共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
L. Oyebande Dr. 《GeoJournal》1978,2(5):403-412
The gap between water need and supply has widened steadily in Nigeria's urban centres despite continuous efforts made to develop the nation's vast surface and groundwater resources. Less than 0.5% of the total water resource potential has been developed for consumption, and the per capita water supply for all uses is only 61 litres per day. Acute water shortages afflict the inhabitants of the towns and cities. The bulk of available water supplies is unmetered; where metered, ridiculously low rates are changed. Thus, there is a great need for management policy that aims at financial viability and economic efficiency. More realistic water rates should be charged in order to raise the much-needed revenue to meet increasing production and distribution costs. 相似文献
2.
Implications of wetlands degradation for water resources management: Lessons from Nigeria 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Nigeria is a country richly endowed with both coastal and inland wetlands, which altogether cover about 3% of the country's
land surface. These wetlands are of ecological, economic, socio-cultural, scientific and recreational significance. Nevertheless,
Nigeria's wetland resources are currently being threatened by certain anthropogenic and biogeophysical factors. Notable among
such factors are population pressure, rapid rate of urbanization, mining, oil and industrial waste pollution, uncontrolled
tilling for crop production, over-grazing, logging, unprecedented land reclamation, construction of dams, transportation routes
and other physical infrastructure, marine and coastal erosion, subsidence, ocean water intrusion, invasion by alien floral
and faunal species, sand storm, desertification, and droughts. The alarming rate at which the country's wetlands are vanishing
obviously portends some dire consequences. In particular, wetlands destruction is affecting water supply and water resources
management in various parts of the country. Wetlands perform some vitally important hydrological functions in the country.
For instance, apart from being quite instrumental to flood protection, wetlands equally maintain stream flow during the dry
season in the semi-arid region of northern Nigeria. Importantly, they also help in regulating surface water quality and volume,
as well as in replenishing and sustaining groundwater. There is no gainsaying, therefore, that the degradation of wetland
ecosystems in Nigeria increases the task of water resources management in the country. Thus, the country's wetland resources
need to be properly identified and mapped. Moreover, the right legislation and policy framework has to be put in place and
enforced to safeguard the remaining wetlands from the ongoing wanton destruction.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
《水科学进展》编辑部 《水科学进展》2009,20(5):747-754
水资源是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源,是生态与环境的控制性要素.中国人均占有水资源量少,不足2200m3,不足世界人均占有量的1/3.水资源时空分布极为不均,特别是在全球气候变化和大规模经济开发双重因素的交织作用下,中国水资源情势正在发生新的变化.在水资源管理理念上,要加快从供水管理向需水管理转变.为使人们对需水管理有比较全面和深刻的认识,部分专家和学者从各种角度论述了"需水管理"的定义和内涵,认为,需水管理是面向包括人类与自然在内所有用水户的水资源供需平衡的全方位而有序的管理系统工程,对各方面的需水,采取行政、经济、法律和技术等手段和措施,对水资源供需进行平衡与协调,遏制不合理用水需求,提高用水效率和效益,减少水资源短缺对人类社会的威胁,确保水资源可持续利用.简言之,需水管理意为以供定需,供需协调,人水和谐,持续利用. 相似文献
4.
吉林省中部是全国重要的商品粮基地和东北重要的经济区,水资源的短缺和不合理利用严重制约了该区社会经济的可持续发展。根据水资源时空分布特征和开发利用现状,认为本区总体上为水资源脆弱区。从水资源需求趋势和供给能力两方面,综合判断水资源利用高峰将出现在2020年左右,用水量约为55～60亿m~3。水资源利用结构将有显著的变化,到2030年时,居民用水、工业用水、农业用水三者需水量之比达到1∶2∶2的水平。提出建设节水农业是实现区域水资源可持续利用的战略性措施；合理利用雨洪资源是提高供水体系稳定性的关键手段；实施水源置换工程是改善供水系统的重要举措；建立合理的水价体系是实现水资源合理配置的基础性工程；加强水资源的综合管理是实现水资源可持续利用的体制保障。 相似文献
5.
Water resources management is an important driver in social and economic development. Water shortage is one of the most critical issues threatening human welfare, public health, and ecosystems. This issue has turned into a major challenge in many river basins all around the world due to the imbalance in water supply and demand. Use of simulation models can be effective tools in providing water managers with scientifically supported decisions in dealing with complex and uncertain water resource systems. System dynamics approach serves as a management tool and may play an important role in understanding the cause–effect in water resources systems. In the present study, system dynamics approach was applied to simulate management strategies dealing with Tehran metropolitan water resources systems. In the developed model, the trend of water storage in the next 30-year period and the effectiveness of water supply strategies were simulated. The results showed that, despite the growing shortage of the water resources, optimal use of existing resources under appropriate strategies could reduce water deficit within the next 30 years. 相似文献
6.
