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分析北京城近郊区奥运会赛场临近的气象台站(南郊观象台、朝阳站、海淀站、丰台站、石景山站)1995～2004年10年8月的气温、相对湿度、风向风速、低云量、降水量等5个气象要素的气候变化,结果表明:1)19～22日有2次阴雨天气过程,气温下降幅度较大;2)5个台站的主导风向是S-SE,逐日平均风速的峰值出现在16时(北京时间),其值为2.0～3.1m.s-1;3)白天各雨量等级合计≥35%的频率出现5天;4)奥运会开幕时间(2008年8月8日20时),晴天到少云的频率占90%,阴天为10%,无雨为80%。这种气候特点为奥运会组委会、参赛运动员和观众提供了赛场环境5个气象要素的日变化规律。同时,对于奥运会的短期气象服务也有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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本文介绍了乌鲁木齐市建成区内5座100 m气象塔地理位置,根据逻辑极值检查、僵值检查、时间一致性检查、空间一致性检查和人工干预检查等组成的一套针对气象塔观测资料的质量控制方法和四点滑动平均插值、要素垂直分布拟合和线性回归方法组成的数据插值方法,对乌鲁木齐市从南至北5座100 m气象塔2012年4月1日至2014年4月30日的资料进行质量控制和数据插值。结果表明:该套方案能很好地找出缺测、错误和可疑的数据,结合人工干预,使得检验结果更为可靠。5座气象塔资料的质量是比较好的,正常数据占总数据的97.17%,其中红光山数据质量最好(正常数据占总数据的99.01%)。非正常数据只是少数情况(占总数据的2.83%),包括缺测和错误数据,其中缺测数据占非正常数据的6.23%(出现在米东和燕南立交),错误数据占非正常数据的93.77%。虚假数据占错误数据的89.99%(大部分为风速、风向),僵值数据占错误数据的5.47%(大部分为气温和湿度).超出逻辑极值数据占错误数据的0.41%(只出现在水塔山气温),不符合一致性数据占错误数据的4.13%(主要为湿度,主要在燕南立交)。利用四点中央插值法、每座气象塔要素垂直分布拟合和不同气象塔之间线性回归方法插值气温和相对湿度的效果较好。 相似文献
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Projected changes in the western North Pacific subtropical high under six global warming targets 
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下载免费PDF全文 《大气和海洋科学快报》2020,(1)
西北太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)是影响东亚夏季天气气候的关键环流系统。本文利用CMIP5的历史气候模拟试验和RCP8.5路径下的未来气候变化预估试验数据,采用扰动位势高度,流函数等多种变量描述西太副高,分析了西太副高在6个全球变暖阈值(1.5℃, 2.0℃, 2.5℃,3.0℃, 3.5℃和4.0℃)下相对于当代气候的变化情况。在对流层中层(500 h Pa),西太副高在1.5℃阈值下几乎没有变化,而在2.0℃阈值下迅速减弱并东退约2.5°。当升温大于2.5℃时,西太副高呈线性减弱趋势,在4.0℃阈值下将东退约6.0°。在对流层低层(850 h Pa),西太副高在1.5℃阈值下增强西伸,但在升温到2.0℃的过程中变化不大。当变暖达到4.0℃阈值时,西太副高将西伸约2.0°。 相似文献
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利用新乡所辖8个县站建站～1998年气象资料,统计分析了降雹日的地理分布和时间分布特征.结果表明冰雹的地理分布特征是北部、西部多,南部、东部少;成灾冰雹主要在5～8月(占整个降雹日数的74%),集中在5月下旬～7月中旬(占整个降雹日数的64%),降雹主要发生在14～21时(占93.4%),其中16～17时1个小时内为最多(占42.1%). 相似文献
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利用山西省5个酸雨观测站自动和人工测定的pH、电导率等数据进行分析,评估两种观测方法的结果差异。结果表明：平行观测期间5个站降水采样情况正常,自动观测降雨次数缺测率为3.6%,仪器全年无故障运行时间达到99.0%。就pH测量而言,研究期间人工观测的非酸雨(pH>5.6)次数占比为86.9%,低于自动观测结果(91.5%)。人工观测值和自动观测值相对pH偏差在20%以内的观测次数占比为91.25%。电导率K值测量,两种方法相对偏差在20%以内的观测次数占比64.1%。5个观测站中电导率的人工与自动观测线性相关性明显高于pH。总体来说,仪器运行较为可靠,但平行观测期间人工观测值与自动观测值仍存在一定差异,建议延长平行观测时间。 相似文献
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提出了能够原位测定农田土壤-植物体系NH3排放的准动态箱法,并开展了一系列实验对其进行评估。该方法的回收率为89.0%±4.9%,与风洞法一致;对农田裸地施肥后的NH3挥发测定结果与有限流通密闭室法具有显著一致性(r<0.05);休闲裸地1日内的NH3挥发与气温呈显著指数相关(r<0.05)。根据NH3挥发的日变化和逐日动态规律,准动态箱法测定农田日NH3挥发的最佳时间为9时(北京时间,下同)左右或16时左右,对单次施肥引起的NH3挥发最佳观测周期为施肥后1～2星期。且实验表明,山西冬小麦拔节期追施(撒施)尿素后,采用准动态箱法测定的NH3挥发N损失率为3%～5%。 相似文献
