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1.
A. R. Awad S. A. Taqieddin A. S. Al-Homoud E. A. Barakat 《Environmental Geology》1997,30(3-4):198-208
This paper was mainly initiated to estimate some parameters of the quality and hydraulics of water in the vicinity of a proposed
dam site in Jordan. The assessment of the chemical character was carried out to examine the suitability of the groundwater
for domestic, municipal, industrial or irrigation use. Also, the anticipated problems associated with the quality of the reservoir
water were delineated. Pumping tests were conducted at some wells that were drilled within the dam site zone and drawdown-time
curves were constructed, by means of which the transmissivity and storage coefficients were assessed using two different methods.
Total dissolved solids and electrical conductance were also measured and the relationship between them established. In addition,
sodium ion concentrations at different piezometric tip elevations were measured in a number of wells that were previously
drilled inside the dam site zone. This data indicates that the water quality as expressed in terms of total dissolved solids,
electrical conductance, and sodium ion concentration limits do not comply with internationally recommended standards. The
usage of this water for usual domestic purposes is therefore not viable, while the utilization of this water for irrigation
purposes is very restricted.
Received: 1 September 1995 · Accepted: 2 April 1995 相似文献
2.
Gropius M. Dahabiyeh M. Al Hyari M. Brückner F. Lindenmaier F. Vassolo S. 《Hydrogeology Journal》2022,30(6):1769-1787
Jordan suffers from water scarcity and groundwater covers the majority of Jordan’s water supply. Therefore, there is an urgent need to manage this resource conscientiously. A regional numerical groundwater flow model, developed as part of a decision support system for the country of Jordan, allows for quantification of the overexploitation of groundwater resources and enables determination of the extent of unrecorded agricultural groundwater abstraction. Groundwater in Jordan is abstracted from three main aquifers partly separated by aquitards. With updated geological, structural, and hydrogeological data available in the country, a regional numerical groundwater flow model for the whole of Jordan and the southernmost part of Syria was developed using MODFLOW. It was first calibrated for a steady-state condition using data from the 1960s, when groundwater abstraction was negligible. After transient calibration using groundwater level measurements from all aquifers, model results reproduce the large groundwater-level declines experienced in the last decades, which have led to the drying out of numerous springs. They show a reversal of groundwater flow directions in some regions, due to over-abstraction, and demonstrate that documented abstractions are not sufficient to cause the observed groundwater-level decline. Only after considering irrigation water demand derived from remote sensing data, the model is able to simulate these declines. Illegal abstractions can be quantified and predictive scenarios show the potential impact of different management strategies on future groundwater resources.
相似文献3.
Ahmed A. Al-Taani 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(4):1131-1140
Al-Wehda dam is an impoundment on the Yarmouk River basin north of Jordan, which came recently into operation. The reservoir is designated to provide water for agricultural, domestic, and industrial uses. Evaluation of seasonal trends in water quality of Al-Wehda dam over the year 2010 showed strong influences by weathering and leaching of geologic units along with discharge of effluents from the adjacent agricultural lands. Seasonal trends in TDS level showed slight variations, though its concentrations have been affected by events of rainfall and evaporation. The presence of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) promoted the development of photosynthetic algae. Temporal fluctuations in TN, TP, chlorophyll a, COD, and BOD have been observed with peaks occurred in spring season. TN to TP ratios varied seasonally with a minimum ratio observed in spring concurrent with algal bloom. Eutrophication tends to occur throughout the year, though its intensity increased in springtime. A variety of water quality parameters has been used to evaluate water for irrigation use during summer time when the water demand for irrigation increased. Of all parameters evaluated, Na% and TH indicated that the reservoir water is not suitable for irrigation purposes. 相似文献
4.
