共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Kostelecký J. Kostelecký J. Pešek I. Šimek J. Švábenský O. Weigel J. Zeman A. 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2004,48(3):503-518
Several quasigeoid models for the Czech Republic have been developed for different purposes since mid-seventies using different data sources: gravimetric, astronomical and GPS/levelling observations, as well as data gained from the territories of neighbouring countries. Two of the recent solutions, namely the VUGTK96 quasigeoid obtained from heterogeneous data and gravimetric quasigeoid CR2000 are described and compared. Accuracies of the models were estimated with the help of accuracy characteristics resulting from the processing, by comparison with GPS/levelling results available for most of the territory, and, finally, tested on a special GPS/levelling profile across the steepest slope of the quasigeoid surface in the south-eastern part of the territory. It is shown that the CR2000 gravimetric quasigeoid is suitable for transformation of ellipsoidal GPS heights to the gravity related heights with an accuracy of 3 cm. 相似文献
2.
De Lacy M.C. Rodríguez-Caderot G. Marín E. Ruiz A. Borque M.J. Gil A.J. Biagi L. 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2001,45(1):55-66
Two new GPS surveys have been carried out to check the accuracy of an existing gravimetric geoid in a test area located in northern Andalusia (Spain). The fast collocation method and the remove-restore procedure have been used for the computation of the quasigeoid model. The Spanish height system is based on orthometric heights, so the gravimetrically determined quasigeoid has been transformed to a geoid model and then compared to geoid undulations provided by GPS and levelling at benchmarks belonging to the Spanish first-order levelling network. The discrepancies between the gravimetric solution and GPS/levelling undulations amount to ±2 cm for one survey and ±5 cm for another after fitting a plane to the geoid model. 相似文献
3.
Improved determination of heights using a conversion surface by combining gravimetric quasi-geoid/geoid and GPS-levelling height differences 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The quasi-geoid/geoid can be determined from the Global Positioning System (GPS) ellipsoidal height and the normal/orthometric
heights derived from levelling (GPS-levelling). In this study a gravimetric quasigeoid and GPS-levelling height differences
are combined to develop a new surface, suitable for “levelling” by GPS. This new surface provides better conversion of GPS
ellipsoidal heights to the national normal heights. Different combining procedures, a four-parameter solution, linear and
cubic splines interpolations, as well as the least-squares collocation method were investigated and compared over entire Norway.
More than 1700 GPS-levelling stations were used in this study. The combined surface provides significant accuracy improvement
for the normal height transformation of GPS height data, as demonstrated by the post-fitting residuals. The best solution,
based on the least-squares collocation, provided a conversion surface for the transformation of GPS heights into normal height
in Norway with an accuracy of about 5 cm. 相似文献
4.
用高精度重力技术检测地球自由核章动(FCN)参数(包括周期和Q值等)的难点是资料观测信噪比低,传统的方法是使用最小二乘拟合,但是获得的FCN共振参数精度不理想.本文利用武汉国际潮汐基准站高精度超导重力仪和全球超导重力仪观测的时变重力资料,根据贝叶斯算法拟合地球自由核章动(FCN)参数.我们将贝叶斯拟合方法与传统最小二乘法实施了对比分析,研究了不同台站资料差异.讨论了潮波选择和不同海潮模型等因素对FCN参数的影响.结果表明用贝叶斯算法获得的FCN品质因子与空间大地测量VLBI结果吻合的更好,这说明贝叶斯算法可靠性高,为研究地球深内部构造参数(核幔边界粘滞系数等)提供了有效依据. 相似文献
5.
Regional geoid resp. quasigeoid determinations are nowadays required with an accuracy of ±1 to 10 cm over distances from 100 to some 1000 km in order to meet the demands of geodesy, geophysics, oceanography and engineering. Especially the combination of GPS heighting with classical leveling is one of the primary drivers for precise geoid computations. As a consequence, the IAG International Geoid Commission recognized at its meeting in Milano, 1990, that there is an urgent need for a new European geoid computation. This solution should be significantly improved in spatial resolution and accuracy as compared to presently available models. This led to the decision to form a Subcommission for the Geoid in Europe, and the Institut für Erdmessung (IfE) was asked to serve as a computing center in this project.In the first part of this paper early geoid/quasigeoid computations for the area of Europe as well as more recent results obtained at IfE are summarized. The latter solutions include a gravimetric and an astrogravimetric quasigeoid, which have a spatial resolution of about 20 km and a relative accuracy of some dm. Then the possibilities for an improved European quasigeoid calculation are outlined, considering the availability of new and better global and regional data sets. An overview is given on the procedures currently under study at IfE and on the work performed at IfE since 1990. This work includes the collection and screening of new point gravity and terrain data, some investigations on the use of topographic information available at present, and the calculation of a preliminary quasigeoid solution for central, northern and western Europe including a GPS/leveling control. The paper closes with a survey on future activities at IfE within the European geoid project. 相似文献
6.
