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1.
John Pickard 《Quaternary Research》1983,20(1):105-109
Pingos, or ice-cored mounds, are described for the first time from Antarctica and for the first time on ice-cored moraine. Seven pingos up to 4 m high and 12 m in diameter occur on former dering of lakes on the moraine exposes water-saturated sediments to freezing and consequent lake sediments on Flanders Moraine, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica (68°40'S 78°00'E). Lateral wandering formation of closed-system pingos. The pingos are probably only a few hundred years old. The apparent absence of pingo scars in the Southern Hemisphere may be due to lack of suitable substrates, rather than to unsuitable climatic conditions. 相似文献
2.
Zhenhan Wu Patrick J. Barosh Daogong Hu Zhonghai Wu Ye Peisheng Liu Qisheng Zhou Chunjing 《Engineering Geology》2005,79(3-4):267-287
Most pingos in the permafrost region of the high northern Tibetan Plateau form along active fault zones and many change position annually along the zones and thus appear to migrate. The fault zones conduct geothermal heat, which thins permafrost, and control cool to hot springs in the region. They maintain ground-water circulation through broken rock in an open system to supply water for pingo growth during the winter in overlying fluvial and lacustrian deposits. Springs remain after the pingos thaw in the summer. Fault movement, earthquakes and man's activities cause the water pathways supplying pingos to shift and consequently the pingos migrate.
The hazard posed to the new Golmud–Lhasa railway across the plateau by migrating pingos is restricted to active fault zones, but is serious, as these zones are common and generate large earthquakes. Pingos have damaged the highway and the oil pipeline adjacent to the railway since 2001. One caused tilting and breaking of a bridge pier and destroyed a highway bridge across the Chumaerhe fault. Another has already caused minor damage to a new railway bridge. Furthermore, the construction of a bridge pier in the North Wuli fault zone in July–August 2003 created a conduit for a new spring, which created a pingo during the following winter. Measures taken to drain the ground-water via a tunnel worked well and prevented damage before the railway tracks were laid. However, pier vibrations from subsequent train motion disrupted the drain and led to new springs, which may induce further pingo growth beneath the bridge.
The migrating pingos result from active fault movement promoting artesian ground-water circulation and changing water pathways under the seasonal temperature variations in the permafrost region. They pose a serious hazard to railway construction, which, in turn can further disturb the ground-water conduits and affect pingo migration. 相似文献
3.
Zhenhan Wu Patrick J. Barosh Lianjie Wang Daogong Hu Wei Wang 《Engineering Geology》2008,96(1-2):62-77
Small seasonal pingos formed in Quaternary deposits along active fault zones in permafrost of the northern Tibetan Plateau exert destructive forces to oil pipelines, bridges, culverts and other engineering facilities along the Golmud–Lhasa railway and highway. The pingos are particularly hazardous as they change position, or migrate, nearly every year. Three-dimensional finite element modeling reveals the enormous force from exerted by a pingo at the 86th station of the highway. A good representation of the stress and strain fields resulting from an expansion of a pingo and bending of an oil pipeline at the station are calculated after due consideration of the interaction between permafrost, pingo and pipeline. This followed establishing an engineering-geologic model from the field data and determining the mechanical properties of the media from field and laboratory tests. The maximum, intermediate and the minimal principal compressive stresses are calculated as well as those for the plastic strain. Concentrations of principal stress and plastic strain occur beneath the pipeline bend and both the principal compressive stress and resulting plastic strain become very small away from the pingo. Also, the bottom of the pingo is dominated by minimal values of principal stress and strain and the potential bending of a buried pipe caused by an expansion of a pingo is indicated to decrease as depth of burial increases.The pingo growth at the 86th station resulted in the bending upward of a 20m section of a buried oil pipeline, but it did not break and spill oil. Analysis of the pipe within the bend found the maximum, intermediate, and minimal principal compressive stress ranges that leads to plastic strain within the bent pipe. Compressive stress and plastic strain concentrations form in the inner sides of inflexions in the pipe bend, and tensional stress and plastic strain concentrations form in their outer sides where stress exceeds the yield limit of the pipe, but many irregularities are present. Such numerical modeling of stress and strain may offer key parameters for designing oil pipelines and engineered facilities to decrease the hazard from migrating pingos in similar geologic settings in the permafrost of the northern Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
4.