以钦州市为例,根据1956～2016年月降雨、径流数据,采用双累积曲线(DMC)模型和蒸发差值法计算地表水资源量,采用剔除入海河流感潮河段水量及汛期河道内最小生态水量的改进扣损法和直接法综合分析地表水资源可利用量。结果表明:钦州市地表水资源量在106.573～111.216×10~8m~3范围内,地表水资源可利用量为38.444×10~8m~3,占比地表水资源总量的34.6%。钦州市水量相对丰富,但水资源可利用量并不富裕且时空分布不均。空间上,独流入海河流分区地表水资源可利用量最多,南流江分区次之,郁江干流分区最少;时间上,19条流域汛期水量高达81.949×10~8m~3,其中难以控制利用量为62.272×10~8m~3,有35.823×10~8m~3经入海河流直接外排入海;4.973×10~8m~3为感潮河段咸水难以利用;调水工程的规划与建设为改善河道环境、缓解供需矛盾方面起到积极作用。 相似文献
7.
J. U. Abot Dr. 《GeoJournal》1984,9(4):369-376
The indispensability of good water supply in the development of a healthy citizenry and consequently its economy is very well known. In Nigeria the last drought that affected areas north of 12oN has awakened some awareness on the need for good water resource management. Most of the scarce food items in the market are caused by lack of irrigation and total relying on the rhythm of the rain for their cultivation.In this paper the government is reminded of its obligation in the inauguration of a national water resource management (control and usage) policy that will result in integrated development. Water supply in the rural areas will not attract industries, improve agricultural output, but reduce the incidence of water-borne diseases and the rate of rural-urban migration. Improvement in living standards due to good water supply means the development of human capital that can be mobilized for economic development in the country. 相似文献
8.
B. B. Cruz L. A. Manfré D.S. Ricci D. Brunoro L. Appolinario Jr. J. A. Quintanilha 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(12):441
Water resources availability is increasingly constrained, considering the quality and quantity available for use. There is an urgent need of recovering this availability, focusing on the planning and management process of water supply systems. One of the main threats to water resources is related to erosion effects, namely widespread pollution load and the silting of watercourses and reservoirs useful life reduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate water supply systems environmental fragility within the Paulista Macro Metropolis area and to use the results to develop environmental zone classes to orient territorial planning. The study was conducted in seven superficial water supply systems of the aforementioned region. Environmental fragility evaluation was focused on four environmental variables that represent natural vulnerability to erosion, and 2015 land cover map to delineate human influence on erosive processes. Results indicate that Tietê River water supply systems, namely Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) and Itupararanga systems, can be considered the most fragile water supply systems in the study area. The environmental fragility map was used to derive the environmental zoning map, including conservation and priority areas, suitable regions for agriculture expansion, and areas with high needs for restoration efforts. In addition, environmental fragility framework herein can be viewed as a model with high replication potential for regional planning and management in that land cover can be manipulated to minimize environment natural vulnerability, guiding territorial occupation toward a more sustainable landscape design, which subsidizes water resources multiple uses. 相似文献
9.
H. M. Oudshoorn 《GeoJournal》1997,42(1):27-38
An apparent abundance of water on earth would indicate that the quantity of water available for human use is meeting the needs of society. However, recent investigations conclude that there are many areas where the demands are growing beyond water availability and problems arise from intensive withdrawals, mismanagement, or simply low availability. Water resources planners in the next century are very likely to encounter a new and different kind of scarcity; a scarcity that cannot be solved by engineering measures but calls for finding an intricate balance between the interests of a number of actors involved. Water demand is no longer a vital necessity but is one of the claims to be subjected to (political) decision making. Managing the demand of water in the framework of the objectives of a national socio-economic development plan is a challenge in the water planning process. Many technical, legislative and institutional tools are available to support this process. Such planning requires strong mechanisms and political involvement at the national level and a strong social support at the local level. 相似文献
10.
The deficiency of water resources is limiting directly and severely the social-economic development and ecological environment
protection in many regions, and has been exacerbated by rapid industrial growth and national and state agriculture production
objectives. Recent national, provincial and local water reform efforts are also focusing on economic efficiency in water allocation.
Mathematical modeling in advance is the requirement for scientific decision-making. Water allocation may have different objectives
and bases, but in market economy and on the condition of national investment, we should mainly pursue the maximization of
economic objectives, except the basic water guarantee for living, ecology and assuring basic production water use. The amount
of allocated water is a multi-dimensional variable and can be optimized in many contexts due to differences in the definition
of industrial structure, the technical level of production among different areas and the marginal revenues of water resources.
