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1.
Sorption of the organic pollutant 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) by pyrolyzed and activated Jordanian oil-shale was studied. Pyrolyzed oil shale was prepared using a fluidized bed reactor at 520 °C in the presence of nitrogen. Physical activation was carried out by treating the pyrolyzed oil shale with CO2 at 830 °C, while chemical activation was achieved by using KOH and ZnCl2 as impregnating agents. Batch kinetics and isotherm studies were conducted to evaluate the sorption process. Effects of contact time, initial sorbate concentration, sorbent concentration, temperature, pH and inorganic salts (NaCl and KCl) on the sorption process by the different sorbents were considered. Chemically activated oil shale, pretreated with ZnCl2, gave the highest uptake of 4-NP. The isotherm experimental data fit reasonably well to Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Paterson models. Three kinetic models, namely the Morris-Weber, Lagergren, and Pseudo-Second-Order model (PSOM), were applied to represent the experimental results for both pyrolyzed and ZnCl2-oil shale sorbents.  相似文献   

2.
Removal of dyes by low-cost adsorbents is an effective method in wastewater treatment. Iranian natural clays were determined to be effective adsorbents for removal of a basic dye (methylene blue) from aqueous solutions in batch processes. Characterizations of the clays were carried out by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Effects of the operational parameters such as adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, solution pH and temperature were investigated on the adsorption performance. Adsorption isotherms like Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin were used to analyze the adsorption equilibrium data and Langmuir isotherm was the best fit. Adsorption kinetics was investigated by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models and the results showed that the adsorption system conforms well to the pseudo-second-order model. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption (ΔS°, ΔH° and ΔG°) were obtained and showed that the adsorption processes were exothermic.  相似文献   

3.
Batch kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out to evaluate the sorption of phenol by pyrolyzed and activated Jordanian oil-shale. The effects of contact time, initial sorbate concentration, sorbent concentration, temperature, pH and inorganic salts (NaCl and KCl), on the adsorption process by different sorbents were considered. Chemically activated oil shale, pretreated with ZnCl 2, gave the highest uptake of phenol. The isotherm experimental data fit well to Freundlich and Redlich-Paterson models and to a less extent to the Langmuir model. The increase in the initial sorbate concentration resulted in an increase in the uptake. Three kinetics models, namely the Morris-Weber model, the Lagergren model, and the pseudo-second-order model (PSOM), were applied to represent the experimental results for pyrolyzed and ZnCl 2-oil shale sorbents. Pyrolyzed oil shale was prepared using a fluidized bed reactor at 520 °C in the presence of nitrogen. Physical activation was carried out by treating the resulted pyrolyzed oil shale with CO 2 at 830 °C, while chemical activation of oil shale was carried out using KOH and ZnCl 2 as impregnating agents.  相似文献   

4.
Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter, an abundant agricultural waste in South Africa was chemically modified with H3PO4 and carbonized for use as biosorbent. Characterization and the potential application of the adsorbent in simultaneous removal of 4-nitrophenol and 2-nitrophenol from aqueous solutions were investigated. The adsorbent was characterized using FTIR, SEM and EDX elemental microanalysis. The EDX and FTIR analysis revealed the presence of surface oxygen moieties capable of binding to adsorbate molecules while the SEM micrographs showed the development of pores and cavities in the adsorbent. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted at a varying contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH and initial adsorbate concentration to investigate optimal conditions. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was 103.09 and 103.10 mg/g for 4-nitrophenol and 2-nitrophenol, respectively. The adsorption process was best fitted into Freundlich isotherm while the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model. Liquid film and intra-particle diffusion contributed to the adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters of ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were evaluated. The adsorption was exothermic, feasible and spontaneous. The results suggest a possible application of grape leaf litter as a precursor for activated carbon and for cheaper wastewater treatment technologies.  相似文献   

5.
The ability of ochre to remove Pb(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous media has been studied by batch sorption studies varying the contact time, initial metal concentration, initial solution pH and temperature to understand the adsorption behaviour of these metals through adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The pH of the solution and the temperature controlled the adsorption of metal ions by ochre and rapid uptake occurred in the first 30 min of reaction. The kinetics of adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order rate equation (R 2 > 0.99) and the isotherms are well described by the Freundlich model. Adsorption of metals onto ochre is endothermic in nature. Between the two metals, Pb(II) showed more preference towards the exchangeable sites on ochre than Cu(II). This study indicates that ochre is a very effective adsorbent in removing Pb(II) and Cu(II) from the aqueous environment with an adsorptive capacity of 0.996 and 0.628 mg g?1 and removal efficiency of 99.68 and 62.80 %, respectively.  相似文献   