Muhammad Sadiq Carl C. Tscherning Zulfiqar Ahmad 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2009,53(3):375-388
This paper deals with the analysis of gravity anomaly and precise levelling in conjunction with GPS-Levelling data for the
computation of a gravimetric geoid and an estimate of the height system bias parameter No for the vertical datum in Pakistan by means of least squares collocation technique. The long term objective is to obtain
a regional geoid (or quasi-geoid) modeling using a combination of local data with a high degree and order Earth gravity model
(EGM) and to determine a bias (if there is one) with respect to a global mean sea surface. An application of collocation with
the optimal covariance parameters has facilitated to achieve gravimetric height anomalies in a global geocentric datum. Residual
terrain modeling (RTM) technique has been used in combination with the EGM96 for the reduction and smoothing of the gravity
data. A value for the bias parameter No has been estimated with reference to the local GPS-Levelling datum that appears to be 0.705 m with 0.07 m mean square error.
The gravimetric height anomalies were compared with height anomalies obtained from GPS-Levelling stations using least square
collocation with and without bias adjustment. The bias adjustment minimizes the difference between the gravimetric height
anomalies with respect to residual GPS-Levelling data and the standard deviation of the differences drops from 35 cm to 2.6
cm. The results of this study suggest that No adjustment may be a good alternative for the fitting of the final gravimetric geoid as is generally done when using FFT methods. 相似文献
7.
The main purpose of this paper is comparison of two different approaches of solution to the Simple Molodensky’s Problem, the
Molodensky’s Approach and the Analytical Continuation Approach, based on numerical computation. Although these approaches
have been described theoretically by several authors, e.g. Molodensky et al. (1960), Heiskanen and Moritz (1967), Vaníček
(1974), Moritz (1980) and Holota (1991, unpublished results) and theoretical proof of equivalence was given by Heiskanen and
Moritz (1967), Moritz (1971), Ecker (1971) and Pellinen (1972, unpublished results), only very few practical experiences about
the differences between particular solutions and computational efficiency exist. In this paper we compare the above two mentioned
approaches in terms of the G1-effect on quasigeoid. Both quasigeoid solutions are tested by the independent GPS/levelling approach and are also compared
with the previous quasigeoid model of Slovakia where the G1-term has been approximated using the classical terrain correction. The effect of the G2-term is also numerically estimated, revealing that it might be significant for the precise quasigeoid determination. Some
practical comments and recommendations are given at the end of the paper. 相似文献
8.
A unified global height reference system as a basis for IGGOS 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The definition of a global height reference system is based on a mean sea surface, gravity field parameters, and a three-dimensional terrestrial reference frame (TRF). Tide gauge records, satellite altimetry, gravity measurements on Earth and from space, TRF coordinates, and spirit levelling have to be combined for the realization of the vertical reference frame. Observations and parameters have to be consistent with respect to the used standards, conventions and models. They have to provide globally unified reference surfaces (geoid or quasigeoid, respectively, and mean sea surface). The continental reference systems of Europe (EUREF, ECGN) and South America (SIRGAS) are considering these requirements in their strategies. They are presented here, and slightly different definitions and realizations for a globally unified height reference system are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Yukio Hagiwara 《Surveys in Geophysics》1974,1(3):305-323
T. Inoh was the first who completed a nation-wide map of Japan, in the beginning of the 19th century. He determined geodetic positions by distance and angle measurements and by astronomical observations. When Japan entered into its modern era, about 100 years ago, the Military Land Survey was established and has conducted geodetic work in Japan ever since until the end of World War II. A German surveying system belonging to Helmert's school was adopted. The Ministry of Education organized later the Geodetic Commission which promoted the geodetic activities in cooperation with the Military Land Survey. Comparison between the first and second nation-wide triangulation results obtained by the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI), the successor of the Military Land Survey, brought out marked horizontal land-deformations associated with a large earthquake. Repetitions of levelling survey also make it clear that vertical land-movements, well consistent with tide-gauge observation data, take place in association with earthquakes. The extensive subsidence in the Northeast Japan may be explained by assuming a sinking lithosphere, as is argued by the theory of plate tectonics. On the other hand, most local movements are closely correlated to pre-, co- and post-seismic land-deformations. The nation-wide gravity survey carried out by the GSI disclosed a complicated gravity distribution in Japan. Ship-borne gravimeters have now been extensively working at sea. One of the recent highlights of gravimetric work is the detection of secular gravity changes which are in accordance with the secular changes of levelling data. A portable absolute-gravity measuring instrument was constructed by the Earthquake Research Institute although it is still in a testing stage. Much advance has been made in the astrogeodetic observation devices since 1950's. 相似文献
10.
