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1.
Reevaluation of historical ocean heat content variations with time-varying XBT and MBT depth bias corrections 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
As reported in former studies, temperature observations obtained by expendable bathythermographs (XBTs) and mechanical bathythermographs
(MBTs) appear to have positive biases as much as they affect major climate signals. These biases have not been fully taken
into account in previous ocean temperature analyses, which have been widely used to detect global warming signals in the oceans.
This report proposes a methodology for directly eliminating the biases from the XBT and MBT observations. In the case of XBT
observation, assuming that the positive temperature biases mainly originate from greater depths given by conventional XBT
fall-rate equations than the truth, a depth bias equation is constructed by fitting depth differences between XBT data and
more accurate oceanographic observations to a linear equation of elapsed time. Such depth bias equations are introduced separately
for each year and for each probe type. Uncertainty in the gradient of the linear equation is evaluated using a non-parametric
test. The typical depth bias is +10 m at 700 m depth on average, which is probably caused by various indeterminable sources
of error in the XBT observations as well as a lack of representativeness in the fall-rate equations adopted so far. Depth
biases in MBT are fitted to quadratic equations of depth in a similar manner to the XBT method. Correcting the historical
XBT and MBT depth biases by these equations allows a historical ocean temperature analysis to be conducted. In comparison
with the previous temperature analysis, large differences are found in the present analysis as follows: the duration of large
ocean heat content in the 1970s shortens dramatically, and recent ocean cooling becomes insignificant. The result is also
in better agreement with tide gauge observations.
On leave from the Meteorological Research Institute of the Japan Meteorological Agency. 相似文献
2.
Comparison experiment between XBT of T-7 probe and CTD was conducted at 15 stations in the sea area centered on 29°N, 135°E in December 1985. There were systematic errors in XBT temperature profiles in comparison with CTD temperature profiles. The main cause of errors was attributed to an error in the free-fall speed of the XBT probes which was provided by the XBT maker. A previous equation for depth correction proposed by Heinmilleret al. (1983) could not give effective correction for our data. A new equation between the probe depth and the elapsed time from landing of the probe on the water was obtained by the method of adjusting temperature gradients of XBT profiles to those of CTD profiles. This equation agreed with the theoretical result given by Seaver and Kuleshov (1982) much better than that of Heinmilleret al. (1983). Systematic errors due to a scatter of values of the reference resistance and variation of B-constant of thermistors used in XBT also seemed to exist. After an adjustment using the temperature difference between XBT and CTD in the mixed layer with depths of about 100 m, the standard deviation of temperature difference between XBT and CTD from the surface to the depth of 750 m was 0.14°C. 相似文献
3.
Viktor Gouretski Franco Reseghetti 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2010,57(6):812-833
The World Ocean Database 2005 as of May 2009 is used to estimate temperature and sample depth biases of expendable (XBT) and mechanical (MBT) bathythermographs by comparing bathythermograph temperature profiles with more accurate bottle and conductivity/temperature/depth (CTD) data. It is shown that the application of depth corrections estimated earlier from side-by-side XBT/CTD inter-comparisons, without accounting for a pure thermal bias, leads to even larger disagreement with the CTD and bottle reference temperatures. Our calculations give evidence for a depth-variable XBT fall-rate correction with the manufacturer-derived depth being underestimated in the upper 200 m and overestimated below this depth. These results are in agreement with side-by-side inter-comparisons and direct fall-rate estimates. Correcting XBT sample depths by a multiplicative factor which is constant with depth does not allow an effective elimination of the total temperature bias throughout the whole water column. The analysis further suggests a dependence of the fall rate on the water temperature which was reported earlier in the literature. Comparison among different correction schemes implies a significant impact of systematic biases on the estimates of the global ocean heat content anomaly. 相似文献
4.
国家海洋技术中心根据科研需求研发了抛弃式温度剖面仪(XBT)等一系列抛弃式产品.针对2014年8月份在西太平洋海域投放的XBT和XCTD所获取的温度数据进行对比分析,单剖面结果显示两者相关系数达到了0.95,在温跃层处出现温度差,断面标准差分析结果为200 m以上温跃层处较大而200m以下标准差较小,最大和最小标准差值分别为0.39和0.08.温度断面分析结果显示两者在同样的位置出现等值线的凹凸现象,对大洋水团特殊物理海洋现象描述基本一致.分析温跃层处两者温度存在偏差的原因有3个:不同传感器的不同响应时间引起的误差、深度测量公式的误差以及传感器本身的测量误差影响.国产XBT的数据质量较好,总体上性能能满足对环境复杂海域的快速走航观测,数据质量准确度和可靠性都较好. 相似文献
5.
