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1.
2001年发生厄尔尼诺事件的天文条件 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
用潮汐产生的地球流体与固体的差异旋转,可以解释1500-1800a周期的气候变化.强潮汐加大垂直方向和水平方向海水的混合,将太平洋深层冷水翻上表面(或使太平洋西部暖水流向东部,北部暖水流向南部),使海洋上方空气变冷(或变暖),产生拉尼娜冷事件(或厄尔尼诺热事件).天文资料表明,强潮汐与厄尔尼诺事件有很好的对应关系,火山活动亦受强潮汐的控制.火山喷发使海洋底层暖水上升到海洋表面,火山灰遮蔽阳光使气候变冷,它们是控制厄尔尼诺事件发生的重要外强迫因子.当火山灰在低纬度地区上升到平流层,较小的气溶胶可在数月内传播至全球,并可在平流层内持续飘浮1-3a,最后降落在两极地区,减弱被遮蔽区的太阳辐射,与该区发生日食的效果相同,是厄尔尼诺事件的延迟因子. 相似文献
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厄尔尼诺事件的随机特征 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
厄尔尼诺事件与强潮汐、日食、月食、火山、地震以及洋流冷暖循环相关．统计资料表明，厄尔尼诺事件的发生具有明显的随机特征，当各因素的最大值相互叠加时，就会发生强厄尔尼诺事件．厄尔尼诺与火山地震活动密切相关，具有区域性强，能量变化大，活动频繁，有规律但无严格周期等特点．厄尔尼诺事件是多种因素形成的。因而更具有随机特征． 相似文献
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长白山天池火山地震活动机理研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对1999年以来长白山火山观测站记录到的火山地震活动进行了研究,发现在西北太平洋5.0级以上中深源地震发生前后,均有火山地震活动发生变化。我们统计发现有以下三种情况:第一种是深源地震发生后火山地震随之增强;第二种是火山震群活动结束后发生中深源地震;第三种是深源地震前后火山地震活动频繁,在火山地震活动较少时发生中深源地震。本文通过对近年来长白山火山地震活动与西北太平洋俯冲板块的中、深源地震关系以及火山玄武岩地幔性质和长白山地热活动等资料并参考前人研究成果,建立了长白山地幔柱模型,对长白山火山地震活动机制进行了初步探讨。 相似文献
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自《西北地震学报》2 0 0 1年第 4期发表了笔者的文章《2 0 0 1年厄尔尼诺事件的天文条件》以来[1] ,全球气候异常越来越显著 .近期研究发现 ,近地潮与日月大潮的叠加有 6～ 8个月的准周期变化 ,厄尔尼诺事件发生时间与强潮汐时段有很好的对应关系 .1991年 5月～ 1992年 8月 ,1993年 4月～ 1994年 1月 ,1994年 10月～1995年 6月 ,1997年 4月～ 1998年 6月 ,厄尔尼诺事件发生时间都在近地潮与日月大潮叠加的强潮汐时段 (见表 1) .表 1 1991年 3月～ 1997年 5月的厄尔尼诺天文条件近地点时间日期时间农历日 日食月食潮汐强度极端气候变化199… 相似文献
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北太平洋对北极的半封闭状态和南太平洋对南极的开放状态是厄尔尼诺事件发生的构造基础，它导致北太平洋海表热能的积累和周期性向南太平洋输送，强潮汐振荡和火山喷发是其激发因素。 相似文献
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根据长白山火山活动的地球动力学背景,综合分析西北太平洋俯冲带俯冲作用所引起的中深源地震与长白山火山地震活动及温泉流体化学气体释放变化趋势的关系。认为在北纬35°以北,西北太平洋板块俯冲作用引起的地幔对流的扰动作用下,长白山火山活动从1999年至目前大体经历了3个阶段:1999年6月至2002年5月为扰动起始阶段,2002年6月至2004年为扰动增强阶段,2005年至目前为扰动衰减阶段。在分析了3个阶段内长白山火山地震活动及温泉气体释放特征的基础上,讨论了长白山天池火山目前的活动状态。从日本海至中国东北深源地震区地震活动期和平静期存在的韵律性活动过程出发,对长白山天池火山未来喷发的可能性进行了分析 相似文献
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地震、形变、火山气体地球化学等观测结果表明2002~2005年长白山天池火山经历了1次扰动事件。长白山站地震台（CBS台）记录到了扰动事件前后连续稳定的宽频带地震观测资料。前人的观测研究结果认为长白山天池火山扰动期间的火山地震类型主要为构造型火山地震，伴随少量的谐频型地震。本文通过匹配滤波技术，对1999~2007年扰动事件前后CBS台单台三分量地震观测数据进行模板扫描，获得3763个清晰的火山地震事件，其中谐频（HS）事件125个，构造（VT）事件3618个，并发现长周期（LP）事件20个。进而将火山扰动期间火山地震事件分为3种类型：构造型事件、长周期事件和谐频型事件，并提出2002~2005年长白山天池火山扰动机制模型：深源地震-火山能量传递模型，即汪清深源地震能量释放和传递，引发长白山火山区岩石圈应力状态波动。地幔岩浆房受应力干扰后，岩浆通道打开，少量岩浆侵入地壳岩浆房。岩浆混合脱气导致地壳岩浆房升压，引起顶部岩石微破裂，产生构造型火山地震，气体和流体填充这些裂隙，从而产生LP和HS型火山地震事件。 相似文献
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Rodey Batiza 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1982,60(2):195-206
