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Complex Site Effects in Thessaloniki (Greece): I. Soil Structure and Comparison of Observations with 1D Analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper presents a 2D model of the geological structure of Thessaloniki city and results of empirical and theoretical approaches for the evaluation of site response due to complex site effects. The construction of the 2D model is based on the available geophysical and geotechnical data in terms of the most important parameters needed to model site response. The well-known subsoil structure, despite the existence of some local uncertainties, gave the possibility to correlate the geometry and the dynamic properties of the 2D model with the results of site response determined from the analysis of one event in frequency and time domains and 1D numerical modelling. The study of site response shows the effect of the lateral variations on ground motion and suggests that the contribution of locally generated surface waves to the resonant peak may be important. In this case history, the limitations of the 1D approximation to simulate ground motion under complex soil conditions in both frequency and time domains are also shown. This paper lays the ground for a companion article dealing with 2D site effects. 相似文献
3.
This paper presents the effects of strong lateral discontinuity (SLD) in basins on the ground motion characteristics, differential
ground motion (DGM) and aggravation factor (aggravation factor is simply the extra spectral amplification due to complex 2D
site effects over the 1D response of the soil column). The seismic responses of open- and closed-basin models with SLD were
simulated using SH-wave finite difference algorithm with fourth-order spatial accuracy. Simulated seismic responses, DGM and
its spectra revealed that SLD induces Love waves, and the lower cutoff frequency for the same is equal to the fundamental
frequency (f0) of the soil layer. The maximum average aggravation factor (AAF) and DGM were obtained near the edge of open basin and at
the centre of closed basin. A decrease of amplitude of Love wave, DGM level and AAF with offset from SLD was observed in an
open basin. On the other hand, in closed basin, spatial variation of AAF and DGM level was highly variable. Duration of shaking,
AAF and DGM level was more in the closed basin than in an open basin. Increase of DGM level and AAF with decrease of the width
of basin was observed. 相似文献
4.
D Raptakis F.J Chvez-Garc&#x;&#x;a K Makra K Pitilakis 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2000,19(1):411
This paper describes the process of construction of the 2D model of Volvi's geological structure and results of empirical and theoretical approaches to the evaluation of site response at Euroseistest. The construction of the 2D model is based on a re-interpretation of the available geophysical and geotechnical data in an effort to improve the definition of the subsoil structure at Euroseistest in terms of the most important parameters needed to model site response. The results of this re-interpretation are compared with a previous published 2D model of the same alluvial valley. Different analysis of the measurements and different criteria in the synthesis of data have led to a different model, even if both studies had access to the same field measurements. This underscores the fact that a model results of an interpretation and is not uniquely determined by the data, no matter how detailed they are. The well known subsoil structure opened the possibility to correlate the geometry and the dynamic properties of the 2D model with the results of site response determined from a detailed analysis of two events in frequency and time domains and 1D numerical modeling. The study of site response shows the important effect of the lateral variations on the ground motion and suggests that the contribution of locally generated surface waves to the resonant peak may be important. In the case of Volvi's graben, the limitations of the 1D approximation to simulate ground motion under complex soil conditions in both frequency and time domains are also shown. This paper lays the ground for a companion article dealing with 2D site effects in this basin. 相似文献
5.
基于黏弹性人工边界的显式动力有限元方法,研究了突出平台状山谷地形场地的地形效应,分析了山谷地形对地表地震动的影响。结果表明:(1)沿着地震动输入方向地表反应较其他方向上的反应强烈;(2)与单一凸起山体地形对地表地震动的放大效应相比,相邻地形的存在对地表地震动位移傅里叶谱谱比曲线的形状影响不大,但是对PGD有着较大的影响,随着相邻凸起山体之间距离的增大,该影响效应逐渐减弱。 相似文献
6.
Site effects are one of the most predictable factors of destructive earthquake ground motion but results depend on the type of model chosen. We compare simulations of ground motion for a 3D model of the Mygdonian basin in northern Greece (Euroseistest) using different approximation for this basin. Site effects predicted using simple 1D models at many points inside the basin are compared to site effects predicted using four different 2D cross sections across the basin and with results for a full 3D simulation. Surface topography was neglected but anelastic attenuation was included in the simulations. We show that lateral heterogeneity may increase ground motion amplification by 100 %. Larger amplification is distributed in a wide frequency range, and amplification may occur at frequencies different from the expected resonant frequencies for the soil column. In contrast, on a different cross section, smaller conversion of incident energy into surface waves and larger dispersion leads to similar amplitudes of ground motion for 2D and 1D models. In general, results from 2D simulations are similar to those from a complete 3D model. 2D models may overestimate local surface wave amplitudes, especially when the boundaries of the basin are oblique to the selected cross section. However, the differences between 2D and 3D site effects are small, especially in regard of the difficulties and uncertainties associated to building a reliable 3D model for a large basin. 相似文献
7.
