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1.
R. Kada 《GeoJournal》1982,6(4):367-371
Part-time farming is a wide-spread phenomenon in contemporary rural Japan. Characterized by an extremely small-scale rice farming and by a unimodal equitable rural development, most Japanese farm households have combined farming with off-farm employment. In this article, after an examination of the definition of part-time farming (farm household as the unit), the trend of and factors for part-time farming are described and analyzed. Growth and expansion of off-farm employment opportunities, continued small-sized farming, rapid increase in farmland prices and development and diffusion of labor-saving technology are among the major forces which encouraged part-time farming in Japan. Although the overall performance of part-time farms appears less efficient in the use of non-labor resources (e.g., land and machinery), part-time farms still occupy a significant share in the aggregate agricultural production and in the total farmland cropped. Various on-farm and off-farm adjustments are pointed out which have enabled dual employment patterns to be adopted by these people. In essence, due to the limited opportunities for farm-size expansion, part-time farming is considered a necessity, rather than a choise, for most Japanese farm families. But this has also caused some serious agricultural problems, especially with respect to its impact on farmsize structure and inefficient land use. At least for the purpose of maintaining a high income level and for equitable access to opportunities, part-time farming has seemingly contributed beneficially to the farming population of Japan. 相似文献
2.
Takashi Oguchi 《GeoJournal》2000,52(3):195-202
Japanese geomorphology has historically adopted methods and concepts from research in western countries and applied them to
landforms in Japan and the flow of information has, in the past, been very much unidirectional. This situation is becoming
more balanced, with increasing activity of Japanese geomorphologists within the international research arena. Accordingly,
many sub-fields of geomorphology in Japan are now making important contributions at the international scale. However, GIS
applications in Japanese geomorphology have been more limited, at a time of rapid expansion of GIS in geomorphology within
western countries. Although in some countries, technical and financial limitations might inhibit GIS popularisation; this
explanation cannot be applied to Japan, given the high level of technological resources within the country. It is suggested
here that there are certain historical and cultural aspects of Japanese society, which may have contributed to delayed GIS
propagation within Japan.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
G. F. Hartman 《GeoJournal》1996,40(1-2):147-164
Hydroelectric development, forest exploitation, agricultural land use and related human population numbers have increased rapidly during the last 40 years, in the basin of the Nechako River, a major tributary system of the Fraser River. The Kemano project of the Aluminum Company of Canada Ltd. begun in 1950, was the largest industrial scheme in the area. A key feature of the first stage of it was a dam which diverted about 40% of flow of the south branch of the Nechako River, through a tunnel in the mountains, to the Pacific Ocean. In 1987 an agreement for the Kemano Completion Project (KCP), which would have diverted 87% of the flow, was signed. This final phase of the project would have put important fisheries resources of the upper Fraser River at high risk. Mitigation for fisheries protection were inadequate or untested in the system at the time. Potential cumulative impacts of water abstraction, elevated pollution levels, increased water temperature and natural sediment were not addressed. In January 1995 KCP was cancelled but there remain at present no adequate measures to protect the fish and the river ecosystem. These measures are to be negotiated in the future. Future management of the whole Kemano development must provide biologically realistic flow and temperature regimes in the Nechako River, and must deal with cumulative impacts of population and industrial growth. To achieve sustainability of fisheries in the Nechako River and upper Fraser watershed the present approach to the Kemano development must be changed fundamentally. The future of the Kemano development must be set in the context of the whole future of the upper Fraser system. Continued growth and development, as has occurred in the upper Fraser and total basin, can not go on without inimical changes to ecosystem conditions and loss of fisheries resources. 相似文献
4.
Analysis on Marine Science and Technology Strategy and Key Layout of Japan and the Inspirations to China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Basic Ocean Law (BOL) and Basic Ocean Plan (BLP) are important guarantee for the maritime strategy of Japan, which has established a complete policy system for the development of marine science and technology. On the other hand, the Japanese Government has started some major marine strategies and plans to promote the BLP. In this paper, the marine science and technology plans launched by the Japanese Government and its participation in the international cooperative research projects were introduced. The research of Japan Marine Science and Technology Center and the University of Tokyo Institute of Oceanography in the long-term planning and focus on the layout features, deep sea research technology layout, contents and advanced equipment were analyzed. At last, some recommendations for China’s development on marine science and technology were proposed, such as strengthening the legislation work and process, carrying out research and development of marine infrastructure with independent intellectual property rights, actively participating in international large-scale ocean plan, improving the discourse right and enhancing national maritime awareness and suggestions and so on. 相似文献
5.