6.
Insolubilized humic acid (IHA) was prepared in the laboratory by heating approach. Through the comparison between the endothermic peaks, optimal heating temperature was determined to be 330°C. The modified IHA then was characterized by TG-DTA, SEM, FTIR, element analysis, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. The removal efficiency of p-nitrophenol from the aqueous solution by adsorption onto solid IHA surfaces was shown to be a function of pH, reaction temperature, and p-nitrophenol concentration. Adsorption equilibrium data satisfactorily fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Under a certain concentration range, the removal rate of p-nitrophenol at pH 3.5 could reach 24, 29, and 35 mg/g at a temperature of 25, 35, and 45±0.1°C. The results suggest that IHA could play a role as a potential efficient absorbent to remove organic contaminants, e.g., utilized to purify water contaminated by organic compounds.  相似文献   

7.
Biochars generated at various temperatures might show significant differences in sorption for organic contaminants. In this study, a series of biochars, generated from pyrolyzing maize straws at different temperatures, were systematically characterized. The characterization results showed that with increasing pyrolysis temperature, the surface areas, micropore areas and aromaticity of biochars were enhanced. Batch experiments were conducted to study methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene sorption to biochars. The results indicated that the sorption capacity of benzene to biochars was higher than that of MTBE. The higher pyrolyzed temperature of biochars resulted in a stronger sorption affinity for target compounds, and the dominant sorption mechanisms varied for biochars pyrolyzed at different temperatures. The sorption to biochars pyrolyzed at 700 and 800 °C performed a high adsorption capacity, which indicated that they might be a promising sorbent to remove MTBE and benzene from water. Biochar pyrolyzed at 400 °C showed transitional sorption mechanisms from partition to adsorption for MTBE and benzene. Pore-filling was a possible sorption mechanism to biochars pyrolyzed at high temperature.  相似文献   

8.
The adsorption and desorption behaviors of 17??-ethinylestradiol on various sludges derived from different treatment units of a sewage treatment plant were investigated using batch equilibration experiments. The results showed that adsorption process could be well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model and fast adsorption played a main role. Adsorption ability varied as the order of aerobic sludge????anoxic sludge????primary sludge?>?sludge cake?>?anaerobic sludge. Adsorption/desorption isotherms were well fitted by the modified Freundlich model, and $ K_{f}^{\prime } $ values increased with the organic matter content. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that 17??-ethinylestradiol adsorption/desorption was exothermic and conducted spontaneously. After heat treatment for removing the organic carbon, $ K_{f}^{\prime } $ values decreased by more than 78%, but organic carbon normalized adsorption constant was 7.76?C29.51?mg/g. The 17??-ethinylestradiol adsorption capacity was found to decrease from 0.95?C1.39 to 0.44?C0.49?mg/g with sludge concentration increasing from 500 to 4,000?mg/L, being almost unchanged at pH 3?C10 and sharply decreasing with pH?>?10. The adsorption capacity was also found to fluctuate in the range of 2.0?C3.0?mg/g when Ca2+ concentration was <0.5?mol/L and increased rapidly above 0.5?mol/L. Addition of methanol and acetonitrile could improve 17??-ethinylestradiol desorption effect, which increased with the content of organic solvents, and the desorption degree of acetonitrile was higher than methanol.  相似文献   

9.
研究了高岭土的改性方法及最佳改性土对染料结晶紫的吸附性能,选择焙烧温度200℃,硫酸铁含量为2%,焙烧时间2 h,探讨了振荡时间、吸附剂投加量等因素对吸附的影响。实验结果表明,在30℃下改性高岭土对结晶紫吸附平衡时间为60 min,对150 mg/L结晶紫饱和吸附容量为17.32 mg/g;改性高岭土对结晶紫的吸附等温线与Langmuir型拟合较好,吸附动力学模式符合伪二级动力学方程。  相似文献   

10.
Because of their high adsorption capacity, carbon nanotubes have caught the attention of the scientific community and a number of experimental results confirmed their ability to adsorb many toxins from water. The aim of this work was to study the kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics of thiamethoxam adsorption by multi-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions. To further elucidate the influence of nanotube structure on the adsorption mechanism, the experiments were performed on both fresh (pristine) and nitric acid-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The results of the kinetic studies were analyzed using three kinetic models, while the adsorption equilibrium was tested against four different adsorption models. Based on the results, and the physico-chemical properties of the adsorbent and adsorbate, it is proposed that the dominant mechanism for thiamethoxam molecules attaching to multi-walled carbon nanotubes is caused by aromatic π–π interactions (electron donor–acceptor interactions). The results of thermodynamic calculations based on the adsorption data indicate the exothermic nature of the process, regardless of the carbon nanotube type used. The decrease in entropy and the consequent negative change in Gibbs free energy, as expected, confirm the spontaneity of thiamethoxam adsorption on both pristine and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes.  相似文献   