Parametric analysis of the seismic response of a 2D sedimentary valley: implications for code implementations of complex site effects 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Konstantia Makra Francisco J. Chvez-García Dimitrios Raptakis Kyriazis Pitilakis 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2005,25(4):303-315
A detailed 2D model has been constructed and validated for Euroseistest valley, in northern Greece. We take advantage of this model to investigate what parameters, in addition to surface soil conditions (obviously the most important parameter), can be used to correctly characterize site response in a 2D structure. Through a parametric analysis using 2D numerical simulations for SH waves, we explore the differences between the computed ground motion for different simplifications of the valley's structure. We consider variations in the velocity structure within the sediments, and variations of the shape between sediments and bedrock. We also compare the results from different 1D models reflecting current approaches to the determination of site response. Our results show clearly that, in the case of Euroseistest, site response owes fundamentally to its closed basin shape because it is largely controlled by locally generated surface waves. Thus, in terms of predicting site response, a rough idea of its shape ratio and of the average mechanical properties of the sediments are better than a very detailed 1D profile at the central site. Although the details of ground motion may vary significantly between the models, the relative amount of surface waves generated in the 2D models seems to be relatively constant. Moreover, if we quantify the additional amplification caused by the lateral heterogeneity in terms of the ‘aggravation factor’ introduced by Chávez-García & Faccioli [7], a roughly constant factor between 2 and 3 seems to appropriately take into account the effects of lateral heterogeneity. Of course, a correct estimate of the overall impedance contrast is necessary to correctly predict the maximum amplification, a caveat that also applies to 1D models. In this sense, Euroseistest rings an alarm bell. In this valley the more significant impedance contrast lies at about 200 m depth, and it is missed both by consideration of the average shear wave velocity of the first 30 m (the Vs30 criterion) or using the detailed velocity profile down to a depth where a shear wave velocity larger than 750 m/s is found. Our conclusions indicate that, in order to improve current schemes to take into account site effects in building codes, the more to be gained comes from consideration of lateral heterogeneity, at least in the case of shallow alluvial valleys, where locally generated surface waves are likely to be important. 相似文献
8.
P. Triantafyllidis P. Suhadolc P. M. Hatzidimitriou A. Anastasiadis N. Theodulidis 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2004,161(5-6):1185-1203
— We estimate the theoretical site response along seven cross sections located in the city of Thessaloniki (Greece). For this purpose the 2-D structural models used are based on the known geometry and the dynamic soil properties derived from borehole measurements and other geophysical techniques. Several double-couple sources have been employed to generate the seismic wavefield, and a hybrid method that combines the modal summation with finite differences, has been deployed to produce synthetic accelerograms to a maximum frequency of 6 Hz for all components of motion. The ratios between the response spectra of signals derived for the 2-D local model and the corresponding spectra of signals derived for the 1-D bedrock reference model at the same site, allow us to estimate the site response due to lateral heterogeneities. We interpret the results in terms of both geological and geometrical features of the models and of the characteristics of the wave propagation. The cases discussed confirm that the geometry and depth of the rock basement, along with the impedance contrast, are responsible for ground amplification phenomena such as edge effects and generation and entrapment of local surface waves. Our analysis also confirms that the peak ground acceleration is not well correlated with damage and that a substantially better estimator for possible damage is the spectral amplification. 相似文献
9.
Topography can have significant effects on seismic ground response during an earthquake because topographic irregularities cause considerable differences between the seismic waves emitted by the source and the waves reaching the ground surface. When a seismic motion happens in a topographically irregular area, seismic waves are trapped and reflected between the topographic features. Therefore, the interaction between topographies can amplify seismic ground response. In order to reveal how interaction between topographies influences seismic response, several numerical finite element studies have been performed by using the ABAQUS program. The results show that topographic features a greater distance between the seismic source and the site would cause greater seismic motion amplification and is perceptible for the hills far away from the source and the ridges. Also, site acceleration response is impacted by surrounding topography further than site velocity and displacement response. 相似文献
10.