In this paper I present data on the abundances, sizes and crustal age for all volcanoes (volcanic islands and seamounts) which appear on published bathymetric charts of the Pacific Ocean. These new data shed light on the origin of non-hotspot volcanoes and are important, in combination with data on the chemical compositions of seamounts and volcanic islands, for estimates of the bulk composition of ocean crust. These data also provide firm constraints on off-ridge oceanic volcanism models. Results of this study show that the size-frequency distribution of Pacific volcanoes is Poisson-like and that the smallest volcanoes are much more abundant than large ones. This study shows clearly that the most abundant volcanoes on the Earth are the submerged oceanic volcanoes which comprise 5–25% of the oceanic volcanic layer. On Pacific crust of Eocene age and younger, the abundance of volcanoes (number of volcanoes per unit area) increases monotonically with increasing age. Assuming steady state, the production rate of new off-ridge volcanoes (number of volcanoes per unit area per unit time) is inversely proportional to the square root of the lithosphere age [1]. On crust older than Eocene, the number of volcanoes per unit area of crust decreases monotonically with increasing age, however the total volume of lava represented by these edifices increases with increasing age. Size frequency distributions of volcanoes on swaths of successively older crust indicate that these abundance patterns are partly due to the effect of sediment burial of small edifices on old Pacific crust as well as the effect of increased lithosphere thickness on seamount size. These general patterns are not appreciably changed by omitting from consideration known hotspot volcanoes [2] and volcanoes built at fossil constructional plate margins [3]. 相似文献
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基于NCEP/NCAR提供的1958～1995年全球月平均海温距平场再分析资料,采用动力系统反演思想和遗传算法途径,进行了El Nino/La Nina指数的动力预报模型的参数优化和模型反演,从上述海温资料中重构了Nino3海温距平指数的非线性动力模型.模型预报试验结果表明,遗传算法具有的全局搜索和并行计算优势能够客观、有效地反演海温指数的动力预报模型,对Nino3海温指数和El Nino/La Nina事件进行较为客观准确的预测,为El Nino/La Nina预测提供有益的研究参考. 相似文献
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利用NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料以及Hadley中心海表温度资料,针对北太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)的完整系统,通过分析超前于ENSO事件的海平面副高年际异常特征及其对ENSO事件的触发作用以及ENSO事件对500 hPa副高和海平面副高的滞后影响,结果表明了北太平洋副热带高压年际变异和ENSO循环之间存在选择性相互作用.即在大多数情况下,一方面,前期海平面副高减弱会导致热带西太平洋表面西风异常,通过海洋平流过程触发El Nino事件在夏季发生发展,在秋冬季成熟; 而另一方面,El Nino事件在秋冬季发展成熟后,增强了赤道中太平洋的对流性热源,通过对异常热源的动力响应,同期和次年夏季500 hPa副高增强,又通过增强的Hadley环流作用,副热带地区下沉运动增强,从而使得次年夏季海平面副高增强,增强的海平面副高又有利于触发下一个La Nina事件.副高年际变异和ENSO循环之间相互作用的选择性主要取决于副高异常是否接近于赤道以及ENSO事件本身的持续性.这种相互作用有利于在热带太平洋海气系统产生准两年振荡. 相似文献
15.
