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1.
过去50年中国西部气候和径流变化的区域差异 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
通过对过去50年中国西部降水和主要河流径流变化的对比分析, 研究降水和径流的区域变化差异, 结果表明, 黄河上游径流和降水与新疆北部和青藏高原南部雅鲁藏布江流域径流、降水呈显著的反相关关系. 中国西部降水变化大体上以青藏高原唐古拉山和天山为界, 表现出南北一致, 中部(西部的喀喇昆仑山除外)相反, 即从南到北呈现出干-湿-干或湿-干-湿的区域变化差异; 在河流径流上表现为北部伊犁河流域和南部雅鲁藏布江流域径流变化的一致性, 而与黄河上游径流变化呈反位相变化; 同时, 新疆和黄河径流的反位相变化表现在年代际上, 而黄河和雅鲁藏布江径流变化表现在年际变化上. 黄河上游径流的变化与西北太平洋季风指数的变化比较一致, 这表明黄河上游径流变化受到较强的东亚季风的影响; 新疆总径流分别与西北太平洋季风指数和西风指数存在显著的正负相关关系, 寻找不同地区径流变化异同对于认识和预测径流未来变化具有重要的指导意义. 相似文献
2.
气候变化叠加人类活动的双重影响下,西江流域的河川径流发生了不同程度的改变,重新认识和掌握变化环境下的径流时空演变规律对流域的科学管理具有重要意义。基于西江流域干支流7个控制性水文站近60年的日径流资料,综合极点对称模态分解法(ESMD)、Mann-Kendall检验、R/S分析、小波分析等方法,从年代、年、季和年内多个时间尺度对径流的时空演变特征进行分析,研究结果表明:年代尺度下,西江流域径流丰枯交替、变化悬殊,1970s与1990s径流丰沛,2010s径流偏枯,降雨影响着径流的丰枯变化,流域上、中游更易发生干旱与洪涝灾害;春、夏、秋、冬季径流振荡周期依次为2～7、15～20、28～29 a,3～5、7～10、20 a,2～3、6～8、12～15 a和3～8、12～15、20 a,均呈现年际与年代的双重周期特征,IMF1的年际振荡在径流变化中占主导地位;受降雨与水库调蓄作用的影响,年、夏、秋季径流呈下降趋势,预测下降变化具有持续性,春、冬季径流整体呈上升趋势。空间内上游的变化趋势更显著;年和季尺度径流在1980年后突变增多,尤其集中于2000—2010年间,人类活动与气候变化是造成西江... 相似文献
3.
由于受人类活动及气候变化影响,黄河上游干流水沙特征发生显著变化。为探究黄河上游水沙变化情况,基于黄河上游5个水文站1964-2019年水沙、遥感影像等数据,利用Mann-Kendall检验法、滑动t检验法、累积距平曲线和双累积曲线等突变检验方法和小波分析法,对黄河上游水沙变化特征进行研究。利用水沙关系曲线及线性回归法等方法估算人类活动和气候对水沙变化的贡献率,并着重讨论梯级水库建设及土地利用变化对水沙的影响。结果表明:1)黄河上游玛曲-小川段流域内降雨量和径流量变化幅度不明显,贵德站、循化站、小川站1986-2019年年均输沙量分别减至1964-1985年的9.8%、24.6%、38.8%,输沙量大大减少。黄河上游玛曲-小川段径流量突变多在1986年,输沙量突变多在1969、1986、2004年,径流量存在8、16、22 a周期,输沙量存在4~8、18~21、27 a周期。2)1969年后,河流输沙能力增强,水沙关系显著改变。在不同时段内,人类活动对径流量变化在1987-2019年贡献率为66.3%,对输沙量变化在1970-1986、1987-2004、2005-2019年的贡献率为72.96%、70.73%、69.7%。人类活动对黄河上游干流水沙影响占据主导因素。3)刘家峡水库淤积最为严重,单库运行期水库淤积量为2.39亿t,排沙比变化范围为1.39%~10.7%。梯级水库联调使得径流量在1964-2004年间减少47.8%,1964-2019年间梯级水库减沙94.8%,梯级水库对输沙量影响远大于对径流量的影响。4)1980-2020年间,草地面积增加了1880.03 km2,增幅3.1%,有利于减少输沙量,草地拦沙效益大于截流效益。 相似文献
4.
黄河中下游地区过去300年降水变化 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
基于清代雨雪档案记载、现代器测气象记录及农田土壤含水量观测资料, 根据降水入渗与水量平衡模型和田间试验验证, 定量复原了1736~1910年黄河中下游地区17个站点的降水量, 建立了黄河中下游地区及其4个子区1736年以来的降水变化序列. 通过对重建序列的分析发现: 黄河中下游地区在1915年前后存在降水由多变少的突变. 其中1791~1805年、1816~1830年及1886～1895年等3个时段降水明显偏多; 而1916~1945年及1981~2000年等2个时段降水则明显偏少. 另外, 功率谱分析显示黄河中下游地区降水变化存在22~25年、3.9年及2.7年等3个显著周期. 但在1915年的突变之后, 22~25年的周期信号开始减弱, 至20世纪40年代后期, 这一周期信号完全消失, 代之出现了35~40年的周期. 相似文献
5.