Site effects at Euroseistest—II. Results from 2D numerical modeling and comparison with observations
F.J. Chvez-Garc&#x;&#x;a D. Raptakis K. Makra K. Pitilakis 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2000,19(1):420
This paper presents results of numerical modeling of site response for Euroseistest. Ground motion across a very detailed model of the subsoil of this valley has been simulated for vertically incident SH waves. The predominance of locally generated surface waves is very clear in the synthetic seismograms. These results are then compared with published studies of observed site effects at this basin and with a detailed analysis of two events in the time domain. It is discussed in which sense it is possible to obtain a good fit between observations and 1D models, even though the real behavior involves locally generated Love waves. For this reason, it can be misleading to rely on an incomplete observation such as empirical transfer functions. Finally, it is stressed that in order to predict ground motion in alluvial valleys the information contained in the phase cannot be neglected. 相似文献
11.
采用Shake 2000程序,以Turkey Flat试验场地为模型,通过输入不同类型下多种强度的地震波,计算研究多工况下剪切波速测试标准差对地表加速度反应谱和峰值加速度的影响。结论为:(1)浅硬场地上剪切波速测试标准差对地震动的影响很大,影响程度与输入地震波的强度和频率以及场地剪切波速计算值有关;(2)如果将反应谱残差大于20%或加速度峰值差别大于20%定义为统计意义上的不可忽略,那么剪切波速测试标准差对计算结果的影响在大多数情况下均不可忽略;(3)当输入波的卓越周期与场地特征周期接近时,浅硬场地上剪切波速测试标准差引起的反应谱变化非常显著;(4)只有当输入波的卓越周期与场地特征周期相差较大且输入波强度偏小时,剪切波速测试标准差引起的反应谱变化才可略去;(5)当浅硬场地上剪切波速实测结果低于统计均值时,地震动计算结果的偏差一般明显大于剪切波速实测结果,高于统计均值时引起的偏差,且地震输入越强表现越明显。 相似文献
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13.
An explicit finite difference method is performed to evaluate the significance of topography effects on the seismic response of viscoelastic sites. The real accelerograms and bell-shape impulse wavelets, slope angle of cliff and angle of incidence on the spectrum property of the incoming waves are all discussed in detail. The conclusions show that the presence of topographic factors and the direction of the incident waves not only significantly affect the peak ground acceleration of a site, but also affect the spectrum properties of the incoming waves, and the effect on the direction of the incident waves is especially remarkable. The study also finds that it is reasonable to analyse spectrum properties with the input of impulse wavelets in the finite element simulation of wave motion. 相似文献
14.
局部地形对出平面运动谱特性的影响分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文利用显式有限元有限差分方法进行了脉冲和实际地震动输入下的粘弹性场地地形影响的分析计算,研究了坡地地形在高宽比不同、体波入射角度不同时出平面运动谱特性的差异。结果显示:地形的特征尺寸和入射角度不仅对地震动的峰值有影响,而且对地震动的谱特性有较大的影响,其中入射角度的影响尤为显著。另外,研究还表明,基于脉冲输入研究粘弹性地形谱特性的影响仍不失为一种有效的方法。 相似文献
15.
当前桩基础的抗震设计仅采取构造措施来保证其抗震性能,有可能会过高或过低地估计桩基础的抗震性能。针对某桥梁桩基础的抗震设计,建立全桥的三维有限元模型,计算在桩-土-结构共同工作情况下桩基础的地震响应,通过输入不同地震波来进行对比分析,并对结果进行复核,得出:(1)桩身内力响应与所输入地震动的频谱特性有关,桩身沿横桥方向的内力最大;(2)对于该场地的桥梁桩基础,桩-土-结构共同工作的有限元分析结果与m法结果差别不大;(3)当承台埋深为0时,桩身内力基本都偏大,要对承台侧土体做相应的加固处理。 相似文献
16.
大型换流站阀厅结构地震响应弹塑性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用有限元方法对带悬挂阀的阀厅结构进行地震响应弹塑性分析,研究不同场地土条件、不同地震动作用对阀厅结构以及悬吊设备地震响应的影响.研究结果表明:阀厅结构在纵向和三向地震作用下存在较明显的扭转效应;三向地震输入时,吊杆产生的拉力约为单向输入的2倍;悬吊设备竖向地震响应大于水平地震响应,大震下悬吊设备竖向加速度约为水平向的... 相似文献
17.