一种新地震定位方法研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
提高地震定位精度一直是地震学应用研究的重要课题之一,目前已经发展了多种方法用于台网定位。这些方法的共同弱点是应对复杂情况的能力差、震后处理时间过长、不能根据地震信息的增加自动修改速度模型而提高下一次地震定位的精度。开发地震台网资源,使之实现地震预警的功能,必须解决地震快速定位问题。为此,本文提出了一种基于地震台网资料的网格化地震定位方法。震前建立每个区间网格到台站的理论走时数据库,震时仅通过优化搜索,以每两个台站的到时差与理论走时差之间的方差最小的网格位置为震源,并得到发震时刻。通过在黑龙江省地震台网的实际应用说明方法可靠,精度较高。 相似文献
11.
根据乌什220km范围内三次强震前乌什水准形变测量资料,用形态法、一阶差分法、矢量法分析了震前的水准异常变化,发现强震前水准测量均有较明显的异常显示。这为以后利用乌什测量资料、预报乌什附近一定范围内的地震提供了分析依据。 相似文献
12.
The Chinese mainland is subject to complicated plate interactions that give rise to its complex structure and tectonics. While several seismic velocity models have been developed for the Chinese mainland, apparent discrepancies exist and, so far, little effort has been made to evaluate their reliability and consistency. Such evaluations are important not only for the application and interpretation of model results but also for future model improvement. To address this problem, here we compare five published shear-wave velocity models with a focus on model consistency. The five models were derived from different datasets and methods (i.e., body waves, surface waves from earthquakes, surface waves from noise interferometry, and full waves) and interpolated into uniform horizontal grids (0.5° × 0.5°) with vertical sampling points at 5 km, 10 km, and then 20 km intervals to a depth of 160 km below the surface, from which we constructed an averaged model (AM) as a common reference for comparative study. We compare both the absolute velocity values and perturbation patterns of these models. Our comparisons show that the models have large (> 4%) differences in absolute values, and these differences are independent of data coverage and model resolution. The perturbation patterns of the models also show large differences, although some of the models show a high degree of consistency within certain depth ranges. The observed inconsistencies may reflect limited model resolution but, more importantly, systematic differences in the datasets and methods employed. Thus, despite several seismic models being published for this region, there is significant room for improvement. In particular, the inconsistencies in both data and methodologies need to be resolved in future research. Finally, we constructed a merged model (ChinaM-S1.0) that incorporates the more robust features of the five published models. As the existing models are constrained by different datasets and methods, the merged model serves as a new type of reference model that incorporates the common features from the joint datasets and methods for the shear-wave velocity structure of the Chinese mainland lithosphere. 相似文献
13.
This paper deals with a method for detection of local geoid deformations; as a consequence, the methods main application concerns geoid adjustment to GPS/levelling points. This is based on the fact that these points should present no local geoid deformation to avoid errors in the adjustments. These type of miscalculations would lead to an incorrect adjustment and result in further errors in subsequent studies with GPS in the proximity at the point with local deformation.The method proposed is based on predictions of gravity disturbance from geoid undulations using Poisson integral with modified kernel, and its comparison with the gravity disturbance from GPS and gravimetric observations.The use of gravity disturbance instead of gravity anomalies has been chosen since gravity disturbance is a quantity derived from GPS and not from levelling. The loss of accuracy arising with a local height reference system is therefore theoretically avoided as far as the differences in geodetic reference systems regarding positions of gravity measurements and coefficients of the global models are accounted for.Extended numerical tests using computed geoidal undulations and the corresponding gravity disturbances obtained from the geopotential model GPM98cr computed up to degree 720 illustrate the validity of the proposed method and its usefulness as local geoid deformations detection tool.Finally, the method is tested using real GPS/Gravimetric data and geoid models IBERGEO95 and EGG97 with good results. 相似文献
14.