《Geoforum》2016
Eco-certifications have become an important site of power struggles in commodity sectors such as forestry, fisheries, aquaculture, palm oil, and soy. In each, multiple eco-certification initiatives have been developed and resisted through interactions among non-governmental organizations, governments, and commercial actors. This paper contributes to understanding how power is embodied in certifications by exploring how territoriality manifests in the international struggle over defining what products are ‘sustainable’ and which producers will have access to markets that require ‘sustainable’ products. Focusing on the wild capture fisheries sector in which the non-governmental Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) administers the preeminent eco-certification initiative, we explore the emergence of new fisheries eco-certification initiatives in Japan, Iceland, Alaska, Canada, and the US that insist there is no transnational monopoly on judgments over fisheries sustainability. We argue that these new eco-certifications attempt to defend and embed territorial social and regulatory relations of production within the contested domain of transnational sustainability governance. The initiatives accommodate both the territorially embedded material interests, institutions, and discursive strategies of producers (and their state supporting agencies) and transnationally embedded governance norms for assessing and communicating sustainability. They also counter the globally applicable institutions of the MSC in favor of making space for state and non-state actors to contend with demands for sustainability in the global seafood market by combining place-specific attributes with transnational governance norms. 相似文献
6.
自然资源要素综合观测工程围绕国家重大战略需求和自然资源部“两统一”职责展开,是一项具有战略性、基础性、紧迫性的系统工程,合理分析自然资源要素综合观测体系构建的各项需求,进一步明确建设思路,厘清目前发展动态,有利于自然资源要素综合观测工程下一步工作的开展。通过需求分析,明确了全国自然资源要素综合观测体系建设的各项需求,并进一步提出了建设思路,针对各项需求介绍了当前的发展动态,构建了基于自然资源管理的分类体系,划分了自然资源综合区划,形成了自然资源要素综合观测指标体系和标准体系,并梳理出3个标准规范讨论稿,提出了基于自然资源综合区划的野外观测台站布设方案,并在此基础上构建了空天地一体化观测技术体系,搭建了自然资源要素综合观测一体化平台,为跟踪研究各类自然资源动态变化规律并预测其发展趋势提供了数据支撑,最后,对自然资源要素综合观测体系的构建提出了针对性的建议。研究成果有力推进了我国自然资源要素综合观测体系建设,支撑服务了新形势下自然资源管理需求。 相似文献
7.
Y. N. Bedford Dr. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(3):259-266
The critical role played by national or central direction in Japan's modernization is well recognized, but the role of rural Japan in the nation's modernizing process has not been adequately understood. Ways of life in rural Japan, or buraku, are usually viewed negatively, and considered stumbling blocks in the process of modernization. However, acloser analysis of Ryumon, an ordinary Japanese village in W Japan which successfully transformed its agricultural system to become a citrus specialty area, has revealed that the villages achieved a new way of life through many years of grass-roots effort in the context of buraku society. Clearly, buraku society must be examined more thoroughly before our understanding of Japan's process of modernization becomes complete. 相似文献
8.
Akhtar Husain Siddiqi 《GeoJournal》1992,26(3):395-411
This study assesses the condition of the fishing industry in Pakistan. It briefly reviews the ecological environment of Pakistan's
fisheries and describes recent developments in technology and their impact on the catch. The factors contributing to growth
include government efforts, fleet expansion and development of export markets. This study also points out the difficulties
in arriving at a satisfactory management policy for the regulation of the industry. Development strategies seek rational,
efficient exploitation of marine resources for the broad goals of national development. Consequently, policy makers' fisheries
management concepts and techniques are generally less effective in addressing the need of the coastal communities. The conclusion
is that fisheries development effort need balanced resource management, serving as an instrument for regional development
while taking into account the traditional resource use rights of small-scale fishermen. 相似文献
9.
Harald Rosenthal Dr. rer. nat. 《GeoJournal》1985,10(3):305-324
Aquaculture can be considered as a rapidly growing industry in many parts of the world. The impressive overall upward trend in production is likely to continue for the rest of the century. However, aquaculture will still be a minor contributor to the world's protein supply, even though the projected annual output of about 30 million tons can be realized by the year 2000. Nevertheless, aquaculture can play an important role in many developing countries not only within the context of rural development, but also as a commercial activity that focuses on export markets. Progress in aquaculture will always be accompanied by a number of constraints that occur with or through expansion of this industry. Some of the most important problem areas are briefly addressed, including those related to environmental degradation, disease control, human health and competition for resources. Finally, gaps in science and technology as well as research priorities are identified. 相似文献
10.
