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1.
CH4是仅次于CO2的重要温室气体。2006年9月至2008年8月期间,按全球大气本底观测要求,在青海瓦里关、北京上甸子、浙江临安和黑龙江龙凤山4个国家级野外站开展每周一次空气样品flask瓶采样分析,获得了该地区为期2 a的大气CH4本底浓度资料。结果表明,2 a间瓦里关、上甸子、临安和龙凤山4站CH4浓度年均增幅分别为9.1×10-9、3.8×10-9、21.8×10-9和8.2×10-9;瓦里关站大气CH4浓度增长趋势与全球平均状况较为接近,能较好地反映北半球中高纬度内陆地区大气本底特征;但上甸子站年均本底值相对较低且季振幅偏小,而龙凤山和临安站季节变化规律相似,表现为CH4浓度冬季高而夏季偏低且季振幅较大。 相似文献
2.
Byron W. Blomquist Alan R. Bandy Donald C. Thornton Shaoming Chen 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1993,16(1):23-30
Developments allowing the direct determination of sulfur dioxide and dimethyl sulfide in grab samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with isotopically labeled standards (GC/MS/ILS) are reported. Isotopomers of DMS and SO2 are used as internal standards. Spiked air samples are dried to a dew point of <–60 °C and trapped cryogenically in loops of Teflon tubing. Sealed samples are transported to the laboratory under liquid nitrogen and later subjected to GC/MS analysis. Holding times of up to one month do not result in significant sample loss. For samples collected in a clean marine environment, concentrations of SO2 and DMS greater than 5 and 8 pptv, respectively, are significantly different from blanks at the 95% confidence level. Average measurement precision derived from a propagation of errors are 9% for SO2 and 42% for DMS at concentrations from 5–15 pptv.Improvements are outlined which should provide sensitivity and precision comparable to that of on-site GC/MS. The technique will allow increased flexibility for the determination of trace sulfur species in the field under conditions where deployment of a mass spectrometer is not possible. 相似文献
3.
The vertical distribution of the CH3Cl mixing ratio in the stratosphere has been measured from samples collected during two balloon flights on the 21 October 1982 and 10 September 1983. Measurements were made with two analytical techniques that were also employed for previous analyses of stratospheric samples: gas chromatography (GC) and a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) combination. The results from all balloon flights performed to date are combined to derive an average experimental profile of CH3Cl at midlatitudes. The profile shows that the CH3Cl mixing ratio decreases by about one order of magnitude between 20 and 30 km altitude. A comparison of the new observations with model profiles reveals discrepancies in the lower stratosphere that amount to a factor of about 3. Possible causes for these discrepancies are discussed. 相似文献
4.
For the measurement of atmospheric NO2 vertical column density (VCD), Kitt Peak Solar Flux Atlas can be substituted as an extraterrestrial solar radiation. Compared with differential analysis method, the Taylor expansion of integrated transfer equation underestimates the VCD. This underestimation is as large as 35% when the amount of NO2 is 1 × 1017 cm－2 and observation is conducted with an air mass factor of 10. Even when the VCD is 2 × 1016 cm－2 and the air mass factor is 4, the relative error of the retrieved VCD is still no less than 3%. If the observation is restricted under the small air mass factor condition (≤4), with Kitt Peak Solar spectrum as an extraterrestrial solar radiation, only an atmospheric layer of 2 km thick from ground can be studied, which will make the absorption too weak to be detected by normal instruments.The VCD in winter Tokyo area was observed and analyzed by differential method, which shows a good precision even when the absorption is as low as 3%. The largest average VCD was about 1.3 × 1017 cm－2, and the lowest was about 1.3 × 1016 cm－2. The trend of its variation was almost the same as the ground level observation by Saltzman reagent method. 相似文献
5.