本文旨在讨论位于回填土场地上及回填土场地深挖基坑内的强震动观测仪所获得地震动是否是真实自由场地震动,若不是,其影响如何?结合回填土场地的强震动观测台站建设的实际情形,建立了回填土场地和回填土场地深挖基坑的有限元分析模型,基于集中质量显式动力有限元数值模拟方法,分析了回填土的波速和厚度、基坑尺寸对自由场地震动的影响.同时,提出了通过用重塑土置换回填土以降低回填土对自由场地震动影响的措施,并对重塑土置换回填土的效果进行了数值模拟分析.结果表明:回填土上和回填土深挖基坑内的地震动峰值和反应谱值与原始场地的均有明显的差异,随着回填土厚度和基坑深度的增加,其差异越大;通过重塑土置换回填土可以减小回填土对场地地震动的影响.本文所得关于回填土、基坑和重塑土的影响规律可为回填土场地上强震动观测结果的合理利用以及强震动观测台站建设提供依据. 相似文献
18.
不同倾角断层对场地动力放大效应的分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
一般认为断层有一定的隔震作用,但是也有不少震害表明断层附近的破坏反而比较严重。为探讨其中机理,采用有限元方法分别建立包含不同倾角无厚度断层的场地模型,并分析了在各种频率入射波的作用下该场地的动力反应。计算结果表明,断层对场地的动力反应有一定的放大作用,特别是当入射波的频率与场地的基频接近时,放大效应更为明显。计算结果还表明,断层的倾角对场地的动力反应也有影响,随着断层倾角的减小,断层出露点附近的动力放大效应增大。 相似文献
19.
Olga-Joan Ktenidou Francisco-J. Chávez-García Dimitrios Raptakis Kyriazis D. Pitilakis 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2016,14(3):623-645
We study site effects using 520 weak motion earthquake records from a vertical array in Aegion, Greece. The array is inside a basin, has four stations in soil, and one in bedrock (178 m depth). The site is marked by high seismicity and complex surface geology. We first use the records to establish the downhole accelerometer orientations and their evolution with time. Then we estimate site effects using empirical spectral ratios with and without a reference site (standard and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio). We find significant site amplification which cannot be accounted for by 1D model predictions, along with a significant difference in the amplification level between the two horizontal components. These are indications of 2D effects, namely surface waves generated at the basin edge. The difference in amplification between the horizontal components is maximised when these are rotated with respect to the orientation of the basin edge. The strongest amplification takes place in the direction parallel to the basin edge (SH, or out-of-plane motion), and is up to 2 times higher than in the perpendicular direction (SV, or in-plane motion). This directional effect on the amplification is corroborated by numerical 2D modelling using incident SH and SV waves, with the former possibly generating strong Love waves. In the records, the directionality is clear for windows containing the largest amplitudes of the records (S waves and strong surface waves), while it tends to vanish for coda-wave windows. This directionality is also observed when using response spectral ratios rather than Fourier ratios. We compute soil-to-rock amplification factors for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and find it is significantly higher than what is predicted by current design codes. We attribute this difference to the basin edge amplification, linear soil behaviour, and to the inability of simple scalar values like PGA to describe complex amplification effects. Finally, we analyse the earthquake records at a surface station near the slope crest and do not observe significant topographic amplification. 相似文献
20.
软土具有高灵敏度、低强度等特性,在地震过程中极易产生震陷。基于OpenSees数值模拟方法对软土场地的震陷反应进行非线性动力有限元分析,通过改变地震动峰值加速度、频谱特性、输入方式来研究其对软土震陷的影响。结果表明,地震动峰值加速度对地基土的不均匀震陷有显著影响,地震动峰值加速度越大,震陷量显著增大,震陷影响深度更大,对水平地表造成的破坏范围也更大;地震动频谱特性对软土震陷有重要影响,当地震动卓越频率与场地自振频率相近时,其幅值越大,产生的震陷越严重;水平、竖向同时输入地震动的方式能更好地反映土体的振动及震陷响应。该研究成果对探索软土震陷的机理有一定的指导意义。 相似文献