中国-俄罗斯原油管道工程(漠河-大庆段)冻土工程地质考察与研究进展 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
李国玉 金会军 盛煜 张建明 俞祁浩 齐吉琳 温智 吕兰芝 童长江 郭东信 王绍令 魏智 杨思忠 吉延俊 于少鹏 何瑞霞 常晓丽 郝加前 陈友昌 吴伟 翟镇远 赵意民 《冰川冻土》2008,30(1):170-175
在2005-2007年期间,先后3次对中国-俄罗斯原油管道漠河-大庆段沿线的冻土工程地质条件等进行科学考察,开展了冻土工程地质条件及其在气候变化和人类活动作用下的评价和预测研究.考察研究结果表明:管道沿线多年冻土在各类融区、季节冻土和水系等分隔作用下呈片状或岛状分布,沿线岛状、稀疏岛状及零星岛状占多年冻土区段的40%左右;管道沿线多年冻土随着气候的转暖和人类活动的影响不断退化.地形地貌单元、植被分布、地表水分条件的变化等局部因素对多年冻土的分布和地下冰的赋存产生重要的影响,管道沿线大约分布有50 km左右的沼泽湿地,其表层为腐殖质土及泥炭层,泥炭层下面分布着含土冰层或地下冰,是管道沿线最差的冻土工程地质地段;由于中俄原油管道沿线水系发育多,冻胀丘、冰椎和冰幔等不良冻土现象广泛分布.科学考察的成果为管道沿线冻土工程地质条件评价和预测、管道的稳定性影响分析以及后期的长期检测系统设置等研究奠定坚实的基础,进一步为即将开工的中俄原油管道漠河-大庆段工程的设计、施工提供科学依据. 相似文献
5.
青藏高原北部铁路沿线移动冰丘的特征及其灾害效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
青藏高原北部常年冻土地区部分断裂破碎带发育移动冰丘。青藏铁路沿线典型移动冰丘包括不冻泉活动断裂诱发移动冰丘、乌丽活动断裂诱发86道班移动冰丘、二道沟盆南断裂破碎带桥梁施工诱发雅玛尔河移动冰丘、断裂破碎带桥基施工诱发83道班移动冰丘和乌丽盆北断裂破碎带DK1202+668大桥中部桥墩施工诱发85道班移动冰丘。移动冰丘的形成演化与活动断裂、地下水运动、气温变化存在动力学成因联系,是青藏高原北部常年冻土地区内动力与外营力相互耦合的标志和产物。移动冰丘能够穿刺公路路基、拱曲破坏涵洞结构、导致桥梁墩台破裂和输油管道拱曲变形,产生显著的灾害效应,成为高寒环境地质灾害的重要类型。采用适当的工程措施,通过疏导、排放地下泉水,能够有效地防治移动冰丘及灾害效应。 相似文献
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《China Geology》2021,4(1):17-31
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (also referred to as the Plateau) is the largest area bearing alpine permafrost region in the world and thus is endowed with great formation conditions and prospecting potential of natural gas hydrates (NGH). Up to now, one NGH accumulation, two inferred NGH accumulations, and a series of NGH-related anomalous indicators have been discovered in the Plateau, with NGH resources predicted to be up to 8.88×1012 m3. The NGH in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have complex gas components and are dominated by deep thermogenic gas. They occur in the Permian-Jurassic strata and are subject to thin permafrost and sensitive to environment. Furthermore, they are distinctly different from the NGH in the high-latitude permafrost in the arctic regions and are more different from marine NGH. The formation of the NGH in the Plateau obviously couples with the uplift and permafrost evolution of the Plateau in spatial-temporal terms. The permafrost and NGH in the Qilian Mountains and the main body of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau possibly formed during 2.0–1.28 Ma BP and about 0.8 Ma BP, respectively. Under the context of global warming, the permafrost in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is continually degrading, which will lead to the changes in the stability of NGH. Therefore, The NGH of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can not be ignored in the study of the global climate change and ecological environment.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office. 相似文献
7.