利用树轮资料重建黑河近千年来出山口径流量 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15
依据黑河上游流域内获取的树木年轮样本和该河上游及出山口水文站径流资料,利用树木年轮水文学的原理和方法,建立了年轮年表.年表与河流径流量的相关关系,重建了黑河上游及出山口径流.得出在距今1319a以来,黑河莺落峡出山口最大年径流量为26.74×10~8m3/a,最小为6.44×10~8m3/a,年际变率Cv=4.17,多年平均为15.284×10~8m3/a.特枯、偏枯水年以及平水年、特、偏丰水年出现的概率分别为18.9％,23.9％,20.5％.19.0％,17.7％.相对而言,枯水年稍多一些.持续5a以上的枯水段出现过37次,共358a,持续最长的枯水段达22a;丰水段为38次,共390a,最长达39a.这两种现象仅占总数的一半,另一半是2～3a间的丰、枯水循环和平水期.小周期循环是出山口径流量的主要变化方式.同时也有较明显的中、长周期变化.据历史文献记载中所描述张掖（原甘州）旱涝灾害与出山口年径流量的对比中,旱灾的吻合率高达80％以上.而涝灾也在60％以上.从中长周期的变化趋势来看,目前在全球气候变暖背景下,出山口径流量正处在一个百年尺度的丰水期中.这一结果是目前我国在利用树木年轮重建千年以上长度水文资料的首例工作.它为黑河流域经济发展、生态环境保护以及合理利用地表水资源提供重要科学依据. 相似文献
6.
鄱阳湖流域过去1000 a径流模拟以及对气候变化响应研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为研究过去千年尺度径流变化及其对气候变化的响应,以长江中游鄱阳湖流域为研究区,运用气候模式CCSM4和ECHAM5模拟过去1000 a气候数据,空间降尺度后驱动水文模型模拟了鄱阳湖流域过去近千年流域径流序列.利用快速傅里叶变换、小波分析等手段,分析流域极端径流变化特征、周期和该流域旱涝事件发生频率.结果表明:2种气候模式均能反映出中世纪暖期及小冰期阶段的干湿交替变化,且小冰期内中干旱状态维持时间较长;径流的丰枯变化与降水量变化具有较好的对应关系.CCSM4和ECHAM5模式下发生旱涝灾害与极大极小降水事件发生频率基本相同,径流丰枯变化与降水变化周期相近,均具有30 a左右的主周期,10~15、7 a左右的子周期.小波系数模平方图中30 a左右显著的能量信号揭示了该周期与北太平洋气候的主要环流机制的太平洋年代际振荡周期相近,因此,大气环流涛动是造成气候-水文变化的主要原因.研究结果拓展了基于近代60 a观测记录的流域水文变化的认识,探讨了千年时间长度下流域干湿变化特征和水文对气候响应的动力机制,有助于全面系统认识长江中游在全球气候暖化背景下旱涝极端水文事件的发生机制与变化规律. 相似文献
7.
密云水库中氮分布及迁移影响因素研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
密云水库是北京市的重要供水水源,利用2001年和2002年丰、枯水期采取的水样监测资料,系统分析了密云水库氮的时空分布特征和迁移影响因素,认为东、西库区水体中氮在空间上分布各有不同,在时间上也表现出丰、枯水期的变化,主要影响因素为总氮的来源、径流条件、水动力条件、降水量和底泥的控制作用.其中氮的来源控制氮的浓度变化,周边径流控制氮的分布特征,底泥控制总氮的垂向分布,而周边环境中氮的含量及变化直接导致水体中总氮浓度的变化.对密云水库水体的治理和保护,其根本在于治理和改善周边环境 相似文献
8.
依据黑河上游流域内获取的树木年轮样本和该河上游及出山口水文站径流资料, 利用树木年轮水文学的原理和方法, 建立了年轮年表. 年表与河流径流量的相关关系, 重建了黑河上游及出山口径流. 得出在距今1319 a以来, 黑河莺落峡出山口最大年径流量为26.74 × 108 m3/a, 最小为6.44×108 m3/a, 年际变率Cv = 4.17, 多年平均为15.284 × 108 m3/a. 特枯、偏枯水年以及平水年、特、偏丰水年出现的概率分别为18.9%, 23.9%, 20.5%, 19.0%, 17.7%. 相对而言, 枯水年稍多一些. 持续5 a以上的枯水段出现过37次, 共358 a, 持续最长的枯水段达22 a; 丰水段为38次, 共390 a, 最长达39 a. 这两种现象仅占总数的一半, 另一半是2～3 a间的丰、枯水循环和平水期. 小周期循环是出山口径流量的主要变化方式. 同时也有较明显的中、长周期变化. 据历史文献记载中所描述张掖(原甘州)旱涝灾害与出山口年径流量的对比中, 旱灾的吻合率高达80%以上. 而涝灾也在60%以上. 从中长周期的变化趋势来看, 目前在全球气候变暖背景下, 出山口径流量正处在一个百年尺度的丰水期中. 这一结果是目前我国在利用树木年轮重建千年以上长度水文资料的首例工作. 它为黑河流域经济发展、生态环境保护以及合理利用地表水资源提供重要科学依据. 相似文献
9.