目前温室气体清单的编制主要基于IPCC方法,该方法用于特定城市或区域清单编制时可能会引起较大的不确定性,而目前对城市/区域尺度清单的不确定性的分析还存在很大的欠缺。本文通过南京市和长三角温室气体排放因子甄选,应用IPCC方法计算了2009年南京市和长三角的人为温室气体排放量,并以其为个例利用蒙特卡洛方法开展城市和区域尺度的温室气体人为排放清单不确定性的初步探究。研究结果表明:南京市CH4和CO2排放量的95%的概率分布范围分别为(1.08~1.86)×105t和(6.50~7.41)×107t,不确定性分别为-21.74%~34.78%和-7.01%~5.87%;长三角CH4和CO2排放量的95%的概率分布范围分别为(4.07~5.89)×106t和(1.62~1.82)×109t,不确定性分别为-15.60%~22.24%和-6.04%~5.34%。 相似文献
6.
开展卫星反演云量的精度评估是业务应用的基础,也是充分发挥卫星观测效益的前提。利用同类卫星产品EOS Aqua/MODIS云产品,选取2015年6月和12月共80个个例,包括43个白天个例,37个夜间个例。采用交叉比对方法对FY-2G云量产品进行相对偏差分析。结果表明:FY-2G与Aqua/MODIS计算云量总体趋势相当,无论从时间分布（白天和夜间）还是季节分布（6月和12月）上看,FY-2G与Aqua云量相对偏差较为稳定,FY-2G反演云量小于Aqua/MODIS反演云量。匹配个例中FY-2G平均云量为72.81%,Aqua/MODIS平均云量是76.19%,两者相关系数为0.74。两者绝对偏差小于5%的像元比例为72.34%;云量偏差绝对值小于15%的像元比例为79.51%。FY-2G与Aqua/MODIS云量偏差主要来自各自卫星的观测能力与所采用的云检测算法。与具有36个探测通道、星下点最低空间分辨率为0.01°×0.01°的Aqua/MODIS观测数据相比,FY-2G所具有的5通道、星下点最高空间分辨率为0.05°×0.05°的观测数据会出现对云,尤其是破碎云和薄卷云的漏检。两种具有不同时空属性的数据在匹配处理时采用的不同算法也会在比对分析中引入偏差。 相似文献
7.
基于典型城市站太原站2018年3月—2019年2月的大气CO2在线观测资料，利用筛分法（Meteorological filtering method，MET）和黑碳示踪法（Black Carbon tracer，BC）进行本底/非本底的筛分，得到了本底浓度的变化特征。结果表明，太原大气CO2浓度季均值冬季最高，夏季最低；不同季节呈"单峰型"日变化特征，日振幅均在26.0×10-6以上；4个季节CO2浓度与地面风速存在显著负相关关系；CO2浓度抬升区域主要受当地工业布局的影响，最大抬升幅度在秋季达17.4×10-6；使用气象筛分法（MET）得到年均本底浓度为（431.4±19.9）×10-6，人为排放等对其影响为23.5×10-6，年振幅比同纬度其它本底站大，为34.5×10-6；黑碳示踪法（BC）得到冬季季均本底浓度为（445.0±22.9）×10-6，比MET筛分法得到的季均值高0.8×10-6，两种筛分法得到的CO2浓度变化趋势一致。 相似文献
8.
通过对比星载DPR雷达与地基CINRAD雷达的降雨测量值,评估星地雷达联合应用的潜力。为了提高对比的准确性,在尽可能高的时空分辨率下,以几何匹配与格点匹配相结合的方式,提取星地雷达降水样本数据。2015年6月30日降水过程的对比分析结果表明:泰州、常州CINRAD雷达反射率因子在两站中分剖面的平均值偏差0.94 dB,地基雷达之间有很好的一致性;在DPR雷达与常州、泰州CINRAD雷达同时覆盖的降雨区域,星地之间雷达反射率因子的平均值偏差分别为-1.2 dB和-1.6 dB,显示星地雷达也有较好的一致性;现有DPR雷达陆上衰减订正算法在缩小星地雷达偏差方面起到一定作用,平均订正量0.4 dB,只要回波覆盖充分,匹配样本的高度以及其到地基雷达的距离对对比结果没有明显影响,而衰减订正和匹配样本区回波覆盖率是影响星地雷达对比结果的重要因素。 相似文献
9.