The use of irrigation to intensify crop production is widespread. Superficial morphological, administrative, and socio-economic similarities between sites separated by time, space and culture prompted an analysis of three cultural groups in similar geographical settings to determine the extent of cross-cultural similarities in irrigation practice. The groups analyzed were Mormon settlements in the Wasatch Mountains of the United States, and Jewish and Arab settlements in the Jordan Valley of Israel and Jordan. Analysis of irrigation use among the three groups revealed marked similarities in organizational, administrative and technological practices. In each case, irrigation practice has progressed from simple community-based diversion to large-scale diversion schemes as population and political organization increased. Minor differences concerning ownership of water rights were the only notable exceptions to the broad similarity between the groups. In terms of water development practice, each group progressed through essentially similar stages, reflecting the level of water demand in each society. We hypothesize on the basis of the examination of the study groups that irrigation-based societies progress through a sequence of irrigation practices, from Stage 1 (simple diversion) to Stage 5 (societal-wide adoption of laws and projects to maximize efficiency of water use), as population growth intensifies demand on limited water resources in sub-humid environments. 相似文献
5.
Artificial recharge of groundwater through geologic formations is of interest in Jordan as it is a proven water resource management technique that increases the efficiency of water use. This paper documents the research conducted into designing a series of small recharge dams on three connected valleys. With 50 potential sites previously screened, the focus was on the final selected location in the Jordanian desert, in which detailed topographical and hydrogeological surveys were used to determine the optimal locations for construction of surface water retention structures. The research produced designs for an integrated system of seven 2.5-m dikes and one 5-m dam with a total potential recharge volume of 500,000 m3. Once constructed, these multi-stage reservoirs will conserve part of the water being lost and will provide additional groundwater for future use. The research fills a gap in the lack of standard designs that can be expanded and replicated in other areas in Jordan and elsewhere. 相似文献
6.
Modelling groundwater over-extraction in the southern Jordan Valley with scarce data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To deal with the challenge of groundwater over-extraction in arid and semi-arid environments, it is necessary to establish management strategies based on the knowledge of hydrogeological conditions, which can be difficult in places where hydrogeological data are dispersed, scarce or present potential misinformation. Groundwater levels in the southern Jordan Valley (Jordan) have decreased drastically in the last three decades, caused by over-extraction of groundwater for irrigation purposes. This study presents a local, two-dimensional and transient numerical groundwater model, using MODFLOW, to characterise the groundwater system and the water balance in the southern Jordan Valley. Furthermore, scenarios are simulated regarding hydrological conditions and management options, like extension of arable land and closure of illegal wells, influencing the projection of groundwater extraction. A limited dataset, literature values, field surveys, and the ‘crop water-requirement method’ are combined to determine boundary conditions, aquifer parameters, and sources and sinks. The model results show good agreement between predicted and observed values; groundwater-level contours agree with the conceptual model and expected flow direction, and, in terms of water balance, flow volumes are in accordance with literature values. Average annual water consumption for irrigation is estimated to be 29 million m3 and simulation results show that a reduction of groundwater pumping by 40% could recover groundwater heads, reducing the water taken from storage. This study presents an example of how to develop a local numerical groundwater model to support management strategies under the condition of data scarcity. 相似文献
7.
Towards an integrated arid zone water management using simulation-based optimisation 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
Jens Grundmann Niels Schütze Gerd H. Schmitz Saif Al-Shaqsi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(5):1381-1394
For ensuring both optimal sustainable water resources management and long-term planning in a changing arid environment, we
propose an integrated Assessment-, Prognoses-, Planning- and Management tool (APPM). The new APPM integrates the complex interactions
of the strongly nonlinear meteorological, hydrological and agricultural phenomena, considering the socio-economic aspects.
It aims at achieving best possible solutions for water allocation, groundwater storage and withdrawals including saline water
management together with a substantial increase of the water use efficiency employing novel optimisation strategies for irrigation
control and scheduling. To obtain a robust and fast operation of the water management system, it unites process modeling with
artificial intelligence tools and evolutionary optimisation techniques for managing both water quality and quantity. We demonstrate
some key components of our methodology by an exemplary application to the south Al-Batinah region in the Sultanate of Oman
which is affected by saltwater intrusion into a coastal aquifer due to excessive groundwater withdrawal for irrigated agriculture.
We show the effectiveness and functionality of a new simulation-based water management system for the optimisation and evaluation
of different irrigation practices, crop pattern and resulting abstraction scenarios. The results of several optimisation runs
indicate that due to contradicting objectives, such as profit-oriented agriculture versus aquifer sustainability only a multi-objective
optimisation can provide sustainable solutions for the management of the water resources in respect of the environment as
well as the socio-economic development. 相似文献
8.