John E. Bardach 《GeoJournal》1985,10(3):221-232
Aquaculture, the farming and husbandry of freshwater and marine organisms furnishes about 12% of the food man obtains from the waters of the globe. It is most important in Asia and has grown rapidly in the last decade. The development of aquaculture must rely on control over production sites, in most cases, and on the application of various bio-technical inputs. It dates back to antiquity and has relied on fish and molluscs as its mainstays. Freshwater species predominate among the former but increasing competition for the freshwater resources of the globe indicate that the cultivation of marine species (mariculture) will be of increasing importance. Many species are partly or fully cultured with very few having assumed domesticated, i.e., genetically improved status. The world's tropics with their warmer climate present greater development potential for aquaculture than the temperate zone, a fact that promises to make it especially valuable in policies to improve the diets of developing nations. An overview is given here over species and methods of aquaculture with the latter seen as a continuum having at one pole feedlot types of management with strong control over environmental variables and high inputs, also resulting in high yields, and at the other an approach that could be likened to pasturage. Feeding is not excluded in it but recycling and astute steering of ecological processes are equally if not more important management mechanisms here. Biological and engineering research in aquaculture is being pursued widely. However, pollution, site competition, security of tenure to a site and the like have to be addressed in equal measure for aquaculture to hold its promise of furnishing important quantities of high quality protein food. 相似文献
11.
矿山开采生产的生态保护与修复工作,涉及自然资源、生态环境、水利、林草等多部门,结合矿政管理工作实际,梳理了矿山生态保护修复资金类型,总结剖析了目前不同部门分头管理存在的问题,在此基础上,提出应整合各部门矿山生态保护修复方案及资金,形成管理合力,把生态保护修复工作贯穿到从地质勘查、矿山建设、开采、闭坑、管护的全过程,边开采边治理,整体保护,综合整治,系统修复。 相似文献
12.
Yasuo Miyakawa 《GeoJournal》2000,52(2):345-352
Our world is very fluid, very complex, constantly moving, made up of a great number of interdependent components. Therefore, the locus and the orbit of a particular area play an important role in geography and in politics. The purpose of this study is to examine the iconography of orbit and freedom of movement through an analysis of the transformation of the international politico-economic structure and its impact on Japan and to make clear the footsteps of Jean Gottmann on political geography. Due to its locus being on the crossroad of international power struggles, Japan had accepted different iconographies of orbits every time she faced great mutation in her history. This, in turn, accelerated the synchronism, synergism and synthesis of different iconographies that came to converge at the crossroad. The integration of imported cultures with the Japanese traditional culture promoted the transformation of Japanese society and community to emphasize the freedom of movements. The flexibility of Japanese society and the unifying iconography of Japanese community have enabled Japan to adapt and readapt to changing politico-economic phases. Interested in the relationship between freedom of movement and iconography, Jean Gottmann spent a considerable portion of his academic life inquiring into the changing dynamics of Japanese iconography on the global scene. After a quarter-century pursuit, he contributed to the establishment of political geography in Japan. 相似文献
13.
再论中国煤炭地质综合勘查理论与技术新体系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于近年来大量专题科研成果和勘查工程实践．系统总结形成了适应中国煤田地质特点和煤炭工业要求的煤炭地质综合勘查理论与技术体系。该体系可概括为一个创新思路、两大支撑理论、五大关键技术、一套标准规范：提出了集资源勘查、矿井建设、安全生产、环境保护为一体的”煤炭地质综合勘查”新思路：聚煤规律研究和构造控煤作用研究取得突出进展,为当代煤炭地质综合勘查技术体系提供了强大的理论支撑：建立并完善了由煤炭资源遥感技术、高精度地球物理勘查技术、快速地质钻探技术、煤炭资源信息化技术、煤矿区环境遥感监测技术等五大核心技术构成的地质综合勘查技术体系;编制技术规范与标准14项,为构建中国煤炭地质综合勘查体系提供了政策依据。 相似文献
14.
Yasuo Miyakawa 《GeoJournal》2001,52(4):345-352
Our world is very fluid, very complex, constantly moving, made up of a great number of interdependent components. Therefore, the locus and the orbit of a particular area play an important role in geography and in politics. The purpose of this study is to examine the iconography of orbit and freedom of movement through an analysis of the transformation of the international politico-economic structure and its impact on Japan and to make clear the footsteps of Jean Gottmann on political geography. Due to its locus being on the crossroad of international power struggles, Japan had accepted different iconographies of orbits every time she faced great mutation in her history. This, in turn, accelerated the synchronism, synergism and synthesis of different iconographies that came to converge at the crossroad. The integration of imported cultures with the Japanese traditional culture promoted the transformation of Japanese society and community to emphasize the freedom of movements. The flexibility of Japanese society and the unifying iconography of Japanese community have enabled Japan to adapt and readapt to changing politico-economic phases. Interested in the relationship between freedom of movement and iconography, Jean Gottmann spent a considerable portion of his academic life inquiring into the changing dynamics of Japanese iconography on the global scene. After a quarter-century pursuit, he contributed to the establishment of political geography in Japan. 相似文献
15.