Therefore, the problem of water allocation comes down to solving problems of spatial optimization. This paper presents an
equating marginal revenue theory for spatial allocation of water resources: when the marginal revenues of water in all area
have the same value, the economic benefit from water for all the intake areas reaches its maximum. When the local available
water resources and the marginal revenue of water for all sub-areas are given, for different total water supply from outside,
we may calculate the optimized dynamic allocation scheme, the sequence of water allocation starting and the economic benefit
from the water allocation for different sub-areas, as well as the integrated maximum economic benefit from water utilization.
The example of the six southern districts in Hebei province of China illustrates the feasibility of the theory and models.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Water security is related closely to ecological, environmental, economic, social, and political problems, and may possibly
even affect national security. The problem is especially important in arid inland watersheds. In this paper, we assess the
water resources security of three watersheds in the Hexi Corridor (Northwest China) using a multi-level, multi-target, analytical
hierarchy process approach. We constructed an assessment system based on the current situation and future development of the
region’s water resources in the context of the society, economy, and environment of these inland watersheds. The assessment
used 21 indicators that describe the ratio of water supply to demand, the ecological environment, food security, drinking-water
security, disaster control capacity, water resources management, and economic conditions. The level of the water resources
security was highest in the Shulehe watershed, followed by the Heihe watershed and the Shiyanghe watershed. Strategies to
promote water security for all three watersheds are discussed. 相似文献
12.
13.
通过分析大连地区水资源特点及人工控制现状,得出区内水资源仍具有人工调控潜力的认识.结合流域径流资源、区域人工控制特点分析,及有坝地下水库技术研究,筛选设计出5项地表水利工程、7项地下水库工程及13处地下水库潜力区.水量分析表明,通过加大水资源的人工调控,可净增水资源利用量4.38亿m3/a,完全可以解决近期供水问题,增强了大连地区应急水源的保障能力. 相似文献
14.
Agriculture is a basic economic activity in the Canary Islands, a Spanish region in the Atlantic Ocean, facing the Sahara.
The main crops are bananas, tomatoes, and other special ones suitable for exportation. Fertilizers are applied in high quantities
on the scarce land available. The relatively good vertical permeability of the soils favors the deep infiltration of irrigation
return flows.
Water is obtained by an extraordinary net of shaft wells and water galleries, supplemented when possible by surface reservoirs
in the deep gullies. Water is distributed by an extensive network of pipes and canals, allowing the transportation of water
to virtually any point from any water source. Water quality is widely variable, from almost rain water to brackish, with a
high frequency of sodium bicarbonate types. Return flows, especially when water is applied with good irrigation techniques
and the original quality is poor, are saline and contain chemicals leached from the fertilizers.
On Tenerife Island, most of the return flows go to coastal aquifers, while most of the water comes from high-altitude water
galleries. Agricultural pollution is not generally appraised, but it exists. It can be masked by the frequent, high natural
nitrate content in groundwater. On Gran Canaria Island, since water comes mainly from deep shaft wells near the irrigated
areas, the nitrate pollution is much more clear. On La Palma Island, besides the nitrate pollution, a potassium pollution
of agricultural origin has been mentioned. Other situations on the remaining islands are also discussed.
It can be concluded that agriculture is a big concern for the water quality in many areas and impairs its suitability for
other uses. Because of the great depth of the water table, the nitrate pollution may not become obvious for many years, especially
for the deep-water galleries.
Presented at the 16th Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists, “Impact of Agricultural Activity on Ground
Water Quality and Quantity,” September 1982, Prague, Czechoslovakia. 相似文献
15.
Tajudeen O. Anifowoshe 《GeoJournal》1987,14(2):253-261
The management of water supply in Nigeria was studied using Ogun State as a case study with a view to : (i) Examine the objectives of Ogun State Water Corporation. (ii) Highlight the performance, efficiency and effectiveness of teh Corporation via-vis the specific function which it is set up ot perform. (iii) Analyse teh problems and suggest solution to the Corporation's problem. The Ogun State War Corporation is the parastatal responsible for the management and supply of water to urban and rural areas of Ogun State to prevent water pollution and incidence of water borne disease like cholera, diarrhoea, dysentary, guinea-worm, gastro-enteritis, typhoid fever, schistosomiasis and onchoceriasis. At the moment, there are 21 water-supply schemes serving only an estimated population of 1.5 million people —about 53% of the population of the State. The Corporation hopes to increase their production by expanding the old schemes and constructing new ones so that by the year 2000 it will be able to supply about 90% of the population of the State with pipe borne water. 相似文献
16.
17.