推行节水灌溉技术的节水效果可能被产出增长带来的新增用水抵消,甚至出现用水有增无减的现象,表现为灌溉用水的反弹效应。目前有关灌溉技术节水效果的研究已有丰富成果,但关于灌溉用水反弹效应的研究还缺乏系统梳理。从灌溉用水反弹效应概念内涵、灌溉用水特性与节水的尺度效应、灌溉用水反弹机制以及反弹程度4个角度综述相关文献。灌溉过程中的水量转化、水分消耗及用水效率评价非常复杂,对灌溉用水反弹的研究还需进一步深入。未来研究的重点领域包括:①灌溉用水反弹的定义,如区分水文反弹和经济反弹,区分用水反弹和耗水反弹,区分一般反弹效应和回火效应（大于100%的反弹）;②灌溉用水反弹的作用机理和控制路径;③设计合理的方法实证计算反弹效应。 相似文献
9.
Dr. Jiftah Ben-Asher 《GeoJournal》1987,15(3):267-272
The potential of the saline water for irrigation against the background of the world's food shortage is reviewed. It is shown that irrigation has improved food situation wherever it has been used. However, irrigation is always associated with salinity problems. Leaching techniques and drip irrigation suggest a partial solution for the problem. The objective of this paper is to review and examine additional solutions in order to increase the use of saline water for irrigation. A quantitative approach to further research on the use of saline water for irrigation is suggested. An analytical solution to the mass-balance equation of nutrients and salt in the soil, which includes a sink term for absorption by a plant, revealed some valuable derivatives, both for planning further research in irrigation with saline water and making decisions about fertilization and soil leaching throughout the growth period of a crop. Preliminary attempts to meaningfully increase the fertilization level of crops irrigated with saline water support the approach that was developed from one of the model's derivatives. 相似文献
10.
This paper summarizes information on geomorphology and physical resources as a part of the Jordan Badia Research and Development Program. The research focused on the issue of the environment in arid lands as an aid to providing practical options for sustainable development, for the benefit not only of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan but of other arid regions of the world. The research is significant in that there is a need to identify usable natural resources and establish a framework for their effective exploitation and management in a marginal, fragile environment, which is sensitive to change. Pressure for development of the Badia stems from the fact that the great majority of the population in Jordan is compressed into less than 10% of the country by environmental constraints. It is hoped that the Jordan Badia Research and Development Program will provide the required framework to ease current environmental pressures, encourage migration to the Badia, a sparsely populated region, and establish economically and ecologically self-supporting communities. This paper discusses the following areas that are related to the sustainable development of the Jordan Badia with special emphasis on the Safawi area in the northern Jordan Badia; geomorphology, including landform, processes, and hazards; geology and physical resources; hydrology; surface water and water engineering; and groundwater. 相似文献
11.
12.
Combined archaeological data, shore surveys, and aerial photos of submerged sediments in the Sea of Galilee provide new insights into environmental and tectonic events, their dating, and their impact on the Ohalo II prehistoric camp (ca. 19,500 yr B.P.) and its surroundings. The Ohalo II waterlogged campsite contains excellently preserved brush hut remains and other in situ features, all embedded in late Pleistocene lacustrine strata. The findings indicate relatively short occupation of the site, not more than months or several years at a time. The high quality in situ preservation of delicate organic materials, as well as the short occupation period, suggests a quick and gentle burial by fine sediments. The evident fast submergence (water level rise of the Sea of Galilee) could have been the result of climatic fluctuations towards the end of the last glaciation and/or small‐scale tectonic subsidence. The site is located on a tectonic block formed in the western fault belt of the Dead Sea Rift. We present new evidence of post‐occupational folding of the late Pleistocene strata and recent tilting and faulting. A westward tectonic tilt may have caused the blockage of the old Jordan River outlet after A. D. 1106. Excellent preservation of the fault traces to the east of the site is attributed to the young age of the displacement on the fault. The last displacement apparently post‐dates the blockage of the old Jordan River. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
13.