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地形起伏与降水分布不均是植被空间分布差异的主要成因。西藏自治区雅鲁藏布江流域具有显著的高程差异,研究以NDVI和相应的降水及高程数据,统计分析NDVI随高程变化的分布规律,并结合滑动t突变检验与Pearson相关分析对其分布形态进行诊断。结果表明:(1)NDVI对高程具有高度依赖性,基本呈现随高程增加而线性减小的变化规律,NDVI随高程变化的减幅约-0.000 18 m^(-1),其中3 003 m以下和5 843 m以上区域内NDVI值随高程增加呈线性下降形态,而高程在3 003~5 843 m的样点NDVI实际值偏离拟合值较大;(2)3767 m与5 051 m高程界线将月NDVI分成0.65~0.88、0.17~0.49和0.09~0.24三个值域;(3)三个高程带内植被总体可被划分为2 5月、6 9月、10月至次年1月三个生长时期;(4)高程5 051 m以上区域内NDVI总体呈增加趋势,高程3 767~5 051 m区域内NDVI于6 9月呈下降态势,其余月份均表现为增加形态,而高程3 767 m以下区域内NDVI总体为下降趋势;(5)除32%的样点NDVI主要受高程影响外,51%样点NDVI受降水影响较大(主要分布于3 003~5 843 m之间的区域,尤其是高程位于4 010 m以上的区域),二者相关系数达0.7以上;还有17%样点NDVI受其他因素控制。 相似文献
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奥运气象服务社会经济效益评估的AHP/BCG组合分析 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
综合应用层次分析法(AHP方法)和波士顿矩阵(BCG矩阵)相结合的思路,将气象服务用户群对服务效益评估这个复杂系统的思维过程数学化、系统化,建立了定量的气象服务期望度/满意度组合矩阵分析模型.以2007年"好运北京"青岛国际帆船赛调查问卷为例进行实证分析,从用户反馈信息来考核对用户需求的了解和满足、气象服务时间和时效、气象服务宣传服务手段、服务人员综合能力、预报准确度和用户未来意向等6个主要项目,应用该模型来较为客观地评估奥运气象信息服务当前的四象限结构现状,掌握和判断其所处位置,发现问题进行改进,并预测该项目的未来发展变化. 相似文献
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南京市大气细颗粒物化学成分分析 总被引：20，自引：3，他引：17
为了解南京大气细粒子的污染水平和污染特征,在南京市中心鼓楼和北郊南京信息工程大学校内进行了连续1a、每季度5d的大气气溶胶同步采样。用称重法、离子色谱法和电感耦合等离子质谱法分别测得细颗粒物的质量浓度、水溶性离子和元素组成。结果表明,南京地区PM2.1污染比较严重,水溶性离子是细粒子的重要组分,所测6种离子质量浓度总和分别占市区和北郊PM2.1的46.99％、42.32％。PM2.1中的各离子最高浓度都出现在冬季。NH^＋4与SO^2-4的相关性好,可能主要以（NH4）2SO4形式存在。温度对SOR和NOR的影响显著,温度升高时SOR值增大而NOR显著减小。通过计算NO^-3与SO^2-4的质量比发现,南京市SO2和NOx主要来自于固定源（如煤的燃烧）。分析细颗粒物中元素含量和富集因子结果表明,Pb、As、Zn、Hg、Cu、Cr、Ni元素的人为污染较明显,且北郊的污染重于市区。比较PM2.1和PM3.3中的离子成分发现,SO^2-4、NH^＋4在PM2.1中占据绝对优势,F^-、Cl^-、NO^-2、NO^-3等不在细粒子中占明显优势。从元素组成来看,Pb、Zn在PM2.1细粒子中含量显著,而Ca、Mg、Na等在粗粒子中富集。 相似文献
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Namibia is an arid country where many rural and urban centres depend on ephemeral rivers for their water supply. These water sources are, however, limited and display seasonal salinisation. Fog occurs along the coast and extends for some distance inland, and it could be used as a source of drinking water. Data on groundwater salinisation and fog deposition were collected at villages of the indigenous communities and at the Gobabeb Training and Research Centre (GTRC) in the Central Namib Desert. Fog collection experiments were done with Standard Fog Collectors (SFCs) and 1-m2 fog collectors made from the Raschel mesh that is used in SFCs from 1996 onwards. The results indicate that fog occurs throughout the year and that it has low major ion concentrations (chemical composition). The period of high fog deposition coincides with that of high groundwater salinity and would suit mixing of the two waters to provide water of good drinking quality to people in these areas. In conclusion, fog is a viable source of water in the Namib and could supplement traditional sources in rural settlements and perhaps also in urban water supply schemes in this region as in other parts of the world where it is used as a source of drinking water.