青藏高原北部不冻泉移动冰丘及灾害效应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
不冻泉移动冰丘发育于青藏高原北部常年冻土区断裂破碎带,2001年仅在青藏公路东南侧形成1个小型冰丘,2002年在青藏公路西北侧形成低矮冰丘群,2004-2005年发展成为大型冰丘群,2006年移动冰丘的发育高度和分布范围进一步增大。不冻泉移动冰丘不仅穿刺青藏公路路基,破坏青藏公路桥涵结构,蚕食青藏公路路堤,影响青藏公路的交通安全;而且导致输油管道拱曲变形,诱发地面塌陷和地裂缝,产生显著的灾害效应。采用适当的工程措施,通过地下疏导或地表排放沿断裂破碎带上涌的地下泉水,能够有效减轻或防治不冻泉移动冰丘的灾害效应。 相似文献
8.
青藏高原北部常年冻土区沿活动断裂发育有移动冰丘,其对输油管道、桥梁、涵洞等工程设施具有破坏作用。应用ANSYS有限元通用程序,对移动冰丘引起的输油管道的破坏进行了三维非线性有限元数值模拟计算,揭示了移动冰丘冻胀产生的应力场、位移场与塑性变形,给出了移动冰丘冻胀导致输油管道拱曲变形及应力分布。移动冰丘导致输油管道拱曲变形,在管道内部产生的应力超过管道的强度,使管道产生塑性弯曲变形和破坏,导致输油管道局部报废。移动冰丘导致输油管道拱曲变形的三维有限元数值模拟能够为管道工程设计和地质灾害防治提供依据。在数值模拟的基础上,提出了灾害防治措施。 相似文献
9.
Ice wastage and landscape evolution along the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, north-central Wisconsin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
NELSON R. HAM JOHN W. ATTIG 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》1996,25(3):171-186
The Chippewa and Wisconsin Valley Lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet reached their maximum extent in north-central Wisconsin about 20 000 years ago. Their terminal positions are marked by a broad area of hummocky topography, containing many ice-walled-lake plains, which is bounded on the up-ice and down-ice sides by ice-contact ridges and outwash fans. The distribution of these ice-disintegration landforms shows that a wide zone of stagnant, debris-covered, debris-rich ice separated from the active margins of both lobes as they wasted northward during deglaciation. Accumulation of thick, uncollapsed sediment in ice-walled lakes high in the ice-cored landscape indicates a period of stability. In contrast, hummocky disintegration topography indicates unstable conditions. Thus, we interpret two phases of late-glacial landscape evolution. During the first phase, ice buried beneath thick supraglacial sediment was stable. Supraglacial lakes formed on the ice surface and some melted their way to solid ground and formed ice-walled lakes. During the second phase, buried ice began to melt rapidly, hummocky topography formed by topographic inversion, and supraglacial and ice-walled lakes drained. We suggest that ice wastage was controlled primarily by climatic conditions and supraglacial-debris thickness. Late-glacial permafrost in northern Wisconsin likely delayed wastage of buried ice until after about 13 000 years ago, when climate warmed and permafrost thawed. 相似文献
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11.