The accuracy of temperature measurement by the expendable bathythermograph (XBT) is examined for five types of recorders by
comparison with co-located CTD measurements and statistical analysis of temperature profiles including an isothermal layer.
A positive temperature error increasing downward is occasionally detected for two types of Japanese recorder which have been
commonly used among Japanese oceanographic institutions and marine observatories. This error resembles to that reported by
Bailey et al. (1989) and Wright (1991) for a different type of recorders, although its cause is not clearly understood. The irregular
occurrence of the error suggests that the problem is not solely due to the recorders but rather by some inconsistency of the
whole measuring system including them, an XBT probe and sea water. The error is estimated to increase at a rate of O (0.1°C/100 m), and it could be close to 1°C at the deepest part of the profiles (760 m for Tsurumi T-7).
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
By extending the work of Linton (Linton, C.M., 1991. Radiation and diffraction of waver waves by a submerged sphere in finite depth. Ocean Engineering 18 (1/2), 61–74), the problem of radiation of water waves by a submerged pulsating sphere in finite depth is formulated using the multipole method. As in Linton (1991), this leads to an infinite system of linear equations, which are easily solved numerically. Simple expressions are derived for the hydrodynamic characteristics of such a body. Results showing the effect of varying both the immersion depth and the water depth on the hydrodynamic coefficients of the pulsating sphere are given. The paper resumes the work presented in Lopes (Lopes, D.B.S., 1999. On the study of the Archimedes wave swing device for wave energy utilization (in Portuguese). MSc on the Management and Modelling of the Marine Environment, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa.). 相似文献
7.
本文应用一个经验证的全球尺度FVCOM海浪模型，模拟了2012年全球海洋海浪场的分布和演变，分析了海表面风场、海浪场与混合层深度的全球尺度分布及相关性。综合观测资料和模型结果显示，海表面10 m风速、有效波高与混合层深度的全球尺度分布随季节发生显著的变化，并且其分布态势存在明显的相似性。从相关系数的全球分布来看，海表面10 m风速在印度洋低纬度海区（纬度0°~20°）与混合层深度间有较强的相关性，相关系数大于0.5；有效波高与混合层深度间相关系数大于0.5的网格分布在北半球高纬度海区和印度洋北部。谱峰周期与混合层深度间在部分海区存在负相关关系，这些网格主要分布在低纬度海区（纬度0°~30°）。统计结果显示，有效波高、海表面10 m风速和谱峰周期与混合层深度间的平均相关系数分别为0.31、0.25和0.12。综合以上结果表明，有效波高较谱峰周期能更有效地表征波浪能对海洋上层混合的影响；相比于海表面风速，有效波高与混合层深度间存在更强的相关关系，其变化对海洋上层混合有更显著的影响。 相似文献
8.
A monthly mean climatology of the mixed layer depth (MLD) in the North Pacific has been produced by using Argo observations.
The optimum method and parameter for evaluating the MLD from the Argo data are statistically determined. The MLD and its properties
from each density profile were calculated with the method and parameter. The monthly mean climatology of the MLD is computed
on a 2° × 2° grid with more than 30 profiles for each grid. Two bands of deep mixed layer with more than 200 m depth are found
to the north and south of the Kuroshio Extension in the winter climatology, which cannot be reproduced in some previous climatologies.
Early shoaling of the winter mixed layer between 20–30°N, which has been pointed out by previous studies, is also well recognized.
A notable feature suggested by our climatology is that the deepest mixed layer tends to occur about one month before the mixed
layer density peaks in the middle latitudes, especially in the western region, while they tend to coincide with each other
in higher latitudes. 相似文献
9.
利用西太平洋海域多个站位的XBT、XCTD及CTD实测温盐资料,对WOA2018温盐模型的可靠性进行了评估,开展了全深度声速剖面重构试验。结果表明,当水深分别为761～1 100 m、大于1 101 m和大于1 821 m时,实测资料计算的声速剖面与温盐模型推算的声速剖面互差在-2.0～2.0 m/s、-0.7～0.7 m/s和-0.7～0.45 m/s,而与实测温度和盐度模型推算的声速剖面互差总体上在-0.2～0.2 m/s。基于临界探测深度处温盐实测值对探测深度以外温盐模型施加约束和控制,以提高声速预测值精度有待进一步研究。 相似文献
10.