11.
Kinetics and equilibrium study of chromium adsorption on zeoliteNaX   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
This study aims to report Batch adsorption study of hexavalent chromium, Cr (VI) on zeoliteNaX. Kinetics of Cr (VI) adsorption and adsorption isotherms were determined by varying operating parameters such as pH, initial concentration, temperature and contact time. ZeoliteNaX was found to remove Cr (VI) in acidic solutions down to ppm level at pH of about 4. Removal rate of Cr (VI) was found to decrease as pH rises above 4.0. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson models were applied to adsorption equilibrium data to find the best amongst these models. Langmuir model with R2 = 0.9711 best fits the adsorption data. The kinetics of adsorption was found to follow the first order reversible reaction. The separation parameter, RL values of less than 1.0 i.e., 0.7369, 0.5834 and 0.4828 corresponding to initial concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 mg/L, respectively indicated that adsorption of Cr (VI) on zeoliteNaX is favoured. The estimated values of thermodynamic parameters such as heat of adsorption and standard gibbs free energy confirmed the exothermic nature of adsorption of Cr (VI) on zeoliteNaX.  相似文献   

12.
The use of organoclays as adsorbents in the remediation of polluted water has been the subject of many recent studies. In this present work, a Tunisian smectite modified by two cationic surfactants was used as a sorbent for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic parameters of nitrate ions at various contact time, initial concentrations and temperatures. Two simplified kinetic models, first-order and second-order, were used to predict the adsorption constants. It was found that the adsorption kinetics of nitrate was best described by the second-order model. Adsorption isotherms and equilibrium adsorption capacities were determined by the fittings of the experimental data to two well-known isotherm models including Langmuir and Freundlich. The results showed that Langmuir model appears to fit the adsorption better than Freundlich model. The equilibrium constants were used to calculate thermodynamic parameters, such as the change of free energy, enthalpy and entropy.  相似文献   

13.
Pb and Co removal from paint industries effluent using wood ash   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
The release of heavy metals into the environment is a worldwide major concern. Different studies have demonstrated that natural agents have a high removal capacity for divalent heavy metal ions. Wood ash is a natural adsorbent and, in comparison with others, has a very low price. In this study, the removal of heavy metals (Pb and Co) from Binalood paint industry (Kerman, Iran) effluent was investigated in batch condition. Pb and Co measurement in samples were done with atomic absorption equipment and test methods were adapted from standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The effect of pH and the amount of adsorbent was determined and different adsorption isotherms were also obtained. This study shows that the adsorption process follows the adsorption Langmuir isotherm. The amount of wood ash has a great role in the adsorption rate and adsorption rate increased as wood ash increased. In the study, the reactions reached equilibrium in 3 h contact time. The maximum Pb removal efficiency was 96.1 % at pH 2 with a contact time of 3 h and 100 g/L wood ash and the maximum Co removal efficiency was 99 % at pH 2 with a contact time of 3 h and 100 g/L wood ash. According to the results, wood ash is recommended as a low cost and available adsorbent to remove Pb and Co from municipal and industrial wastewaters.  相似文献   

14.
Biofilms wasted from biotrickling filters was dried and used as biosorbent for Cd(II) removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption condition and effect, adsorption isotherms and kinetics of Cd(II) removal were investigated, and the effects of competitive metal ions on Cd(II) removal were also examined. Results showed that the dry waste biofilms reached the maximum adsorption capacity of 42 mg/g of Cd(II) at 25 °C for 120 min when the initial concentration of Cd(II) and their pH were 50 mg/L and 6.0, respectively. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency of Cd(II) reached to 89.3% when the biosorbent dosage was 2.0 g/L. The Langmuir isotherm model correlated with the isotherm data better than the Freundlich isotherm model, and the pseudo-second-order model fitted the kinetic data better than the pseudo-first-order model. These results indicated that the adsorption was monolayer accompanied with chemical adsorption. In the presence of other metal ions, divalent metal ions of Ca and Zn inhibited the performance of Cd(II) biosorption significantly, while Na(I), K(I) and Fe(III) which had a higher or lower valence than Ca(II) affected slightly when containing 50 mg/L Cd(II), 0.5 g/L adsorbent dosage and pH 6.0. The analyses of scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy illuminated that the biosorbent had porous structures and the amide group was the majorly responsible for Cd(II) removal. Dry biofilms were novel sorbents for effective removal Cd(II), and it could be reused and recycled if necessary.  相似文献   

