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1.
T.J. McEwen 《Journal of Structural Geology》1981,3(1):25-37
The fracture patterns produced in pitted pebble conglomerates from the Alpine Molasse and the Carboniferous of northern Spain, have been studied in relation to the stress concentrations which were produced in the conglomerates during their deformation. The stress distributions which develop around pebble contacts at different stages of their pitting history have been determined from photoelastic experiments. The development of different types of fracture, having dominantly tensile or shear components, and their distribution within the pebbles, are shown to be related to the mineralogy of the pebbles, the strength of the matrix and the amount of deformation the conglomerate has suffered. 相似文献
2.
Graham John Borradaile 《Tectonophysics》1984,104(1-2)
Individual rounded pebbles of schist or foliated gneiss included in a conglomerate can each be used as strain markers when the conglomerate has been deformed subsequently. The shape, orientation and the attitude of the earlier schistosity within a single pebble allow one to determine the strain ratio assuming passive behaviour during deformation. The method may also be applicable to certain individual lava pillows containing paleo-horizontal “lava-level” markers. 相似文献
3.
Umbrella structure is a newly recognized sedimentary structure associated with large platy clasts in resedimented boulder-bearing pebble conglomerate with a sandy matrix. It consists of a sand rim that lacks pebbles on parts or the entire underside of platy boulders, whereas on the upper side, pebbles are in direct contact with the boulders. The depositing processes were high- to hyper-concentrated sediment gravity flows in a submarine channel or canyon on the Cambrian continental slope of North America bordering the Iapetus Ocean. The structure occurs predominantly where clasts dip moderately in the down-current direction. Based on the association of the structure with slightly forward dipping slabs, it is proposed that these down-current dipping slabs may have been in the process of counter-clockwise rotation that was aborted and may have generated a pressure shadow on the underside enabling the inrush of fluid and the infiltration of sand into the anomalous low-pressure zone. The structure has implications for particle support mechanisms in high- to hyper-concentrated sedimentary gravity flows, in that it redirects attention to the much debated mechanism of dispersive pressure and alternatives. It provides an observable sediment structure that supports dispersive pressure which so far depended on experimental evidence and theoretical arguments alone. Vrolijk and Southard’s (1997) concept of a ‘laminar sheared layer’ is here for the first time interpreted as having an upward-moving ‘free-surface’ layer effect during deposition from hyper-concentrated flows. Channel-wall stoping involves unlithified turbiditic spillover sand in the levee sediment of the canyon wall that was washed out by the upper diluted parts of the high-concentration flows coming down the channel and leaving a niche in the wall that was filled with coarser channel-axis facies by the same flow (or later flows) when its aggradation reached the level of the niche. The contact between turbidite and pebble conglomerate occurs now more than 2 m laterally into the exposed channel wall. Channel-wall stoping tracks turbulence development in hyper-concentrated gravity flows. 相似文献
4.
The Doumsan fan-delta system in the Pohang Basin (Miocene), SE Korea comprises tripartite components of Gilbert-type topset, foreset, and bottomset environments with an extended prodelta in the deeper part (a few hundred metres deep). The present study documents sedimentologic features and origin of a gravel body (here interpreted as a gravel lobe) formed in the prodelta region of the Doumsan fan delta. The gravel lobe lies on sandy mud deposits and is capped by a thick massive sand bed. It extends for more than 1.5 km with a height of up to 30 m and shows a narrow tongue-like geometry. Eight sedimentary facies have been distinguished to describe characteristic features of the gravel lobe and the associated deposits. Of these, three types of gravelly sedimentary facies are important with regard to volumetric contribution and depositional processes: (1) crudely stratified pebble-grade conglomerate; (2) disorganized, clast-rich pebble(-to-cobble)-grade conglomerate; and (3) matrix-rich, bimodal cobble-grade conglomerate. The former two types dominate the central part of the lobe where they are not accompanied by sand beds, whereas the latter, as subordinate units, is prevalent in the fringe which otherwise is dominated by thick sandy mud deposits. The stacked successions of crudely stratified pebble-grade conglomerate are representative of the active aggradational phases of the gravel lobe, whereas the occurrence of channels within the lobe reflects that the gravel lobe prograded under the influence of subaqueous channel systems. The gravel lobe resulted from catastrophic disturbance (slumping) on the foreset region that further caused the development of channel systems, promoting efficient transport of gravelly sediments. This type of deposit may represent an important additional category of low-efficiency subaqueous fans. 相似文献
5.