淮河流域径流过程变化时空特征及成因 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
径流变化特征及成因研究对于农业灌溉、流域水资源配置与管理等具有重要理论与现实意义,而淮河流域是我国重要农业区,因而淮河流域径流过程特征及机理研究更突显其重要性.利用非参数Mann-Kendall趋势检验和小波转换等方法系统分析了淮河中上游息县、王家坝和蒋家集等9个水文站点径流资料,分析淮河流域中上游径流年内分配、年际变化、径流趋势、突变特征及周期变化等径流过程变化特征,并探讨了径流变化特征的成因.研究发现:(1)淮河中上游径流量主要集中于5-9月,约占年径流总量的70.37%,变差系数介于0.16~0.85之间,径流年际极值比则介于1.7~23.9之间,径流年际变化剧烈;(2)淮河中上游径流量整体呈下降趋势,尤其是4-5月径流下降趋势显著,季节变化不明显;(3)各站点年径流量在2000s呈显著周期变化,班台、王家坝、鲁台子和蚌埠站在该尺度上存在2.0~3.4 a尺度的小周期,息县、潢川和蒋家集站处于高能区.季节和汛期与非汛期的显著周期集中出现在1960s、1980s和2000s,1960s周期主要为2~8a.(4)潢川站年径流量对气候因子的响应最为明显,其对混合ENSO指数和太平洋中高纬年代际振荡指数(PDO)的响应分别通过了95%和99%的显著性检验.PDO对各站点月径流的直接影响最为显著,且主要集中在6月份,多呈显著负相关关系,以班台站最为显著,分别在1、4和6月通过了95%的显著性检验.南方涛动指数、北大西洋涛动指数和Nino3.4区海表温度距平指数(Nino3.4)对研究区月径流量的响应存在显著滞后性,Nino3.4对研究区月径流量滞后期的影响主要发生在潢川和蒋家集站,而北极涛动指数和PDO指数无滞后性响应. 相似文献
10.
利用树轮资料重建黑河近千年来出山口径流量 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
依据黑河上游流域内获取的树木年轮样本和该河上游及出山口水文站径流资料, 利用树木年轮水文学的原理和方法, 建立了年轮年表. 年表与河流径流量的相关关系, 重建了黑河上游及出山口径流. 得出在距今1319 a以来, 黑河莺落峡出山口最大年径流量为26.74 × 108 m3/a, 最小为6.44×108 m3/a, 年际变率Cv = 4.17, 多年平均为15.284 × 108 m3/a. 特枯、偏枯水年以及平水年、特、偏丰水年出现的概率分别为18.9%, 23.9%, 20.5%, 19.0%, 17.7%. 相对而言, 枯水年稍多一些. 持续5 a以上的枯水段出现过37次, 共358 a, 持续最长的枯水段达22 a; 丰水段为38次, 共390 a, 最长达39 a. 这两种现象仅占总数的一半, 另一半是2~3 a间的丰、枯水循环和平水期. 小周期循环是出山口径流量的主要变化方式. 同时也有较明显的中、长周期变化. 据历史文献记载中所描述张掖(原甘州)旱涝灾害与出山口年径流量的对比中, 旱灾的吻合率高达80%以上. 而涝灾也在60%以上. 从中长周期的变化趋势来看, 目前在全球气候变暖背景下, 出山口径流量正处在一个百年尺度的丰水期中. 这一结果是目前我国在利用树木年轮重建千年以上长度水文资料的首例工作. 它为黑河流域经济发展、 生态环境保护以及合理利用地表水资源提供重要科学依据. 相似文献
11.
D. M. Pechersky A. A. Lyubushin Z. V. Sharonova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(7):613-623
The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The
times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized
by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and
the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between
the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic
world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by
the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle
of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes
in the organic world. 相似文献
12.
The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth. 相似文献
13.
综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。 相似文献
14.
As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10
3
Poise 相似文献
15.
The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4. 相似文献
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17.
On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors. 相似文献
18.
Prof. Dr. W. A. Heiskanen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1958,41(1):1-18
Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out. 相似文献
19.
Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan. 相似文献