Concentration and source rate of precursor vapors participating in particle formation and subsequent growth were investigated during the Pearl River Delta intensive campaign （PRD2004, October 2004） in southeastern China. Four new particle formation event days and a typical non-event day were selected for our analysis. Atmospheric sulphuric acid, the important precursor vapor in nucleation and growth, were simulated with a pseudo steady-state model based on the measurements of SO2, NOx, 03, CO, non-methane hydrocarbon （NMHC） and ambient particle number concentrations as well as modeled photolysis frequencies obtained from measurements. The maximum midday sulphuric acid concentrations vary from 4.53 × 10^7 to 2.17 × 10^8 molecules cm^-3, the corresponding source rate via reaction of OH and SO2 range between 2.37 × 10^6 and 1.16 × 10^7 molecules cm^-3 s^-1. Nucleation mode growth rate was derived from size spectral evolution during the events to be 6.8-13.8 nm h^-1. Based on the growth rate, concentration of the vapors participating in subsequent growth were estimated to vary from 1.32 × 10^8 to 2.80 × 10^8 molecules cm^-3 with corresponding source rate between 7.26 × 10^6 and 1.64 × 10^7 molecules cm^-3 s^-1. Our results show the degree of pollution is larger in PRD. Sulphuric acid concentrations are fairly high and have a close correlation with new particle formation events. Budget analysis shows that sulphuric acid alone is not enough for required growth; other nonvolatile vapors are needed. However, sulphuric acid plays an important role in growth; the contribution of sulphuric acid to growth in PRD is 12.4%-65.2%. 相似文献
10.
由于桂林地区地基GNSS站并未配置气象传感器，致使大量GNSS观测数据无法在大气水汽（PWV）监测中发挥作用.针对这一情况，本文将欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）最新发布的ERA5再分析资料中测站处的气压和温度气象数据加入到GNSS水汽反演中，并将反演结果与利用地面气象站反演的GNSS水汽做对比，以此评估ERA5在桂林地区反演GNSS水汽的精度和适用性.结果表明：1）以桂林地区2017年10个地面气象站的实测气压和温度数据为参考值，ERA5地表气压和温度的年均偏差分别为-0.35 hPa和0.86 K，年均均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.65 hPa和1.66 K，该精度可用于GNSS水汽反演；2）以2017年6—7月GNSS利用地面气象站反演的PWV为参考值，ERA5反演的GNSS PWV的偏差和RMSE分别为0.17 mm和0.35 mm，且两者具较好的相关性和一致性.由此表明，ERA5地表温压产品可应用于桂林地区GNSS水汽反演，这些研究结果可为桂林地区的GNSS水汽反演及数据源的选用提供重要的参考依据. 相似文献
11.
Xinhui Bi Bernd R.T. Simoneit Guoying Sheng Shexia Ma Jiamo Fu 《Atmospheric Research》2008,88(3-4):256-265
Total suspended particles (TSP), collected during June 2002 to July 2003 in Guangzhou, a typical economically developed city in South China, were analyzed for the organic compound compositions using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Over 140 organic compounds were detected in the aerosols and grouped into different classes including n-alkanes, hopanoids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanols, fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids excluding oxalic acid, polyols/polyacids, lignin products, phytosterols, phthalates and water-soluble sugars. The total amounts of the identified organic compounds including unresolved complex mixture (UCM) ranged from 3112 ng/m3 in spring to 5116 ng/m3 in winter, comprising on seasonal average 2.8% of TSP. Primary organic compounds peaked in winter although there are no heating systems burning fuels in Guangzhou. The highest saccharide levels occurred in fall due to agricultural activities. This study demonstrated that utilization of fossil fuels, biomass burning, soil resuspension and plastic/refuse burning are the major contributors to the identified organic compounds in the urban atmosphere of South China. 相似文献
12.