对实际两层各向异性介质,在一层假设条件下利用Silver和Chan（1991）的等效单层各向异性测量方法,以及在两层假设条件下利用剥去法和反演法,计算模型的分裂参数.首先利用理论雷克子波得到经过两层各向异性的观测数据,然后加入噪声之前和之后,分别计算不同反方位角覆盖条件下数据的各向异性,并与理论模型的分裂参数进行比较.结果发现在上层分裂特征已知的基础上,剥去法适用于任何模型,不管是否存在分裂,或者分裂特征在两层中如何分布;而反演法更适用于两层各向异性较强且不同的模型,其结果受噪声和方位角分布的影响.选取不同方位角分布的高信噪比数据,比较剥去法和反演法对下层分裂参数的计算结果,发现当入射方位角在两层快波方向之间时,反演结果比较可靠.最后利用这三种测量各向异性的方法,计算青藏高原东南缘CEArray台站观测到的SKS数据中记录的各向异性.除了云贵高原的台站YN.CUX表现出较明显的两层分裂特征,大部分台站下的岩石圈各向异性呈现一层或者较弱的各向异性.于是针对该台站,用反演法同时对这两层的分裂参数进行估计,上层的结果与接收函数计算的地壳分裂参数一致;下层的结果与剥去法计算的上地幔分裂参数一致,说明反演法同剥去法一样,都能有效的分析具有两层各向异性特征的介质. 相似文献
15.
In real-time operational coastal forecasting systems for the northwest European shelf, the representation accuracy of tide–surge models commonly suffers from insufficiently accurate tidal representation, especially in shallow near-shore areas with complex bathymetry and geometry. Therefore, in conventional operational systems, the surge component from numerical model simulations is used, while the harmonically predicted tide, accurately known from harmonic analysis of tide gauge measurements, is added to forecast the full water-level signal at tide gauge locations. Although there are errors associated with this so-called astronomical correction (e.g. because of the assumption of linearity of tide and surge), for current operational models, astronomical correction has nevertheless been shown to increase the representation accuracy of the full water-level signal. The simulated modulation of the surge through non-linear tide–surge interaction is affected by the poor representation of the tide signal in the tide–surge model, which astronomical correction does not improve. Furthermore, astronomical correction can only be applied to locations where the astronomic tide is known through a harmonic analysis of in situ measurements at tide gauge stations. This provides a strong motivation to improve both tide and surge representation of numerical models used in forecasting. In the present paper, we propose a new generation tide–surge model for the northwest European Shelf (DCSMv6). This is the first application on this scale in which the tidal representation is such that astronomical correction no longer improves the accuracy of the total water-level representation and where, consequently, the straightforward direct model forecasting of total water levels is better. The methodology applied to improve both tide and surge representation of the model is discussed, with emphasis on the use of satellite altimeter data and data assimilation techniques for reducing parameter uncertainty. Historic DCSMv6 model simulations are compared against shelf wide observations for a full calendar year. For a selection of stations, these results are compared to those with astronomical correction, which confirms that the tide representation in coastal regions has sufficient accuracy, and that forecasting total water levels directly yields superior results. 相似文献
16.
紫坪铺水库地区震源位置和速度结构的联合反演 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
WANG Liang ZHOU Long-quan HUANG Jin-shui JIAO Ming-ruo LIANG Yi-jing YANG Mu-ping 《地震地质》2015,37(3):748-764
利用紫坪铺水库7个库区地震台站和10个区域地震台站记录的2004年8月至2008年5月的地震震相观测报告,通过震源位置和速度结构联合反演的方法,采用Simulps14软件对紫坪铺水库地区进行了小震精定位及速度结构反演。通过计算得到了紫坪铺水库地区记录到的几乎所有地震的精定位结果,以及0km、3km、6km和10km几个层面上较好的P波速度和波速比分布情况。精定位结果显示,紫坪铺水库地区的地震活动主要集中在虹口、玉堂镇和水磨3个地区。层析成像和波速比结果则较好地反映了紫坪铺地区受到水库渗水的影响范围及紫坪铺水库对汶川地震的影响。整体上来讲,紫坪铺水库的西南端水库渗水作用最大深度≤8km,汶川主震深度上没有明显的P波低速异常,也没有明显的波速比高值异常,说明水的渗透作用并没有达到汶川主震位置深度,即水对汶川地震的发生没有直接作用。 相似文献
17.