南水北调中线工程供水后对河南省受水区浅层地下水位、用水结构等产生了重要影响。首先回顾了河南省平原区以往地下水位埋深变化,并通过收集、统计2008—2018年河南省受水区浅层地下水位的监测成果,基于ArcGIS软件,针对南水北调中线供水前后河南省受水区浅层地下水位变化进行量化分区;结合降水量、地下水资源量、供水量等资料对供水前后河南省受水区用水结构变化等进行分析。结果表明:自20世纪60年代至2008年,河南省平原区浅层地下水位平均埋深整体逐渐增加;河南省受水区地下水资源量随降水量增加呈线性增加趋势;南水北调中线一期供水后,2015—2018年平均地下水供水量在地下水资源量中的占比较2008—2014年减少9.55%;受水区浅层地下水位有所回升,且主要体现在埋深 > 8~12 m范围向埋深 > 4~8 m及≤4 m范围的转变,埋深 > 12~16 m及 > 16~20 m范围在受水前后基本保持不变,埋深 > 20 m的区域范围有所减少;2008—2014年各监测点分布县区的浅层地下水位呈下降趋势,2015—2018年供水期间有2/3以上县区浅层地下水位逐渐恢复;农林渔业用水和工业用水占比在供水后均有所减小,城乡生活、环境综合用水占比增加明显。研究结果表明南水北调中线工程对河南省受水区浅层地下水位恢复及缓解供水矛盾问题等产生积极有效的影响。 相似文献
18.
长江三角洲水环境水资源研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
长江三角洲包括三角洲平原及周边丘陵山地,天然的水环境良好,多年平均当地水资源量为537.79×108m3,长江干流多年平均过境水量9730×108m3,水资源丰富。目前,长江总体水质尚好,主泓水质多为Ⅱ类,沿岸部分具有Ⅲ类水。太湖是上海、苏州、无锡的主要饮用水源,但水质一直在下降,总体为Ⅲ类水(占70%),Ⅱ类水仅占15%,其他河道、小湖泊均为Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类水。钱塘江水系以Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类水为主。京杭运河为Ⅴ类、劣Ⅴ类水。随着人口增加、城镇扩展和乡镇企业快速发展,水环境污染日趋严重,清洁淡水水源日益缩减。长江三角洲平原地区出现水质性缺水,浙东宁波舟山主要是缺乏工程调剂用水。文章建议:1)应用GIS技术,作流域性水环境水资源模型,以解决平原水网区水质、水量的调控、决策和管理;2)浙东缺水区需从全省范围规划建设大区域水利工程,解决供水,避免各县市单独、分散局部规划建设;3)三角洲的洪涝灾害主要是不合理开发引起的。建议按水系自然规律整治河道,去除障碍,减少淤积,降低水位,让洪水流量有畅通去路,同时配合非工程防洪措施以综合防治洪水灾害。长江三角洲由于水环境污染造成的水质性缺水提供了人们研究人和自然环境和谐地相关发展的一个最好例证。 相似文献
19.
Beijing, the capital city of China, has suffered from acute water shortage, with only 300 m3/a of water resources available per capita. In addition, Beijing has experienced a prolonged period of consecutive droughts from 1999 to 2010. Water crisis has constrained the socio-economic development of Beijing. Meanwhile, the national "South-to-North Water Transfer"(STNWT) project, which is expected to provide some relief to the water crisis in Beijing, is still under development. In order to ensure the security of water supply in Beijing before the completion of the STNWT project, several measures have been implemented to cope with droughts, including pumping groundwater from emergency well fields,water saving, recycling of water, rain and flood water harvesting, and the diversion of water from neighboring rivers and groundwater basins. Groundwater from four emergency well fields contributes the most to the public and domestic water supplies in Beijing, supplying a total volume of 1.8×10~9 m~3.The water crisis is supposed to be mitigated by the completion of the STNWT project. After the completion of this project, more sustainable management of water resources will be implemented,including the use of aquifers as groundwater reservoirs and conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources. 相似文献
20.
Possibilities for water conservation in Bulgaria 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The drought during the last 10 years in Bulgaria caused the interruption of water supply to more than 70% of the population of the country. Investigations on recent water demand showed that the role of water losses and irrational use so considerable that existing water resources became inqdequate. Bringing new water to existing supply systems is connected with considerable investments, time, and controversy. Water conservation could solve some water supply problems by providing more reasonable water consumption and additional time for development of new resources. In this paper the possibilities for reducing water use in Bulgaria and the need for developing a national conservation program are discussed. An analysis of the variables which effect water use is performed. The reasons for the water losses and using more than the necessary water quantities are discussed. Developing of water-use efficiency standards for plumbing fixtures and conservation-oriented water rates and measures are proposed. 相似文献