15.
以氧化还原共沉淀的方法将铁锰复合氧化物负载于坡缕石黏土表面,制备负载型吸附剂,由静态吸附实验研究了吸附剂对磷的吸附性能,探讨了吸附的动力学特征、热力学参数和吸附机理。结果显示,吸附剂对磷的吸附受溶液初始pH值、吸附时间及温度的影响,在中性条件下吸附平衡时间为90 min,pseudo-second-order吸附动力学方程能较好描述吸附过程,吸附表观活化能为11.76 k J/mol;吸附等温线与Freundlich方程的拟合结果略优于Langmuir方程,由Langmuir方程得到最大吸附量为26~31 mg/g。吸附焓变为9.29 k J/mol,吸附熵变为正值,自由能变为-4.3~-5.8 k J/mol,吸附作用有多层不均匀吸附的性质,同时包含物理作用和化学作用,但不属强的化学键作用。  相似文献   

16.
Adsorption isotherms of 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol on hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide modified red soil under different ionic strength, divalent cation Cu 2 or different pH conditions were studied. All the adsorption isotherms were well fitted to the Freundlich equation. The adsorption capacities of 2,4-dinitrophenol or 2,4-dichlorophenol were dramatically enhanced by HDTMA treatment of red soil. The increase of ionic strength and the addition of divalent heavy metal cation Cu 2 significantly enhanced the adsorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol or 2,4-dichlorophenol on the HDTMA-modified red soil. Adsorption capacities of HDTMA-modified red soil for 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol gradually increased with decreasing pH in the aqueous phase.  相似文献   

17.
Adsorption isotherms of 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-diehlorophenol on hexadeeyhrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide modified red soil under different ionic strength, divalent cation Cu2 or different pH conditions were studied. All the adsorption isotherms were well fitted to the Freundlich equation. The adsorption capacities of 2,4-dinitrophenol or 2,4-dichlorophenol were dramatically enhanced by HDTMA treatment of red soil. The increase of ionic strength and the addition of divalent heavy metal cation Cu^2 significantly enhanced the adsorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol or 2,4-dichlorophenol on the HDTMA-modified red soil. Adsorption capacities of HDTMA-modified red soil for 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol gradually increased with decreasing pH in the aqueous phase.  相似文献   

18.
Adsorption studies were carried out on soil samples of high organic and low organic content to analyze the distribution coefficient and mobility of phenols. The results show that the amount of phenols adsorbed by the soil varies linearly with the fraction of organic carbon. Soils that are highly organic compared to those with low organic matter content retain the phenols to a greater extent. Adsorption studies on the different soil types indicated that the extent of adsorption of phenols by different kinds of soils is important, as a smaller amount of adsorption by the soil increases the risk of contamination of the groundwater supply.  相似文献   

19.
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) thin film coating was applied to improve the hydrophilia of biochar derived from black willow. 2 (2Al, 0.82 wt% Al2O3), 5 (5Al, 1.40 wt% Al2O3), and 10 (10Al, 2.36 wt% Al2O3) cycles of alumina ALD were applied. The biochars were characterized by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption and desorption, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorbents were utilized for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution to evaluate their adsorption capacities. The 5Al biochar showed the highest adsorption capacity, compared to the uncoated biochar and other Al2O3 coated biochars, due to its improved hydrophilia. The amount of MB adsorbed onto the 5Al biochar was almost three times that adsorbed onto the uncoated biochar during the first hour of adsorption experiments. Adsorption isotherms were modeled with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The data fit well with the Langmuir isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacities were found to be 26.8 and 35.0 mg/g at 25 °C for the uncoated biochar and 5Al biochar, respectively. The adsorbed MB amount per square meter achieved 1.3 mg/m2 onto the 5Al biochar, and it was twice the amount on the uncoated biochar. The experimental data were analyzed by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models of adsorption. The pseudo-second-order model better describes adsorption kinetic data for the uncoated biochar and 5Al biochar than the pseudo-first-order model does.  相似文献   

20.
In this study, the feasibility of using a low-cost adsorbent mixture composed of leonardite (L) and clinoptilolite (C) was evaluated by batch adsorption method using different parameters such as mixing ratio, contact time, pH, temperature, and adsorbent amount for the removal of Zn (II) ions from an aqueous solution. The adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, leonardite–clinoptilolite mixture was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray. The Zn (II) adsorption along with an unprecedented adsorption capacity of 454.55 mg g?1 for unmodified natural sorbents was obtained by mixing leonardite and clinoptilolite (LC) without any pretreatment at a ratio of 3:1, using 0.1 g of sorbent at a pH 6, for 2 h of contact time. The experimental data showed a good fit for the Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the present adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature (25–50 °C). The kinetic results of the adsorption showed that the Zn (II) adsorption onto the LC follows pseudo-second-order model. The resultant LC mixture has an excellent adsorption capacity of a Zn (II) aqueous solution, and data obtained may form the basis for utilization of LC as an unpretreated low-cost adsorbent for treatment of metalliferous industrial wastewater.  相似文献   

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