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针对戈壁地区松散的砾石层地震信号衰减快、频率降低和能量减弱的特点,以及煤层倾角大、煤层埋藏深度变化大和潜水面的影响,笔者对戈壁地区煤田地震勘探的野外采集技术难点进行了分析探讨,并提出相应的技术对策:1地表条件复杂、潜水位变化大的地区采用汽车钻机成孔。2煤层埋藏深度小、倾角小于15°的地区采取小排列、小药量、中点放炮激发。3煤层埋藏深度大、倾角大于15°的地区采取大排列,能量足够情况下,采用小药量、端点放炮激发。最后通过实例补充说明。 相似文献
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陕西韩家湾某勘探区煤层埋藏较浅(50～200m),其三维地震勘探遇到了在陕北地区普遍存在的问题与技术难点:如煤层冲刷严重,煤层厚度变化大,小煤窑分布多而乱,表浅层地震地质条件复杂,厚薄不一的松散干沙对高频地震波的强烈吸收作用,分辨超浅层小间距煤层的能力有限等.为此在该区的野外数据采集中采用了小道距、小CDP网格、高速层激发等措施,同时应用精细静校正、振幅一致性补偿等处理技术及三维地震勘探解释与属性解释相结合的方法.解释成果与巷探、采掘资料对比表明,三维地震勘探解释冲刷薄煤带边界最大误差为15m,最小误差为7m;地面钻探工程验证了地震资料解释的采空区. 相似文献
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地下采矿是地面塌陷失决条件，自然重力及其他外界触发因素是其发展动因，地面塌陷受覆岩时代及岩性，采空区尺寸大小，煤层倾角，煤层厚度及开采深度，重复采动，水文条件变化，地形地势和松散盖层的影响。 相似文献
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大型复杂松散堆积体形成机制的内外动力耦合作用初 探 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
在我国西部山区广泛发育和分布第四纪大型复杂松散堆积体,这是一套介于土、岩之间的过渡类型的地质体;其成因复杂,主要包括残坡积物、崩滑堆积体、冲洪积物、冰碛物和冰水沉积物等两种或多种组合混杂堆积,明显区别于东部平原区的单一成因类型。本文通过资料对比分析,对大型复杂松散堆积体的一般特征、主要类型和区域分布规律进行了系统总结,最后从耦合的角度来探讨其成因机制,并提出河谷型松散堆积体的内外动力耦合概念模型,研究认为大型复杂松散堆积体属于典型的内外动力耦合作用产生的多期次、成因复杂的复合地质体。 相似文献
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勘探区地处毛乌素沙漠西南边缘,表层多为干燥疏松的沙丘和黄土;浅层为沙土、卵石、砾石层,大部分地段不含水,均为松散沉积物。区内断层和褶皱发育,煤层埋藏深度与产状变化较大。针对该区表、浅层和深层复杂的地震地质条件,通过不断优化三维地震勘探设计,最终确定了野外数据采集观测系统及激发与接收参数,并在数据处理中,选择了合适的处理技术、处理参数及处理流程,获得了信噪比与分辨率较高的三维数据体,较好的完成了地质勘探任务。 相似文献
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煤层顶底板突水危险性预测与评价是煤矿突水灾害防治的基础和依据。针对煤层底板隔水介质条件,分析了煤系岩石力学性质,煤层底板突水的岩性、结构和厚度特征,建立了煤层底板突水危险性评价理论和方法。研究表明:煤层底板隔水介质条件取决于隔水层岩性和断裂构造,随着底板泥岩含量增加,煤层底板隔水性能增高,但抗水压能力降低;随着断裂发育程度的增加,底板隔水层由完整结构、块裂结构到碎裂结构和松散结构,煤层底板抗水压能力和隔水性能均降低,突水危险性增大。煤层底板抗水压能力与煤层底板隔水层厚度密切相关,统计表明,煤层底板受的极限水压p与底板隔水层厚度h之间为2次幂函数关系。在传统突水系数的基础上考虑了隔水层的岩性和结构特征,提出了煤层底板突水危险评价分类;进一步根据水压Pw与岩体破裂压力Pc关系和水压Pw与最小主应力σhmin关系判断是否突水。 相似文献
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松散黄土堆积层下煤矿采空区地表塌陷形成机理 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于现场调查和室内测试,研究了青岛-兰州高速公路邯郸至涉县段沿线采空区地表塌陷特征,探讨了松散黄土堆积层下采空区地表塌陷的形成机理。研究结果表明：采空区地表塌陷表现为塌陷坑、地裂缝和沉陷盆地,分布规律不明显,塌陷明显滞后于煤层回采;地表塌陷形成的主要原因是由于煤层埋深浅,“两带”高度可直达地表,而上覆松散黄土层结构构造独特,具有一定的结构强度,因而不会立即垮落,在松散层内顺黄土垂直节理先形成拉裂缝,而后在地表水流作用下发生潜蚀、淘蚀,裂缝进一步扩大延伸而形成塌陷坑。 相似文献
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CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。 相似文献
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Takeshi Nose Dr. 《GeoJournal》1985,10(3):261-276
Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry. 相似文献
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Julie Okpala 《GeoJournal》1990,20(1):37-43
This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics,
students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional
nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students.
The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status
in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs. 相似文献
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Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
David N. Petley Gareth J. Hearn Andrew Hart Nicholas J. Rosser Stuart A. Dunning Katie Oven Wishart A. Mitchell 《Natural Hazards》2007,43(1):23-44
Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates.
In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers
of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing
with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the
increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005.
The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that
the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide
fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the
relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of
precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased
dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the
effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward
trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and
natural systems. 相似文献
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2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。 相似文献
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硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。 相似文献
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环境地球化学学科在中国生态文明和美丽中国建设、国际环境公约履约及过去全球变化研究中发挥着越来越大的作用。本文简要回顾了中国过去十年在环境地球化学领域的部分研究进展,介绍了汞、持久性有机污染物和其他重金属污染物长距离传输研究进展;总结了汞、镉、锑、铊等非传统稳定同位素在地表生物地球化学循环过程中的同位素分馏规律及污染来源和环境过程示踪方面的研究进展;回顾了传统稳定同位素地球化学与污染示踪及过去全球变化方面的研究进展。指出了以上研究方向还存在的问题及未来研究方向。 相似文献