未来五年我国城市地质工作战略思考 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
城市地质工作是未来地质工作的重要发展方向,已成为城市规划建设和经济社会发展的重要基础支撑。近10年来,城市地质学理论创新取得明显进展:创新了城市地质工作发展理念,创立了浅层地温能地质学理论体系,构建了城市地质调查和区域工程地质勘查评价体系;城市地质工作得到长足发展:找准了影响城市发展的重大地质问题,完成了一系列城市建设地质条件适宜性评价和重要战略资源勘查评价工作,开展了地质资源环境承载能力监测预警平台建设。"十三五"时期,面对新形势、新要求,我国城市地质工作必须贯彻落实五大发展理念,实施"两快、三高"战略,支撑城市建设和经济社会协调发展。 相似文献
16.
古地貌是控制古水系、沉积体系的关键因素之一.以渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷东部的辽东东地区中新世馆陶组为例,对馆陶组的沉积区和剥蚀区分别开展了基于残余地层厚度法和印模法的古地貌恢复,以增进对研究区古水系、源－汇系统的整体认识,为其物源体系、沉积环境、砂体分布的预测提供科学依据.两种方法的古地貌及古水系恢复结果对比研究表明,基于残余地层厚度法的沉积区古地貌恢复结果适用于目的层沉积区古水系的恢复;而基于印模法的沉积区－剥蚀区一体化的古地貌恢复结果实现了剥蚀区、沉积区古水系的统一解释.沉积区－剥蚀区一体化的古地貌恢复弥补了基于沉积区古地貌的古水系恢复中难以判断"源－汇体系"中源区古水系分布及从源到汇古水系派生关系的局限性. 相似文献
17.
18.
This article explores the international implications of the developmental state model of Japanese capitalism. It does so by investigating the extension of Japanese intellectual property (IP) policy and practice in Vietnam. The escalating role of intellectual property within Japanese industrial policy is first framed according to Johnson’s developmental state thesis and extended in reference to the ‘flying geese’ model of regional development in East Asia. This latter approach anticipates Vietnam’s growing importance as a site for Japanese foreign direct investment and technology transfer. Interviews with key informants from both countries and analysis of policy documents provide evidence of the extra-territorial practices employed by Japanese companies, government agencies, and IP intermediaries in Vietnam. These accounts bring to light key developmental mechanisms, such as the packaging of IP internationalization within Japan’s official development assistance (ODA) and the overseas pro-bono work performed by IP intermediary associations in which the line between benevolence and self-interest is blurred. The paper concludes by interpreting these practices in accordance with the broader strategic imperatives of Japan in the region. 相似文献
19.
Based on a series of international conferences for establishing HFA2 framework, this paper analyzed key issues of frontier of disaster risk science, integrated disaster prevention and mitigation strategies and integrated disaster risk governance. The future direction of disaster risk science was comprehensively discussed according to the widely discussed Post 2015 Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA2). It was proposed to deepen the cognition of the complexity of disaster system in terms of recognizing the complexity of disaster system from the interaction among various elements of the system, recognizing the complexity of climate change risk from the regional characteristics and formation mechanism of the global climate change and recognizing the complexity of the catastrophe risk from the regional development levels and patterns. Furthermore, it was suggested to make integrated disaster risk reduction strategies and countermeasures from the perspective of the complexity of the disaster system, including the establishment of regional integrated disaster risk governance framework to face climate change, the establishment of integrated disaster risk governance system in multi-spatial scale, the establishment of disaster risk governance financial system integrating the insurance, bonds and lottery, the establishment of consilience mode in integrated risk governance considering multi-stakeholder and the establishment of modeling and simulation platform integrated disaster risk information services and disaster risk reduction strategies. Finally, it was pointed out that the assessment of disaster risk levels for different regions in multi spatial scale can provide robust scientific support for integrated disaster risk governance of the world and regions, industries and enterprises so as to improve response to global change and guarantee a global and regional sustainable development. 相似文献
20.
Kerry L. Sublette J. Bryan Tapp J. Berton Fisher Eleanor Jennings Kathleen Duncan Greg Thoma Josh Brokaw Tim Todd 《Applied Geochemistry》2007
For almost a decade the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in Oklahoma has been used as a field laboratory for the investigation of aspects of the remediation and restoration of oil and brine spills. Objectives of this work have included: (1) simplification of the remediation process and lowering the cost of remediation; (2) the development of methods to accelerate or jump-start the restoration process; and (3) determining appropriate metrics for assessing the status of soil ecosystem recovery. This research has resulted in a number of lessons learned that will be presented here which can be exported to other exploration and production sites, especially sites located in sensitive ecosystems. Key observations have included the role of a fertilizer amendment in linking the remediation and restoration process at an oil-impacted site, the use of nematodes as ecological indicators in the restoration of oil- and brine-impacted sites, and the development of a two-stage process for remediation of brine impacted sites that does not include significant use of gypsum. 相似文献