大溪砾岩为一套厚层碳酸盐质砾岩,具有砾石含量高,砾石分选、磨圆较好的特点。据砾石统计、薄片分析、古生物鉴定、古流分析及重矿物组合表明,大溪砾岩中砾石主要来自龙门山区的泥盆系—三叠系,填隙物中的石英碎屑可能主要来自杂岩体。大溪砾岩的砾石成分有向上趋于复杂的特点。 相似文献
6.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(8):753-760
The sediments of the upper Swartkops River are almost exclusively gravels and boulder beds derived from the Cretaceous Uitenhage Group and the Paleozoic Cape Supergroup rocks. Many of the cobbles and boulders are second-cycle clasts, the great majority of which are quartzitic in composition. Pebble size and shape were examined and fabric analysis was performed on samples from 22 sites in the study area. Pebble imbrication planes dip consistently upstream at angles of 20? to 50? and pebble long axes generally are aligned normal to the flow direction. Clasts in the braid-plain deposits range from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters (large boulders over a meter in diameter are not uncommon). Pebble roundness ranges from 0.2 to 0.9 (averaging 0.43) and sphericity values range from 0.3 to 0.9 (averaging 0.59). The gravel clasts are angular to well-rounded, but are predominantly subrounded. Zingg diagram plots show a majority of discoidal pebbles, but there is a diversity of shapes reflecting the complex source area from which some resedimented clasts originated. Channel and bar morphology is complex, with gravel bars often merging laterally and longitudinally with main and secondary channels. Both channels and bars are terraced stepwise downstream and across the braid plain. Bar tops are armored by both small and large clasts, whereas channels may be lined with cobbles or boulders, but often exhibit small pebble lags. Algal mats occur as fresh curtains in all standing pools of water and dried crusty deposits on pebbly substrates in inactive channels. Imbrication studies demonstrate conclusively that pebble imbrication is the most meaningful indicator of flow direction in a gravel deposit and is far more reliable than rare cross-bedding encountered in bar-top sands, where bedforms often migrate laterally rather than downstream. The Swartkops braid-plain gravels resemble the ancient deposits of the Ventersdorp Contact Reef, both deposits being characterized by boulder-rich gravels, poor clast sorting, resedimented pebbles from a proximal fault-bounded source, and algal mats. Although heavy minerals are lacking in the Swartkops, trapping of fines by algal filaments appears to occur during low-flow conditions. 相似文献
7.
涎流冰是川藏寒区道路工程常见病害,严重威胁道路建设及运营安全。防止地下水出露地表或者地下水位过高可减缓或消除涎流冰病害。野外调查和卫图判识表明川藏寒区涎流冰以溢流型为主。通过室内物理模拟试验研究采用含砾粗砂或卵石换填疏导地下水以及铺设防水土工布隔水对涎流冰的防治效果。试验表明：当冻结深度大于地下水位埋深时会逐渐形成涎流冰;采用含砾粗砂或卵石作为换填渗流层,加快地下水排泄,可有效减少孔隙水压力,相对于未处治边坡,涎流冰体积分别减少85.4%和93.9%,孔隙水压力分别减少46.2%和58.1%;采用防水土工布阻隔地下水,涎流冰面积减少97.5%,但孔隙压力会增加。考虑到川藏交通廊道区卵（碎）石材料充足,推荐采用渗透性良好的卵（碎）石作为换填层,加强地下水疏导,并在换填层上铺设防水土工布隔水。研究成果可为川藏地区交通道路涎流冰防治提供参考。 相似文献
8.