Global upper ocean heat content and climate variability 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Peter C. Chu 《Ocean Dynamics》2011,61(8):1189-1204
Observational data from the Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Program were used to calculate the upper ocean heat content
(OHC) anomaly. The thickness of the upper layer is taken as 300 m for the Pacific/Atlantic Ocean and 150 m for the Indian
Ocean since the Indian Ocean has shallower thermoclines. First, the optimal spectral decomposition scheme was used to build
up monthly synoptic temperature and salinity dataset for January 1990 to December 2009 on 1° × 1° grids and the same 33 vertical
levels as the World Ocean Atlas. Then, the monthly varying upper layer OHC field (H) was obtained. Second, a composite analysis was conducted to obtain the total-time mean OHC field ([`([`(H)])] \bar{\bar{H}} ) and the monthly mean OHC variability (
[(\textH)\tilde] \widetilde{\text{H}} ), which is found an order of magnitude smaller than
[^(\textH)] \widehat{\text{H}} . Third, an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method is conducted on the residue data (
[^(\textH)] \widehat{\text{H}} ), deviating from
[(\textH)\tilde] \widetilde{\text{H}} +
[(\textH)\tilde] \widetilde{\text{H}} , in order to obtain interannual variations of the OHC fields for the three oceans. In the Pacific Ocean, the first two EOF
modes account for 51.46% and 13.71% of the variance, representing canonical El Nino/La Nina (EOF-1) and pseudo-El Nino/La
Nina (i.e., El Nino Modoki; EOF-2) events. In the Indian Ocean, the first two EOF modes account for 24.27% and 20.94% of the
variance, representing basin-scale cooling/warming (EOF-1) and Indian Ocean Dipole (EOF-2) events. In the Atlantic Ocean,
the first EOF mode accounts for 49.26% of the variance, representing a basin-scale cooling/warming (EOF-1) event. The second
EOF mode accounts for 8.83% of the variance. Different from the Pacific and Indian Oceans, there is no zonal dipole mode in
the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Fourth, evident lag correlation coefficients are found between the first principal component
of the Pacific Ocean and the Southern Oscillation Index with a maximum correlation coefficient (0.68) at 1-month lead of the
EOF-1 and between the second principal component of the Indian Ocean and the Dipole Mode Index with maximum values (around
0.53) at 1–2-month advance of the EOF-2. It implies that OHC anomaly contains climate variability signals. 相似文献
16.
Robert W. Decker 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1965,28(1):231-256
Active volcanoes occur in at least two fundamentally different tectonic settings. Taphrogenic volcanoes are aligned along the mid-ocean fracture system which is characterized by a broad ridge of rugged relief, «tensional» horizontal stress components perpendicular to the ridge, shallow earthquakes in a zone vertically beneath the ridge crest, thin to normal occanic crust and low to normal seismic velocities in the uppermost mantle, positive free-air gravity anomalies, and high heat flow. Orogenic volcanoes are aligned along the mobile Pacific rim and Indonesian archipelago which are characterized by double or single arcuate ridges with a deep oceanic trench on the convex side, compressional horizontal stress components perpendicular to the arcs, shallow to deep earthquakes in a zone dipping from the trench to beneath the volcanoes and beyond, transitional crustal thicknesses and seismic velocities, parallel belts of negative and positive free-air gravity anomalies from the trench to the volcanic arc, and low heat flow from the trench. The diverse nature of most geophysical lineaments associated with volcanism suggests that magma generation is independent of these phenomena. The remaining correlation of shallow earthquakes with taphrogenic volcanocs and intermediate depth earthquakes with orogenic volcanoes suggests that active fracture systems reaching these depths can tap latent magma sources. Seismic evidence for a low velocity layer beginning 100 km beneath continents and 60 km beneath oceans gives independent support to this hypothesis. 相似文献
17.
In this paper, we present seismological evidence for the influence of fluids and magma on the generation of large earthquakes in the crust and the subducting oceanic slabs under the Japan Islands. The relationship between seismic tomography and large crustal earthquakes (M=5.7-8.0) in Japan during a period of 116 years from 1885 to 2000 is investigated and it is found that most of the large crustal earthquakes occurred in or around the areas of low seismic velocity. The low-velocity zones represent weak sections of the seismogenic crust. The crustal weakening is closely related to the subduction process in this region. Along the volcanic front and in back-arc areas, the crustal weakening is caused by active volcanoes and arc magma resulting from the convective circulation process in the mantle wedge and dehydration reactions in the subducting slab. In the forearc region of southwest Japan, fluids are suggested in the 1995 Kobe earthquake source zone, which have contributed to the rupture nucleation. The fluids originate from the dehydration of the subducting Philippine Sea slab. The recent 2001 Geiyo earthquake (M=6.8) occurred at 50 km depth within the subducting Philippine Sea slab, and it was also related to the slab dehydration process. A detailed 3D velocity structure is determined for the northeast Japan forearc region using data from 598 earthquakes that occurred under the Pacific Ocean with hypocenters well located with SP depth phases. The results show that strong lateral heterogeneities exist along the slab boundary, which represent asperities and results of slab dehydration and affect the degree and extent of the interplate seismic coupling. These results indicate that large earthquakes do not strike anywhere, but only anomalous areas which can be detected with geophysical methods. The generation of a large earthquake is not a pure mechanical process, but is closely related to physical and chemical properties of materials in the crust and upper mantle, such as magma, fluids, etc. 相似文献