Changing climate and precipitation patterns make the estimation of precipitation, which exhibits two-dimensional and sometimes chaotic behavior, more challenging. In recent decades, numerous data-driven methods have been developed and applied to estimate precipitation; however, these methods suffer from the use of one-dimensional approaches, lack generality, require the use of neighboring stations and have low sensitivity. This paper aims to implement the first generally applicable, highly sensitive two-dimensional data-driven model of precipitation. This model, named frequency based imputation (FBI), relies on non-continuous monthly precipitation time series data. It requires no determination of input parameters and no data preprocessing, and it provides multiple estimations (from the most to the least probable) of each missing data unit utilizing the series itself. A total of 34,330 monthly total precipitation observations from 70 stations in 21 basins within Turkey were used to assess the success of the method by removing and estimating observation series in annual increments. Comparisons with the expectation maximization and multiple linear regression models illustrate that the FBI method is superior in its estimation of monthly precipitation. This paper also provides a link to the software code for the FBI method. 相似文献
18.
Modelling the fine-structure of the geoid: Methods,data requirements and some results 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Rene Forsberg 《Surveys in Geophysics》1993,14(4-5):403-418
The requirements for precise geoid models on local and regional scales have increased in recent years, primarily due to the ongoing developments in height determination by GPS on land, but also due to oceanographic requirements in using satellite altimetry for recovering dynamic sea-surface topography. Suitable methods for geoid computations from gravity data include Stokes integration, FFT methods, and least-squares collocation. Especially the FFT methods are efficient in handling large amounts of gravity data, and new variants of the methods taking earth curvature rigorously into account provide attractive methods for obtaining continental-scale, high-resolution geoid models. The accuracy of such models may be from 2–5 cm locally, to 50–100 cm on regional scales, depending on gravity data coverage, long wave-length gravity field errors, and datum problems. When approaching the cm-level geoid basic geoid definition questions (geoid or quasigeoid?) become very significant, especially in rugged areas. In the paper the geoid modelling methods and problems are reviewed, and some investigations on local data requirements for cm-level geoid prediction are presented. Some actual results are presented from Scandinavia, where a recent regional high-resolution geoid model yields apparent accuracies of 2–10 cm over GPS baselines of 50 to 2000 km. 相似文献
19.
利用数字地震记录研究唐山震区台下的P、S波速度结构 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
直接采集数字地震记录的原始 P波、S波记录波形 ,与利用 Haskell矩阵传递方法得到的理论综合地震图进行对比 ,通过不断调整介质模型 ,最后得到台站下方的体波速度结构模型 ,此方法中得到的 S波速度结构不同于通过其他波形转换而来的结果 ,而是同 P波一样从原始波形拟合而来 ,同时获得地震台下方 P、S速度介质模型 ,这为我们讨论地下介质的性质提供了更多的信息。数字地震波形资料取自于唐山市遥测地震台网陡河和滦县的短周期地震记录 ,共选用了震中距范围为 30～ 60°、震源深度为 1 0 0～ 60 0 km的 5个不同地点的深源远震记录资料。结果表明 ,台站下方的纵波和横波速度分层结构相当吻合 ,说明拟合结果相当可靠。两个台站下的地壳厚度均为 38km,速度结构在 1 3km的低速层处出现差异 ,滦县的低速层比陡河要更厚一些。两个台站的地壳速度结构都是高低相同 ,而且陡河的高低差异较滦县更为显著。唐山震区滦县部分的震源比陡河附近的浅 ,而 1 976年唐山 7.8级地震发生在陡河附近 ,可见地震的发生与壳内低速层的差异幅度有关。从泊松比高值来看 ,地幔顶部存在低速层 ,该区域是地幔上隆区 ,可能有部分熔融 相似文献
20.
After the Yutian M_S7.3 earthquake,the authors instantly collected 1Hz high frequency data of the 4 reference stations within 350 km around the epicenter,and calculated the GNSS data with the TRACK module. The results showed that:( 1) The co-seismic displacement of Yutian station,about 54 km from the epicenter,is the most obvious,particularly in the EW component,with a change of about 52.5 ± 11mm,which is more than three times the mean-square error of calculating precision.( 2) In the Yutian reference station,the biggest variation in the EW component appeared within 1 minute after the earthquake.( 3) The change in the NS component is not great. 相似文献