Spheres and clylinders of various rock types were embedded in a matrix of crushed rock and the combined samples were then deformed by applying uniaxial compressive loads of up to 4.5 MN. Under these conditions, large confining pressures are built up in the centre of the samples; thus the granular matrix is compressed into relatively hard rock and the objects experience flattening and stretching strains of up to 30%. The rock types used for the objects ranged from weak sandstone and shale to very strong quartzite; matrix materials were crushed adamellite, marble and a marble—salt mixture. The experiments were designed to investigate the relative deformation of the objects and the composite samples and, in particular, the effect of the ductility contrasts (or complete differences) between the objects and the matrix.Spheres and cylinders with a length/diameter ratio of unity are called “pebbles” in the paper. They experience a homogeneous flattening during compression and the ductility contrast controls the load at which yielding occurs and the relative rates at which a pebble and the surrounding matrix deform. The changes in shape of pebble and sample are related linearly and the slope of the straight line graph gives a quantitative estimate of the ductility contrast ; in this way a table of ductility contrasts for the various rock types has been constructed and the relative responses of different pebbles in a granular matrix are nicely illustrated in an artificial deformed conglomerate.Cataclasis is the dominant mode of deformation and much of the large finite strain induced into the objects occurs at surprisingly low applied loads. This suggests that deformed pebbles in natural rock need not necessarily have deformed as a result of tectonic pressures but could have changed shape during diagenesis of the host rocks. 相似文献
9.
Flat-pebble conglomerate: its multiple origins and relationship to metre-scale depositional cycles 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Paul M. Myrow Lauren Tice Bonny Archuleta† Bryn Clark‡ John F. Taylor§ Robert L. Ripperdan¶ 《Sedimentology》2004,51(5):973-996
Carbonate flat‐pebble conglomerate is an important component of Precambrian to lower Palaeozoic strata, but its origins remain enigmatic. The Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician strata of the Snowy Range Formation in northern Wyoming and southern Montana contain abundant flat‐pebble conglomerate beds in shallow‐water cyclic and non‐cyclic strata. Several origins of flat‐pebble conglomerate are inferred for these strata. In one case, all stages of development of flat‐pebble conglomerate are captured within storm‐dominated shoreface deposits of hummocky cross‐stratified (HCS) fine carbonate grainstone. A variety of synsedimentary deformation structures records the transition from mildly deformed in situ stratification to buckled beds of partially disarticulated bedding to fully developed flat‐pebble conglomerate. These features resulted from failure of a shoreface and subsequent brittle and ductile deformation of compacted to early cemented deposits. Failure was induced by either storm or seismic waves, and many beds failed along discrete slide scar surfaces. Centimetre‐scale laminae within thick amalgamated HCS beds were planes of weakness that led to the development of platy clasts within partly disarticulated and rotated bedding of the buckled beds. In some cases, buckled masses accelerated downslope until they exceeded their internal friction, completely disarticulated into clasts and transformed into a mass flow of individual cm‐ to dm‐scale clasts. This transition was accompanied by the addition of sand‐sized echinoderm‐rich debris from local sources, which slightly lowered friction by reducing clast–clast interactions. The resulting dominantly horizontal clast orientations suggest transport by dense, viscous flow dominated by laminar shear. These flows generally came to rest on the lower shoreface, although in some cases they continued a limited distance beyond fairweather wave base and were interbedded with shale and grainstone beds. The clasts in these beds show no evidence of extensive reworking (i.e. not well rounded) or condensation (i.e. no rinds or coatings). A second type of flat‐pebble conglomerate bed occurs at the top of upward‐coarsening, metre‐scale cycles. The flat‐pebble conglomerate beds cap these shoaling cycles and represent either lowstand deposits or, in some cases, may represent transgressive lags. The clasts are well rounded, display borings and have iron‐rich coatings. The matrix to these beds locally includes glauconite. These beds were considerably reworked and represent condensed deposits. Thrombolites occur above the flat‐pebble beds and record microbial growth before initial transgression at the cycle boundaries. A third type of flat‐pebble conglomerate bed occurs within unusual metre‐scale, shale‐dominated, asymmetric, subaqueous cycles in Shoshone Canyon, Wyoming. Flat‐pebble beds in these cycles consist solely of clasts of carbonate nodules identical to those that are in situ within underlying shale beds. These deeper water cycles can be interpreted as either upward‐shoaling or ‐deepening cycles. The flat‐pebble conglomerate beds record winnowing and reworking of shale and carbonate nodules to lags, during either lowstand or the first stages of transgression. 相似文献
10.