This paper summarizes the information on the geomorphology and physical resources component of the Jordan Badia Research and Development Programme. The research focuses on the issue of the environment in arid lands and aims to provide practical options for sustainable development, for the benefit not only of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan but for other arid regions of the world. The research is significantly development driven because there is a need to identify useable natural resources and establish a framework for their effective exploitation and management in a marginal, fragile environment, which is sensitive to change.Pressure for development of the Badia stems from the fact that the great majority of the population in Jordan is compressed into less than 10% of the country by environmental constraits. It is hoped that the Jordan Badia Research and Development Programme will provide the required framework to ease current environmental pressures, encourage migration to the Badia, a sparsely populated region, and establish economically and ecologically self-supporting communities.This paper discusses the following areas that are related to the sustainable development of the Jordan Badia with special emphasis on the Safawi area in the Northern Jordan Badia; geomorphology including landform, processes and hazards, geology and physical resources, hydrology, surface water and water engineering, groundwater, soils and vegetation, sediment erosion and mobility and environmental management. 相似文献
14.
A GIS model for preliminary hazard assessment of swelling clays,a case study in Harran plain (SE Turkey) 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Swelling behavior of clayey soils regarded as a hidden disaster, causes a great deal of damage in light hydraulic structures
such as drinking water network, irrigation pipes or open canal linings through which water can easily leak and penetrate into
soil during loading and unloading stages. Early identification during site investigation and laboratory testing is extremely
important to ensure that the appropriate design strategy is adopted. The clay soils having swelling potential are generally
found in arid and semi-arid regions, such as in the Şanlıurfa-Harran plain located in the southeast of Turkey. The problems
associated with swelling clays occurred for the lightweight hydraulic structures constructed in Turkey have been met during
the construction of irrigation structures in the scope of Southeast Anatolian Project as the Turkey’s greatest water resources
project. Therefore, the identification of such soils and the assessment of their swelling potential parameters are necessary
for hazard mitigation planning and land-use management. In this scope, extensive geotechnical study is executed for an investigation
area. The samples were obtained from the Harran plain where many irrigation canal structures are constructed, and geotechnical
study was performed on these samples. Atterberg limit tests often provide the basic field information to substantiate the
soil’s swelling nature. The plasticity index (PI) and liquid limit (LL) values are also used extensively for classifying swelling
soil and should always be determined during preliminary investigations. Because of this, LL and PI are assessed by using geographical
information system (GIS)-based computer software, and LL and PI contour maps are created. Swelling percentages of the soil
samples were carried out on both undisturbed and compacted soil samples by using direct methods. As a result of this extensive
study, the values of swelling percentages determined for each location are used to obtain the swelling potential hazard map
of the area by means of a GIS program. The results of GIS analyses for this area indicate that the analyses based on a lot
of data introduce meaningful results for this study. It is expected that these maps will be a useful tool for planners and
engineers in their efforts to achieve better land-use planning and to decide necessary remedial measures. 相似文献
15.
探讨了节水灌溉尺度问题,指出产生节水灌溉尺度现象的原因是由于灌溉过程中回归水的重复利用.结合漳河灌区的实际,讨论了水稻种植区在不同尺度下的水平衡要素及其在节水尺度效应中的作用;说明随尺度的增大,水平衡过程变得复杂化,节水尺度效应现象也更突出.利用漳河灌区田间试验数据和灌区长系列的历史资料,分别从田间、中等、灌溉干渠和灌区共四个尺度,定量地分析了水稻节水灌溉对水分生产率以及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,节水灌溉技术的采用不仅可以提高田间尺度的灌溉水分生产率,也促进了漳河灌区灌溉水分生产率的整体上升. 相似文献
16.
选择甘肃省临洮县洮惠渠灌区为试验研究区,通过直接观读、自动监测等技术手段,获取试验灌区的引水量、退水量、土壤墒情、降水量及蒸发量等水文基础数据。以水文监测基础数据为依据,采用引排差法、水分平衡法等相结合的方法,开展了农业灌溉耗水系数试验研究。初步试验结果表明:试验灌区灌溉期平均耗水系数为0. 730,典型地块灌溉期平均耗水系数为0. 671,2016年试验灌区降水量较常年偏少13. 0%~26. 3%,总体上属轻度干旱年份。该研究成果可为甘肃陇中黄土高原区水资源管理提供技术支撑。 相似文献
17.
