the theory of mixtures applied to two-phase porous media. The erodible soil is partitioned in two phases: one solid phase and one fluid phase. The solid phase is composed of nonerodible grains and erodible particles. The fluid phase is composed of water and fluidized particles. Within the fluid phase, species diffuse. Across phases, species transfer. The modelling of internal erosion is contributed directly by mass transfer from the solid phase towards the fluid phase. The constitutive relations governing the thermomechanical behaviour, generalised diffusion, and transfer are structured by the dissipation inequality. The particular case of soil suffusion is investigated with a focus on constitutive laws. A new constitutive law for suffusion is constructed based on thermodynamic conditions and experimental investigations. This erosion law is linearly related to the power of seepage flow and to the erosion resistance index. Owing to its simplicity, this law tackles the overall trend of the suffusion process and permits the formulation of an analytical solution. This new model is then applied to simulate laboratory experiments, by both analytical and numerical methods. The comparison shows that the newly developed model, which is theoretically consistent, can reproduce correctly the overall trend of the cumulated eroded mass when the permeability evolution is small. In addition, the results are provided for four different materials, two different specimen sizes, and various hydraulic loading paths to demonstrate the applicability of the new proposed law. 相似文献
19.
Suffusion involves fine particles migration within the matrix of coarse fraction under seepage flow, which usually occurs in the gap-graded material of dams and levees. Key factors controlling the soil erodibility include confining pressure ( p′) and fines content ( Fc), of which the coupling effect on suffusion still remains contradictory, as concluded from different studies considering narrow scope of these factors. For this reason, a systematical numerical simulation that considers a relative wide range of p′ and Fc was performed with the coupled discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics approach. Two distinct macroresponses of soil suffusion to p′ were revealed, ie, for a given hydraulic gradient i = 2, an increase in p′ intensifies the suffusion of soil with fines overfilling the voids (eg, Fc = 35%), but have negligible effects on the suffusion of gap-graded soil containing fines underfilling the voids (eg, Fc = 20%). The micromechanical analyses, including force chain buckling and strain energy release, reveal that when the fines overfilled the voids between coarse particles (eg, Fc = 35%) and participated heavily in load-bearing, the erosion of fines under high i could cause the collapse of the original force transmission structure. The release of higher strain energy within samples under higher p′ accelerated particle movement and intensified suffusion. Conversely, in the case where the fines underfilled the voids between coarse particles (eg, Fc = 20%), the selective erosion of fines had little influence on the force network. High p′ in this case prevented suffusion. 相似文献
20.
Internal erosion (IE) affects the stability of natural and reinforced materials by causing instability within their granular structure. The dislodgement and transport of eroded particles affect both the particulate concentration of eroding fluid and the pore network of eroded material. In this study, we examined these modifications using a transport model with a finite element code. First, IE tests on chemically reinforced sand columns were performed to obtain information about eroded material loss of mass, particulate concentration of effluent, porosity and permeability modifications, and existing IE stages. Second, based on experimental results, a mathematical one‐dimensional model has been formulated to monitor the evolution and spatial distribution of erodible solids, fluidized particles, porosity, permeability, and seepage stresses. The model consists of a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations solved in sequence. It provides valuable information about the extent and the dynamics of structural changes, which can be used to estimate an IE time for the hydraulic work to reach failure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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