THE CENOZOIC GEORECORDS IN THE NORTHWEST OF YUNNAN AND THE EVOLUTION OF QING—ZANG PLATEAU 相似文献
11.
Spheres and clylinders of various rock types were embedded in a matrix of crushed rock and the combined samples were then deformed by applying uniaxial compressive loads of up to 4.5 MN. Under these conditions, large confining pressures are built up in the centre of the samples; thus the granular matrix is compressed into relatively hard rock and the objects experience flattening and stretching strains of up to 30%. The rock types used for the objects ranged from weak sandstone and shale to very strong quartzite; matrix materials were crushed adamellite, marble and a marble—salt mixture. The experiments were designed to investigate the relative deformation of the objects and the composite samples and, in particular, the effect of the ductility contrasts (or complete differences) between the objects and the matrix.Spheres and cylinders with a length/diameter ratio of unity are called “pebbles” in the paper. They experience a homogeneous flattening during compression and the ductility contrast controls the load at which yielding occurs and the relative rates at which a pebble and the surrounding matrix deform. The changes in shape of pebble and sample are related linearly and the slope of the straight line graph gives a quantitative estimate of the ductility contrast ; in this way a table of ductility contrasts for the various rock types has been constructed and the relative responses of different pebbles in a granular matrix are nicely illustrated in an artificial deformed conglomerate.Cataclasis is the dominant mode of deformation and much of the large finite strain induced into the objects occurs at surprisingly low applied loads. This suggests that deformed pebbles in natural rock need not necessarily have deformed as a result of tectonic pressures but could have changed shape during diagenesis of the host rocks. 相似文献
12.
兰州黄河阶地卵砾石层渗透系数测试研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用多孔抽水、钻孔注水和单环注水试验测得兰州黄河Ⅰ级阶地卵砾石层渗透系数分别为34.19m/d、32.68m/d和26.50m/d。颗粒分析成果表明,研究区卵砾石层孔隙体系形式为卵砾类骨架形成架空大孔隙,含量较少的中细砂小颗粒难以完全充填架空大孔隙,仅起到减少大孔隙通道的作用,其渗透系数大于中细砂但小于一般意义上不含或仅含极少量中细砂的卵砾石层。对比分析可知,基于特征粒径、不均匀系数的半经验渗透系数预测值具有很大的离散性和变异性,与实测值有较大差异,作为工程建设设计参数时应通过多种方法验证其准确性。依据水文地质测试成果,结合相关资料工程经验值及地区经验,推荐研究区降水方案设计含水层渗透系数取34.19m/d。 相似文献
13.