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Author Keywords: Namib Desert; Fog climatology; Fog chemistry; Groundwater salinisation; Fog collection 相似文献
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An automated cumulative sampling system and a method that combines a two-step cryo-concentrated system and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （CCS-GC/MS） are introduced. The method is evaluated by a set of special experiments and the results are presented. The lowest measurement detection limit was expanded from 10^-6 nmol mol^-1 to 10^-12 nmol mol^-1 by using CCS-GC/MS instead of the simpler method of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS）, with the average responsible factor of 39 object compounds being 2.9 × 10^-12. When the volume of air sample reached 1000 cm^3, the lowest detection limit reached up to 7 × 10^-12-40 × 10^-12 nmol mol^-1. The CCS-GC/MS method can potentially identify all objective chemical species in an atmospheric sample, with an average 2.5 s bias error of retention time for 39 gas chromatography （GC） peaks. Within the range 0-400×10^-9 nmol mol^-1, the concentration of 39 kinds of objective compounds can be individually calculated very accurately by a standard curve [average r^2 （coefficient of determination） value of above 0.99]. The recovery efficiency was 88%-111%, with an average of 100.8% ±5.6%. The bias error of precision was 2%-14%, with an average of 6.6%. 相似文献
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Throughout history settlements have been abandoned due to lack of water. Such a fate is of concern to public officials in settlements facing water scarcity - a condition which is anticipated to increase due to the impacts of climate change, and other factors including increasing per capita water use, and population growth. Key questions surround how to best adapt to these circumstances. A strategy little explored is relocation. This paper presents results from a qualitative study conducted in eight geographically diverse Australian locations. The willingness of individuals to relocate under three hypothetical water scenarios was investigated: (1) if the water in their community ran out, (2) if recycled wastewater was put in their community's drinking water supply, and (3) if desalinated water was put in their community's drinking water supply. Results indicate that most people would not relocate if recycled or desalinated water was used to augment their community's drinking water supply, but they would if their water supply ran out. Our results highlight that while there is initial public opposition to the augmentation of existing potable water supplies with recycled or desalinated water, people would prefer these solutions, over being forced to move location. Respondents were highly aware of the social, economic and public infrastructure costs associated with relocation decisions. Relocation would therefore, for most, only be the very last option if their water demands could not be met. However, it was difficult for most to imagine the situation becoming so dire. Our results highlight the importance of a comprehensive and consultative approach to managing supply in water scarce locations. 相似文献
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The quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) in very-short range (0-12 hours) has been investigated in this paper by using a convective-scale (3km) GRAPES_Meso model. At first, a latent heat nudging (LHN) scheme to assimilate the hourly intensified surface precipitation data was set up to enhance the initialization of GRAPES_Meso integration. And then based on the LHN scheme, a convective-scale prediction system was built up in considering the initial “triggering” uncertainties by means of multi-scale initial analysis (MSIA), such as the three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR), the traditional LHN method (VAR0LHN3), the cycling LHN method (CYCLING), the spatial filtering (SS) and the temporal filtering (DFI) LHN methods. Furthermore, the probability matching (PM) method was used to generate the QPF in very-short range by combining the precipitation forecasts of the five runs. The experiments for one month were carried out to validate the MSIA and PM method for QPF in very-short range.