Seasonal variation of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 in Guangzhou, China 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
Ji-Hua Tan Xin-Hui Bi Jing-Cun Duan Kenneth A. Rahn Guo-Ying Sheng Jia-Mo Fu 《Atmospheric Research》2006,80(4):250-262
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the urban atmosphere. An investigation on seasonal variation of PAHs in the urban atmosphere of Guangzhou, China was conducted in this study. 112 PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm) samples were collected at two sites between June 2002 and June 2003. PAHs were analyzed with GC–MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). The result showed that PAHs exhibit distinct seasonal variation. The seasonal concentration for the ∑PAHs ranged from 8.11 to 106.26 ng m− 3. The average ∑PAHs measured were highest in winter and lowest in summer. The PAHs distribution patterns were similar within each season at two sites. 5–6 ring PAHs were the abundant compounds, which accounted for 65–90% of ∑PAHs and benzo [b + k] fluoranthene dominated in four seasons. The PAHs concentration and distribution pattern fluctuated greatly in winter for the cold air current. Based on the different temperature in winter, the samples were split into two groups. PM10 and the abundance of the PAHs in winter-1 (temperature, 12–22 °C) were much greater than in winter-2 (temperature, 8–12 °C). In winter-1 benzo [b + k] fluoranthene and Indeno [1, 2, 3] pyrene dominated while chrysene and benzo [b + k] fluoranthene dominated in winter-2. Meteorological conditions such as wind speed and temperature had a strong influence on the seasonal variation. Potential sources of PAHs were identified using the molecular diagnostic ratios between PAHs. Results showed fossil fuel combustion may be the major source of PAHs at the two sites. 相似文献
13.
为了掌握重庆市雷电活动规律,采用数理统计方法及ArcGIS软件,对2008—2019年ADTD闪电定位资料进行分析,得到了重庆市地闪频次的时空分布特征,雷电流幅值、陡度的分布特征和累积概率分布函数。结果表明:重庆市平均每年发生地闪2.08×10^(5)次,其中负地闪占95.7%;地闪频次年际变化大,最多年为3.04×10^(5)次,最少年为1.27×10^(5)次,月分布呈单峰型,7—8月为雷电高发期,占全年的57.9%,日变化呈双峰型,负地闪在夜间03时及下午17时到达峰值,正地闪峰值出现时间比负地闪要晚1—2 h,且午后的峰值远小于夜间;地闪密度空间分布与地形关系密切,大值区主要集中在山脉的交汇处及台地—丘陵向山地的过渡地带;江津北部至重庆中心城区、开州南部至万州北部、忠县南部至石柱西部、永川南部—荣昌至大足西部为地闪密度大值区,密度普遍大于3次·km^(-2)·a^(-1),局部大于6次·km^(-2)·a^(-1);总地闪平均幅值为37.9 kA,其中10—50 kA的部分占80.1%,概率峰值则出现在28 kA;总地闪平均陡度为10.1 kA·μs^(-1),其中5—20 kA·μs^(-1)部分占92%,概率峰值出现在8 kA·μs^(-1)。利用最小二乘法回归拟合得到总地闪幅值及陡度的累积概率分布函数,观测值和拟合值基本一致,拟合较好。 相似文献
14.
利用2003—2017年观测资料,分析了喀左县采用气球携带碘化银焰弹方法人工增雨雪的效果。结果表明：天气形势为蒙古气旋、短波槽、冷涡时,取得的人工增雨雪效果较好。气球焰弹增雪播撒的高度在2000—4000 m,增雨的播撒高度在3000—5000 m,以稳定层状云中的层云、雨层云、高层云最明显。在-10℃温度条件下,冰核生成率平均为6.3×1013个/g;喀左县每年降水量平均为505.87 mm,比全市各县平均448.33 mm增加57.54 mm,每年增雨折合水量为1.29×108 m3。气球焰弹增雨每年增加量为31.31 mm,增加降水7.007×107 m3;投入产出比为1∶97.1。气球携带碘化银焰弹增雨雪方法可为其他地区相关业务提供科学参考和技术支撑。 相似文献
15.
为研究石家庄秋季对流层内CH4垂直分布特征,2018年9月使用“空中国王350”飞机搭载Picarro温室气体在线观测仪和气象要素观测设备,对石家庄上空（600—5500 m）CH4浓度进行探测。探测期间共飞行7架次,取得7条CH4浓度廓线数据。结果表明: 石家庄上空近地面层（1000 m以下）CH4平均浓度与同时间段区域背景站上甸子站CH4浓度呈显著正相关（r=0.81,P < 0.03）。探测到的CH4浓度最小值为1898×10-9摩尔分数,最大值为2219×10-9摩尔分数,平均浓度为1981×10-9摩尔分数。观测得到的7条廓线均有较好的一致性,2000 m以上,浓度均随高度呈先增大后减小的趋势。利用后向轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）对探测时段内石家庄上空不同高度层主要气流传输路径进行统计分析表明,600 m高度输送路径较短,CH4浓度受本地排放影响较大; 3000 m受输送作用影响较大,偏西和西南路径可能将较高CH4浓度气团输送至石家庄上空; 5000 m气团传输对CH4浓度影响较小,浓度相对较稳定,对传输路径的变化不敏感。 相似文献
16.