A sedimentary profile exposed in soil quarries a few kilometers north of Noen Sa-nga district, Chaiyaphum province, NE Thailand, reveals a Quaternary geological history. The lower part of the soil profile is a gravel deposit characterized by sub-angular to well-rounded pebbles representing an abandoned river sedimentary deposit. The gravel bed in some places is coated by iron oxide as a thin layer of ferricrete at the uppermost part. The upper part of the soil profile is a bright reddish brown structureless sand deposit with fining upward sedimentary structure at the basal portion, the Yasothon soil series. A piece of tektite was discovered at the contact boundary between the two sedimentary units. It is characterized by an irregular shape with a smooth concaved surface regarding as an external mold of a piece of well-rounded pebble. This piece of tektite indicates that a solidified tektite had fallen from high sky then was remelted into a plastic form prior to reach and partly cover a piece of well-rounded pebble. These evidences suggest that there was a meteoritic or cometary impact on our earth surface somewhere in the region then catapulted numbers of melted silica ejecta with vast volume of dust into the sky. The melted silica ejecta were solidified into splash-form tektites with various shapes while they were in the high sky. After that the tektites had fallen down and remelted into a plastic form prior to reach the ground surface and then solidified as a tektite deposit followed by larger-sized sediments and angular quartz fragments forming a fining upward sedimentary structure. The finer sediments were gradually settled down forming a bright reddish brown structureless sand deposit, the Yasothon soil series. This meteoritic impact event occurred at about 0.77 Ma ago as the evidence of the previous tektite radiometric dating. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Structural Geology》2001,23(2-3):421-429
Geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the deformation of poorly cemented conglomerates are described. Using striated pebbles for analysis of palaeostresses, it is crucial to distinguish radial striation patterns, which result from deformation of the matrix around a rigid pebble, from unidirectional striation patterns that represent shear zones crossing the conglomeratic material. Examples of palaeostress determinations from striations of the latter type are given for extensional settings (Provence) and compressional settings (Southern Apennines, Southwest Alps). Their comparison with fault analyses in brittle rocks that underlie the conglomerates validates their usefulness for palaeostress analyses and suggests that some conglomerates behave as materials containing pre-existing surfaces of mechanical anisotropy that fail by sliding on some suitable oriented surfaces. These examples show that sheared conglomerates can be used for stratigraphic dating of the deformation, for studies of syndepositional deformation and for neotectonic analysis. 相似文献
15.
金沙江其宗河段发育60～120m的河床深厚覆盖层。深厚覆盖层纵向上可分为三大层:河床底部为卵(块)砾(碎)石层夹中细砂或粉质粘土,为冲积及冰水堆积成因(al+fglQ3),厚11.1～33m;中部为细砂、粉细砂、粉质粘土层及卵(块)砾(碎)石层,该层为加积层,由冲积、泥石流堆积、洪积、崩坡积、堰塞多成因堆积组合而成(al+pl+sefQ3),厚10.04～35m;中上部为漂(块)卵(碎)砾石夹砂层透镜体,冲积堆积形成(alQ3-4),厚9.5～59m。河床覆盖层中的砂层透镜体分布范围广泛,埋藏深,最大埋深达83.1m,最大厚度达到29.4m,最小厚度仅0.5m,一般厚度在5m以内。研究表明砂层不具有湖相堆积的特征,而是相对静水环境条件下及正常河流漫滩相等堆积形成。通过原位及室内取样试验表明,其宗河段河床覆盖层中粗粒土(漂(卵)碎块石等)强度相对较高,中下部细粒土工程性质具有超固结性,不具液化性,上部细砂层强度较低,地震工况下可能液化。该河段深厚覆盖层的工程效应主要有坝基地质条件差,仅适合堆石坝、坝基开挖方量大、砂层处理深度大、防渗处理难度较高等。 相似文献
16.