The numerical simulation results showed that: (1) in comparison with the control run, the CYCLING run could generate the smaller-scale initial moist increments and was better for reducing the spin-up time and triggering the convection in a very-short time; (2) the DFI runs could generate the initial analysis fields with relatively larger-scale initial increments and trigger the weaker convections at the beginning time (0-3h) of integration, but enhance them at latter time (6-12h); (3) by combining the five runs with different convection triggering features, the PM method could significantly improve the QPF in very-short range in comparison to any single run. Therefore, the QPF with a small size of combining members proposed here is quite prospective in operation for its lower computation cost and better performance. 相似文献
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ON THE DESIGN OF A NEW HUMAN COMFORT INDEX 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1 INTRODUCTION Researches on human comfort index have been carried out over 75 years. In 1923, Houghten and Yaglou[1] first published their effective temperature (ET) scale, using dry and wet bulb temperatures along with wind speed in their model. Later o… 相似文献
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陆面模式CLM(Community Land Model)是目前国际上发展较为完善并被广泛应用的陆面过程模式。本文使用中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所位于青藏高原东部的若尔盖高原湿地生态系统研究站的观测资料,对CLM3.0版本及CLM4.0版本在上述地区的模拟性能进行了检验与对比。通过比较观测值与模拟值,验证了模式在高原季节性冻土地区的适用性,发现CLM4.0较CLM3.0在模拟结果上有了一定提高。CLM4.0加入了未冻水参数化方案,使模式可以模拟到冬季土壤冻结后存留的未冻水,显著增加了冻融期间土壤含水量的模拟,同时减小了土壤含冰量的模拟值。并因此增大了模拟的冻土热容量,减小了热导率,使冻融期间土壤温度的模拟也有了一定改善。但是模拟中也发现对于较深层土壤,温度模拟值在冻融期间较观测显著偏低。另外,在消融(冻结)过程阶段CLM4.0模拟的土壤含水量骤增(骤降)的时间均较观测提前。消融过程、冻结过程阶段模拟时间偏短,而完全冻结、完全消融阶段模拟时间偏长。因此CLM对于高原冻土地区的模拟仍是其需要重点改进的地方之一。 相似文献
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基于河南省17个气象站点观测资料和25个CMIP5模式预估数据,采用BCC/RCG-WG 3.0天气发生器构建区域气候变化情景,集合评估了RCP4.5情景下2021—2050年夏玉米净灌溉需水量较1961—2000年的变化及其空间分布。结果表明：全生育期内气温升高1.8℃,降水增加3.6%,引起作物需水量和有效降水量分别增加5.1%和1.5%,净灌溉需水量增加5.6%。受气温升高和降水减少的双重影响,播种－拔节期净灌溉需水量增幅较大,达到21.3%;拔节－乳熟期尽管有效降水量增加3.0%,但这并不足以抵消气温升高引起的作物需水量增加5.1%的影响,净灌溉需水量仍然增加3.4%;乳熟－成熟期,由于有效降水量增加8.2%,超过了作物需水量增加7.4%的影响,净灌溉需水量减少1.4%。豫西三门峡、孟津和豫西南栾川、西峡等4站在各生育期内净灌溉需水量均有不同程度的增加。 相似文献
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Ryoei Kikuchi Makoto Takada Keita Hifumi Keiji Yoshimura Toru Ozeki Takashi Kimoto Masahiro Kajikawa Nobuaki Ogawa 《Atmospheric Research》2009,94(3):501-509
It is well known that sea-salt aerosols in particulate matter (PM) react with acids such as H2SO4 and HNO3 during transportation and thereby lose chloride ions (Cl-loss). The PM and fog were sampled concurrently at different altitudes in the Hachimantai mountain range, northern Japan. The PM and fog sampled at different altitudes had nearly identical properties for the ion components. However, the PM was in a Cl-depleted state (more than 80% of all samples), but the fog water was not in so Cl-depleted state (less than 29%). As a result, it could be explained that this phenomenon caused because the fog droplets took up the gaseous state HCl other than sea-salt PM. After all Cl- in the fog water recovered and was rather rich compared with the sea-salt or the PM by the uptake of the gaseous state HCl. Moreover, it was found that for PMcoarse(2.5 < D < 10), 86% of the acid (H2SO4 and HNO3) was consumed for Cl-loss reactions and/or for dissolution of Ca and Mg in soil particles. 相似文献