中国天山西部那拉提山地区多年冻土分布特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
那拉提山位于中国天山西部, 其冻土变化过程对区域自然环境变化、 工程活动产生重要互馈作用. 结合即将修建的新疆伊(宁)-库(车)输电线路前期的冻土勘察结果, 对那拉提山地区冻土分布特性、 主要影响因素等进行了探讨. 结果表明: 那拉提山地区冻土分布属于典型的山地多年冻土, 冻土发育区域、 冻土类型和地下冰空间发育特征及冻土温度状况等主要受到海拔、 地形地貌、 地表水分条件等因素的影响和控制. 同时, 该地区大量发育有泥流阶地、 泥流舌、 热融滑塌、 石环、 石河等冰缘现象. 受坡向、 植被、 水分等因素影响, 区域内冻土活动层厚度为0.7~4.5 m, 随着海拔增加, 冻土厚度由阳坡连续多年冻土下界(海拔3 000 m)附近的约20~22 m增加到海拔3 300 m附近的约70~100 m. 自1985年以来, 区域年平均气温上升(约0.088℃·a-1), 该区域内的冻土退化趋势明显. 相似文献
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Brigitte Van Vliet‐Lanoë Jacques Brulhet Philippe Combes Cédric Duvail Frédéric Ego Stéphane Baize Isabelle Cojan 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2017,46(3):442-461
A thermokarst is a collapse feature resulting from the thawing of ice‐rich permafrost or of massive ice of various origins. Little attention has been paid to the sedimentary fabric resulting from this type of collapse, except for glaciotectonic features. In western Europe, two palaeo‐forms are commonly studied: lithalsas and ice‐wedge casts. Collapsed pingos are much rarer. Very few papers have compiled present‐day and fossil data. Here, field data collected from quarries in the eastern Paris Basin were analysed, providing useful records of thermokarst collapses in alluvial calcareous silts, sands, and gravels. These forms have a circular shape when viewed on satellite images. Permafrost is attested regionally by the recurrent occurrence of meter‐sized pattern grounds at the surface of the chalk and of ice‐wedge casts. Traces of segregation and reticulate ice are common. These features are primarily connected to a major interstadial, c. 150 ka BP, orbitally forced and commonly associated with a major glacial retreat. They occur both in drained and waterlogged situations, resulting in a specific pattern of deformation. They are controlled by the brittle and plastic behaviour of sediments and resemble passive glaciotectonism. Normal and reverse faults, with the offset decreasing downward, are common, and those with local shear are reported. Lithalsas, seasonal frost blisters, spring frost blisters and perhaps pingos seem to have formed. Most of these deformations correspond to thermokarst sinkholes bordered by gravitational collapse faults. The offset of these faults increases towards the surface, and the faults have been recurrently confused with neotectonism triggered by palaeo‐earthquakes. However, there are no faults beneath the observed deformation features, and the region lacks recorded seismic activity over the last century. Our data may be helpful in interpreting similar structures elsewhere. 相似文献
13.
Permafrost covers a significant area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Slope instability problem in the region was often neglected, though it plays important roles in engineering construction and landform processes. In this paper, the slope instability phenomena in the permafrost regions on the plateau are discussed. The slope failures often occur in the forms of thaw-induced landslides and gelifluction. Thaw-induced landslides are closely related to active layer detachment and changes of permafrost conditions. Such landslides include retrogressive flow and thaw slump and are hazardous to engineering constructions. Gelifluction includes deep-seated movement and surface movement. It is an important factor in landform planation because it may spread over a large area and remain active for a long period of time. 相似文献
14.
青藏铁路沿线的地裂缝及工程影响 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
通过大比例尺野外地质调查和跨季节对比观测,发现青藏铁路沿线发育地震破裂、断层裂缝、冻土裂缝与冰裂缝4种不同类型的地裂缝。典型地震破裂包括西大滩古地震破裂、昆仑山南缘地震破裂、可可西里古地震破裂、崩错地震破裂、谷露盆西地震破裂、羊八井-当雄盆西地震破裂;地震破裂规模大,产状稳定,与地震鼓包、地震陡坎、地震凹陷有序组合,是地表构造变形的重要形式,属内动力成因地裂缝。断层裂缝沿断层破碎带定向分布,产状稳定,成群产出,与断层活动、地下水运移、不均匀冻胀存在密切的关系,是构造变形与融冻变形联合、内外动力耦合产生的复合成因地裂缝。冻土裂缝和冰裂缝属外营力成因地裂缝,是冻土与冰层不均匀融冻变形的重要表现形式。地震破裂、断层裂缝和冻土裂缝对青藏公路、青藏铁路及沿线工程安全具有不良影响,这些地裂缝切割错断路基,形成路面破裂和路基滑塌,产生显著的灾害效应。 相似文献
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羌塘盆地是青藏高原最大的含油气盆地,多年冻土广泛分布,具备良好的天然气水合物形成条件和找矿前景。基于羌塘盆地天然气水合物钻探试验井资料,从影响天然气水合物成藏角度提出了羌塘盆地3种主要的冻土结构类型,其中由冻融层、含冰沉积物冻土层、含冰基岩冻土层、非含冰基岩冻土层所组成的冻土结构最为常见。研究表明,冻土层结构对天然气水合物温压条件具有一定影响,当非含冰基岩冻土层存在时,其下伏的非冻土层的孔隙流体压力与上部冻土层的微孔和微裂隙特征紧密相关,有利于浅层烃类气体的封存和水合物的成藏。含冰冻土层冰地球化学特征指示冻土层形成的过程是大气降雪融化成水后未经蒸发作用直接渗入地下,受气候变冷影响,地层由浅往深逐渐冻结形成。同时,矿化度和阴、阳离子浓度的高低在一定程度上反映了不同深度沉积物的物化性质。含冰冻土层对于浅层烃类气体封盖作用的定量评价显示,随着含冰饱和度的增加,甲烷气体渗透率降低,当含冰饱和度达到80%时,冻土层能完全有效地限制甲烷气体运移。由于在气候变暖因素的驱动下,冻土层不仅能通过温压条件来控制天然气水合物矿藏存在的空间范围,而且还限制着来自部分水合物分解所产生的烃类气体向浅部运移。因而推测,在青藏高原冻土区可能存在一个由断裂体系相关联的深部烃类储层、中部天然气水合物储层和浅部天然气藏组成的油气系统。 相似文献
17.