U.C. Dumka S. Tiwari D.G. Kaskaoutis P.K. Hopke Jagvir Singh A.K. Srivastava D.S. Bisht S.D. Attri S. Tyagi A. Misra G.S. Munawar Pasha 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2017,74(4):423-450
Haze-fog conditions over northern India are associated with visibility degradation and severe attenuation of solar radiation by airborne particles with various chemical compositions. PM2.5 samples have been collected in Delhi, India from December 2011 to November 2012 and analyzed for carbonaceous and inorganic species. PM10 measurements were made simultaneously such that PM10–2.5 could be estimated by difference. This study analyzes the temporal variation of PM2.5 and carbonaceous particles (CP), focusing on identification of the primary and secondary aerosol emissions, estimations of light extinction coefficient (bext) and the contributions by the major PM2.5 chemical components. The annual mean concentrations of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and PM10–2.5 were found to be 153.6 ± 59.8, 33.5 ± 15.9, 6.9 ± 3.9 and 91.1 ± 99.9 μg m?3, respectively. Total CP, secondary organic aerosols and major anions (e.g., SO4 2? and NO3 ?) maximize during the post-monsoon and winter due to fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning. PM10–2.5 is more abundant during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. The OC/EC varies from 2.45 to 9.26 (mean of 5.18 ± 1.47), indicating the influence of multiple combustion sources. The bext exhibits highest values (910 ± 280 and 1221 ± 371 Mm?1) in post-monsoon and winter and lowest in monsoon (363 ± 110 and 457 ± 133 Mm?1) as estimated via the original and revised IMPROVE algorithms, respectively. Organic matter (OM =1.6 × OC) accounts for ~39 % and ~48 % of the bext, followed by (NH4)2SO4 (~21 % and ~24 %) and EC (~13 % and ~10 %), according to the original and revised algorithms, respectively. The bext estimates via the two IMPROVE versions are highly correlated (R2 = 0.95, root mean square error = 38 % and mean bias error = 28 %) and are strongly related to visibility impairment (r = ?0.72), mostly associated with anthropogenic rather than natural PM contributions. Therefore, reduction of CP and precursor gas emissions represents an urgent opportunity for air quality improvement across Delhi. 相似文献
17.
A parameterized transmittance model(PTR) for ozone and water vapor monochromatic transmittance calculation in the solar-to-near-infrared spectrum 0.3-4 μm with a spectral resolution of 5 cm-1 was developed based on the transmittance data calculated by Moderate-resolution Transmittance model(MODTRAN).Polynomial equations were derived to represent the transmittance as functions of path length and airmass for every wavelength based on the least-squares method.Comparisons between the transmittances calculated using PTR and MODTRAN were made,using the results of MODTRAN as a reference.Relative root-mean-square error(RMSre) was 0.823% for ozone transmittance.RMSre values were 8.84% and 3.48% for water vapor transmittance ranges of 1-1×10 18 and 1-1×10 3,respectively.In addition,the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II(SAGEII) ozone profiles and University of Wyoming(UWYO) water vapor profiles were applied to validate the applicability of PTR model.RMSre was 0.437% for ozone transmittance.RMSre values were 8.89% and 2.43% for water vapor transmittance ranges of 1-1×10 18 and 1-1×10 6,respectively.Furthermore,the optical depth profiles calculated using the PTR model were compared to the results of MODTRAN.Absolute RMS errors(RMSab) for ozone optical depths were within 0.0055 and 0.0523 for water vapor at all of the tested altitudes.Finally,the comparison between the solar heating rate calculated from the transmittance of PTR and Line-by-Line radiative transfer model(LBLRTM) was performed,showing a maximum deviation of 0.238 K d-1(6% of the corresponding solar heating rate calculated using LBLRTM).In the troposphere all of the deviations were within 0.08 K d-1.The computational speed of PTR model is nearly two orders of magnitude faster than that of MODTRAN. 相似文献
18.