充填散体的压缩承载和传力特性对防控充填开采矿山的地表变形具有重要意义。通过河卵石、碎石、尾矿、河砂、尾砂5种散体材料和7组不同粒径河卵石的侧限压缩试验,以及河卵石数值模拟压缩试验,分析了其压实过程和粒径对其变形、承载的影响,揭示了散体压缩过程中的传力特性。结果表明：散体压缩过程可分为空隙压密、颗粒破碎压密和压实固结3个阶段,且散体类型和粒径对其非线性压实过程基本没有影响,但对其内部结构重组过程有较大影响;压缩过程中,存在一个临界密实度使不同粒径河卵石的承载能力次序发生反转,且河卵石散体平均变形模量与颗粒特征因子呈负指数关系;基于河卵石数值模拟压缩试验得到的散体内部力链强度分布和“压力拱”,很好地证实了室内压缩试验中散体垂直应力沿加载方向呈递减的趋势,以及侧向应力在整个散体高度上先增后减这一试验结果。 相似文献
17.
John P. Platt 《International Geology Review》2015,57(5-8):843-853
Block-in-matrix melanges at San Simeon have been variously interpreted as deformed olistostromes or as subduction-channel flow melanges. Detailed examination shows that seven types can be distinguished, with transitions among them. All contain exotic clasts of greenstone, chert, and more rarely blueschist, in addition to greywacke; the same materials also occur as blocks metres to tens of metres in diameter immersed in melange. The seven types are (1) bedded conglomerate, (2) structureless conglomerate, (3) mud-matrix conglomerate, (4) sandy block melange, (5) broken formation, (6) mud-matrix melange without deformational fabric, and (7) sheared melange. Types (1)–(3) are clearly sedimentary in origin. Types (4) and (5) were formed from unconsolidated sediment, most likely by down-slope sliding, and transitional types suggest that the mud-matrix melange (6) formed in the same way. Sheared melange (7) was formed by low-temperature post-consolidational deformation of all other types, which produced shear bands and a crude scaly fabric.Kinematic indicators of shear direction are rare, but assuming the fabric and shear bands are coeval, the shear direction and sense can be determined from the angular relationship between the two planar fabrics. Most shear planes are gently dipping, with normal-sense displacements of a few centimetres to tens of centimetres. Shear directions are highly variable, with the highest concentrations between WNW and S. This suggests that the main phase of shearing took place during a phase of approximately vertical shortening and horizontal extension, rather than during accretion. Post-accretionary dextral shearing on NNW-trending vertical planes, and sinistral shear on a variety of trends, are likely related to Neogene transform tectonics. The simplest interpretation of these relationships is that the disrupted character of the melanges formed primarily by sliding down the trench inner slope of unconsolidated sediment, including clasts and blocks of previously accreted and exhumed greenstone, chert, and blueschist. The deformational fabric is largely unrelated to the disruption, and was formed during late-stage extension in the accretionary wedge. 相似文献
18.
国内外沉管隧道先铺基础多采用碎石作为垫层材料,目前尚无采用卵石的先例。卵石和碎石在表面光滑度、排列接触方式、颗粒间天然空隙率等物理特性的差异性将影响其力学性能表现。通过物理模型试验和数值模拟计算,对卵石和碎石垫层的力学变形特性进行对比分析。研究表明：（1）两种材料垫层压缩曲线均呈两阶段反弯曲线变化趋势,相同荷载条件下卵石垫层压缩量较碎石高,总体割线模量较碎石低约30%。（2）垫层厚度由0.8 m变为1 m时,卵石垫层割线模量增加了13.0%,碎石垫层割线模量增加了2.2%;卵石垫层力学变形性能对垫层厚度的变化较碎石垫层更敏感。（3）预压荷载由52.5 kPa增加到84 kPa时,卵石垫层割线模量增加了23.5%,碎石垫层割线模量增加了7.6%;预压荷载越大,卵石垫层能更早达到拐点从而表现出更稳定的力学性能;增加预压荷载对卵石垫层整体力学变形性能的改善较碎石垫层更明显。（4）随沟宽增大,垫层模量在前期再压缩阶段出现模量提高,而在全加载期内总体表现为模量降低;在全荷载范围内卵石垫层对垄沟尺寸变化的敏感度低于碎石垫层。（5）碎石垫层的整体力学性能优于卵石垫层,但两种垫层材料对结构沉降和受力状态的影响相对有限;在对施工偏差敏感度充分分析的基础上,卵石可替代碎石作为沉管隧道垫层材料。（6）开展卵石级配试验研究,获取最佳卵石级配,是未来研究方向。 相似文献
19.