青藏铁路沿线多年冻土分布特征及其对环境变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对青藏高原特殊的自然气候条件,按照地形、地貌把青藏铁路沿线多年冻土分为15个区段,并分别介绍了各个区段多年冻土特征. 结果表明：在外界环境变化,包括全球气候变暖及工程活动的双重效应下,青藏铁路沿线多年冻土及其存在状态发生了极大变化,这些变化主要包括年平均气温升高、多年冻土退化、热融灾害增加、寒区工程病害不断加剧等. 多年冻土及其存在状态发生变化不但导致生态环境恶化,而且对青藏铁路沿寒区工程的安全运营、维护及发展提出新的挑战. 相似文献
18.
多年冻土地区路基设计原则及其应用 总被引：18，自引：13，他引：18
多年冻土地区路基设计原则是指导该地区公路，铁路建设的重要依据，过去沿用的其它行业多年冻土地基设计原则的划分方法，出现了许多问题，根据道路建设线性工程的特点，结合多年冻土特性，提出了路基区段设计原则和场地设计原则，并对影响因素进行了分析，应用文中提出 的路基设计原则，对青藏公路多年冻土路基进行了区段划分，其成果可用于工程设计。 相似文献
19.
214国道位于青藏高原的东缘,1985-2012年期间的冻土勘察和地温监测资料表明,在河卡山至清水河439 km范围内的高山、滩地和沼泽化草甸地区分布着不连续和岛状多年冻土,公路实际穿越的多年冻土段累计里程约232.4 km,沿线绝大部分路段的地温高于-1.5℃,含冰量、冻土上限等多年冻土特征指标随地形、地貌变化剧烈. 在分析上述资料的基础上,从冻土热稳定性和自然环境两个因素入手,采用突变级数法建立了多年冻土工程地质条件评价模型并对214国道多年冻土工程地质条件进行了定量评价. 结果表明：214国道沿线冻土热稳定性普遍较差,自然环境多处于一般状态. 除局部少冰、多冰冻土路段以外,沿线多年冻土工程地质条件总体处于较差或恶劣状态. 与214国道病害调查资料进行比较后发现,路基病害一般发生在工程地质条件差的路段. 这表明该评价结果比较准确的反映了沿线的多年冻土工程地质条件,对于现有214国道和新建共和-玉树高速公路的运营和维护具有重要的指导意义. 相似文献
20.
中国冻土地下水研究现状与进展综述 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
冻土地下水系统不仅在寒区水文循环中扮演着重要的角色,同时也在寒区水文过程和地表过程及其科学研究中起到了集蓄、融冻和泄流等至关重要的作用。近几十年随着全球气候变暖及人类活动（寒区工程量）的增加,冻土退化趋势显著,这一过程改变了寒区的水文地质条件,导致地下水动态特征发生显著变化,从而引起一系列的生态环境变化。近些年,诸多学者通过构建水热耦合模型来研究冻土地下水的运动机理、分布状况和季节动态,促进了寒区地下水理论知识的发展,推动了寒区水文地质知识体系的进步。本文主要针对目前我国多年冻土区地下水的研究现状进行了分析、整理、归纳,为进一步研究气候变化下地下水系统的发展与演变,以及对生态环境的影响提供参考依据。 相似文献