David J. Cooper 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,25(1):97-113
Hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations in the atmospheric boundary layer over a number of remote ocean locations are calculated from the measured diurnal variation in atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS). By using averaged DMS data sets from extended periods, the calculation yields OH concentrations averaged over periods from several days to weeks. These average OH concentrations range from 7×105 to 2.9×106 molecules cm-3, corresponding to midday maxima of 3 to 12×106 molecules cm-3. The lowest values correspond to studies with the lowest light intensity (Antarctic summer and South Atlantic winter), and the highest values to regions with probable anthropogenic influence. In addition to the long term averages, daily average OH levels can be calculated for most days in a two week period from a cruise in the tropical eastern Pacific. These calculations are in good argeement with global average OH levels derived from other tracers, and are consistent with model OH calculations when allowance is made for variation in ambient ozone levels between the studies. Estimates of gas exchange made from the diurnal variation of DMS suggest that either the gas exchange coefficient of DMS or the boundary layer mixing depth may have been overestimated in past analyses. 相似文献
19.
A preliminary study was carried out toexamine the feasibility of measuring tropospherichydroxyl radicals (OH) by liquidphase scrubbing andhigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Thepotential advantages of this approach are itssimplicity, portability, and low expense. Thesampling system employs glass bubblers to trapatmospheric OH into a buffered solution of salicylicacid (o-hydroxybenzoic acid, OHBA). Rapidreaction of OH with OHBA produces a stable fluorescentproduct, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), whichis determined by reverse-phase HPLC and fluorescencedetection. Our preliminary field results indicatethat this method is most suitable for OH measurementsin clean tropospheric air, where interferences fromother atmospheric species appear to be negligible orminor relative to polluted air. In clean air, thesampling period is about 45–90 minutes, which yieldsa detection limit of approximately 3–6 ×105 radicalscm-3. During an OHintercomparison experiment at the Caribou samplingsite in Colorado, our liquidphase scrubber method wascompared with the ion-assisted mass spectrometry (MS)method. Our results were within the same range asthose of the ion-assisted MS method (1–5 ×106 radicals cm-3) within our precision atthat time (about ±30–50%). Preliminary testsin Pullman, WA indicated that the method might alsofunction in moderately polluted air by acidifying thescrubbing solution or by adding a scavenger tosuppress interferences. In Pullman, mid-day OHconcentrations were usually in the range of 2–20 ×106 radicals cm-3. Nighttime OHconcentrations were always low, either at or slightlyabove the detection limit. 相似文献
20.
分析2003年9月5-27日在黑河下游额济纳绿洲取得的近地面层湍流观测资料,讨论无量纲湍流方差与稳定度参数Z/L的关系.无量纲风速分量σu/u*、σv/u*和σw/u*在不稳定层结与稳定度Z/L满足1/3次方时,符合Monin-Obkuhov相似理论.在近中性时,σu/u*、σw/u*值比平坦下垫面的略小些,σv/u*值比平坦下垫面的略大.无量纲温度脉动方差和湿度脉动方差在对流状态下与Z/L满足-1/3次方,在稳定和不稳定层结下,随|Z/L|减小而增大.地面热量以感热输送为主,感热通量峰值约为250 W/m2,潜热通量的峰值为170 W/m2;夜间潜热通量较小,感热通量则出现负值.动量通量日间平均在0.2-0.3 N/m2,峰值为0.31 N/m2.黑河下游绿洲柽柳林动力学粗糙度比HEIFE戈壁及其他绿洲下垫面的大,中性时z0m=0.47551 m.中性状态下动量整体输送系数CD=22.2×10-3,不稳定层结时平均值CD=10.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值CD=7.2 × 10-3.热量整体输送系数CH,中性状态下CH=3.2 × 10-3,不稳定层结时平均值为CH=3.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值为CH=2.7×10-3. 相似文献