《Sedimentary Geology》1999,123(3-4):199-218
Gravelly shoreline deposits of the latest Pleistocene highstand of Lake Lahontan occur in pristine depositional morphology, and are exposed in gravel pits along Churchill Butte in west-central Nevada. Four environments differentiated at this site are alluvial fan/colluvium, lakeshore barrier spit, lake lower-shoreface spit platform, and lake bottom. Lakeshore deposits abut, along erosional wave headcuts, either unsorted muddy to bouldery colluvium fringing Churchill Butte bedrock, or matrix-supported, cobbly and pebbly debris-flow deposits of the Silver Springs fan. The lakeshore barrier spit is dominated by granule pebble gravel concentrated by wave erosion of the colluvial and alluvial-fan facies. The lakeward side of the barrier consists of beachface deposits of well-sorted granules or pebbles in broad, planar beds 1–10 cm thick and sloping 10–15°. They interfinger downslope with thicker (10–25 cm) and less steep (5–10°) lakeward-dipping beds of fine to medium pebble gravel of the lake upper shoreface. Interstratified with the latter are 10–40-cm-thick sets of high-angle cross-beds that dip southward, alongshore. Higher-angle (15–20°), landward-dipping foresets of similar texture but poorer sorting comprise the proximal backshore on the landward side of the barrier. They were deposited during storm surges that overtopped the barrier berm. Gastropod-rich sand and mud, also deposited by storm-induced washover, are found landward of the gravel foresets in a 15-m-wide backshore pond. Algal stromatolites, ostracodes, and diatoms accumulated in this pond between storm events. The lake lower shoreface, extending from water depths of 2 to 8 m, consists of a southward-prograding spit platform built by longshore drift. The key component of this platform is large-scale sandy pebble gravel in 16° southward-dipping `Gilbert' foresets that grade at a water depth of about 6–7 m to 4°-dipping sandy toesets. A shift from bioturbated lower-shoreface sand and silt, to flat and laminated lake-bottom silt and mud, occurs between water depths of 10–40 m and over a shore-normal distance of ≥250 m. This lake-bottom mud facies, unlike the others, is areally expansive. 相似文献
20.
In the Kinnerasani area in southeastern India, the terrain boundary between the Archean Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt and the Proterozoic Pakhal Supergroup overlying the Dharwar-Bastar cratons can be observed. We analyzed the mesoscopic and microscopic structural features of the highly deformed pebbles in the basal conglomerate bed of the Pakhal Supergroup that occurs at the terrain boundary. The results of the analysis of the pebbles suggest that: 1) deformation of pebbles resulted from ductile deformation during peak metamorphism 2) the mode of strain is plane strain to constrictive and maximum elongation located to be vertical and 3) the apparent stretch of the pebbles is up to 300%.In the Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt, quartz grains constituting the quartz layer of the feldspathized gneiss folded by the last-phase deformation also show vertical maximum stretching in constrictive strain. This observation suggests that the deformational features, at least the mode of strain, during the last-phase deformation is comparable to the deformation forming elongated pebbles of the Pakhal conglomerate. The last-phase deformation structures of the Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt are well observed near the terrain boundary. This indicates that the Pakhal deformation overprinted the rocks of the Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt near the boundary, and that their tectonic juxtaposition occurred during or before this deformation period. Because the Pakhal deformation took place during or soon after the peak metamorphism of the Pakhal Supergroup, which is known to be 1000 Ma, and the last metamorphism of the Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt in the Khammam area were reported to be 1100 Ma. The tectonic juxtaposition between the Pakhal Supergroup and Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt was around 10001100 Ma. 相似文献