Werapol Bejranonda Manfred Koch Sucharit Koontanakulvong 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(5):2079-2086
Many irrigation projects in the central plain of Thailand are not capable of providing sufficient surface water for the cultivation of rice, which is the major cash crop for Thai farmers. To overcome this surface water deficiency, which has been exacerbated in recent years by climate change, groundwater is increasingly being used for irrigation. Thus, large sections of agriculture lands have been converted to conjunctive water use regions. While conjunctive water use may be a suitable option to overcome the temporary water shortages on a short-term basis, it may pose a particular threat to the overall water resources in the long term, if not properly managed. As a remedy, conjunctive water management policies ought to be adopted. Conjunctive water management is basically a tool to optimize productivity, equity, and environmental sustainability through simultaneous management of surface water and groundwater resources. As of now, such a comprehensive approach has not been yet employed in the upper Chao Phraya basin of Thailand, and the present study is one of the first of this kind. The study region is the Plaichumpol Irrigation Project (PIP) where conjunctive water use has become indispensable for meeting the increasing water requirements for farming. To get a first grip on the issue, water demand, supply and actual use in the study area were investigated for the purpose of providing possible guidelines for optimal water exploitation. A numerical groundwater model with a special module for simulating surface-groundwater interaction was applied in the PIP area to understand the impact of the farmer’s irrigation behavior on the dominant hydrological processes that determine the seasonal and multi-annual water availability in the irrigation area. A set-up of different agricultural water allocation schemes that depend on the local weather conditions and the regional management rules are examined by the numerical models. The results of the simulations provide adaptation guidelines for the proper management of the conjunctive water resources, namely, optimal water utilization. The numerical results for the surface groundwater in particular indicated that while the irrigation canals recharge water to the aquifer during both dry and wet season, small amounts of discharge from the aquifers to the canals occur only during the wet season. The analysis of the groundwater balance also showed that the present available groundwater potential is not fully exploited by the farmers, especially during the dry periods of surface water shortage. In contrast, the adoption of an optimal conjunctive management scheme would ensure extra water availability for additional annual rice crops in the region. 相似文献
18.
灌溉用水效率尺度效应研究评述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在阐述灌溉用水效率尺度效应内涵及其产生原因的基础上,对研究现状进行了评述,并提出了今后的研究方向。灌溉用水效率尺度效应主要由灌区土壤、作物、气候、灌溉工程、灌溉水量等多种因素的空间变异性和回归水利用导致;现有灌溉用水效率指标应该拓宽供水效益内涵,同时在经济条件约束下来考虑回归水的再利用;现有各类指标随尺度变化规律并不固定,主要原因是尺度效应并非由单一因素决定;现有尺度效应转换研究都是单独针对空间变异或回归水重复利用而进行,缺少对两者的综合,更缺乏成熟的尺度转换公式。今后需要在完善评价指标体系的基础上,重点对尺度转换理论进行攻关,同时还应兼顾水循环伴生过程的尺度效应研究。 相似文献
19.
20.
为评价农田灌溉水利用状况并揭示灌溉水利用效率的尺度变化规律,应用改进的分布式水文模型(SWAT)模拟了漳河灌区三干渠灌域的水循环过程和作物产量。以子流域嵌套方式将研究区划分为9个尺度来计算灌溉水利用效率指标,并分析其随尺度变化的特征及原因。结果表明,灌溉水分生产率受降雨、气候条件的时空分布特征影响较大,而且随尺度增大明显,其尺度关系可以近似应用幂函数描述,函数的形式和参数与分形思想接近。排水率在中等尺度上的数值最大,但随尺度变化不显著。因此,在一定精度条件下,灌溉水分生产率的尺度转换模式可以尝试应用幂函数形式。漳河灌区在中等尺度上的节水潜力最大。 相似文献