Two distinct layers usually exist in the upper ocean. The first has a near-zero vertical gradient in temperature (or density) from the surface and is called the isothermal layer (or mixed layer). Beneath that is a layer with a strong vertical gradient in temperature (or density), called the thermocline (or pycnocline). The isothermal layer depth (ILD) or mixed layer depth (MLD) for the same profile varies depending on the method used to determine it. Also, whether they are subjective or objective, existing methods of determining the ILD do not estimate the thermocline (pycnocline) gradient. Here, we propose a new exponential leap-forward gradient (ELG) method of determining the ILD that retains the strengths of subjective (simplicity) and objective (gradient change) methods and avoids their weaknesses (subjective methods are threshold-sensitive and objective methods are computationally intensive). This new method involves two steps: (1) the estimation of the thermocline gradient G th for an individual temperature profile, and (2) the computation of the vertical gradient by averaging over gradients using exponential leap-forward steps. Such averaging can filter out noise in the profile data. Five existing methods of determining the ILD (difference, gradient, maximum curvature, maximum angle, and optimal linear fitting methods) as well as the proposed ELG method were verified using global expendable bathythermograph (XBT) temperature and conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) datasets. Among all the methods considered, the ELG method yielded the highest skill score and the lowest Shannon information entropy (i.e., the lowest uncertainty). 相似文献
11.
Shallow water depth retrieval from space-borne SAR imagery 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Kaiguo Fan Weigen Huang Hui Lin Jiayi Pan Bin Fu Yanzhen Gu 《Journal of Oceanography》2011,67(4):405-413
Based on shallow water bathymetry synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mechanism and the microwave scattering imaging model
for oceanic surface features, we developed a new method for shallow water depth retrieval from space-borne SAR images. The
first guess of surface currents and winds are estimated from the normalized radar crossing section (NRCS) profile of shallow
water bathymetry SAR imagery, according to the linear theory and geophysical model function. The NRCS profile is then simulated
by the microwave scattering imaging model. Both the surface currents and winds are adjusted by using the dichotomy method
step by step to make the M4S-simulated NRCS profiles approach those observed by SAR. Then, the surface currents and the wind
speeds are retrieved when a best fit between simulated signals and the SAR image appears. Finally, water depths are derived
using the Navier–Stokes equation and finite difference method with the best estimated currents and the surface winds. The
method is tested on two SAR images of the Taiwan Shoal. Results show that the simulated shallow water NRCS profile is in good
agreement with those measured by SAR with the correlation coefficient as high as 85%. In addition, when water depths retrieved
from the SAR image are compared with in situ measurements, both the root mean square and relative error are less than 3.0 m
and 6.5%, respectively, indicating that SAR images are useful for shallow water depth retrieval and suggesting that the proposed
method in this paper is convergent and applicable. 相似文献
12.
声速误差是多波束水深地形测量主要误差源之一,通常采用现场声速剖面测量的方式加以改正,但在深远海多波束水深地形测量时,现场获取全深度的声速剖面并非易事。针对这一问题,利用东南印度洋海洋调查工作中采集到的17个站位的CTD数据,将所有站位声速剖面拓展到全深度,采用经验正交函数分析法(Empirical Orthogonal Functions,EOF)构建调查区声速剖面场,可获得声速剖面场内任意一点的声速值。然后通过EOF重构声速剖面场获得的声速值对测区内多波束水深地形数据进行改正,并与实测声速剖面对多波束水深地形数据的改正结果进行对比,结果表明,5000 m水深范围内2种声速改正结果相差很小,EOF重构法对深水多波束的声速改正满足水深测量的要求。 相似文献
13.
This study presents new application of group method of data handling (GMDH) to predict scour depth around a vertical pier in cohesive soils. Quadratic polynomial was used to develop GMDH network. Back propagation algorithm has been utilized to adjust weighting coefficients of GMDH polynomial thorough trial and error method. Parameters such as initial water content, shear strength, compaction of cohesive bed materials, clay content of cohesive soils, and flow conditions are main factors affecting cohesive scour. Performances of the GMDH network were compared with those obtained using several traditional equations. The results indicated that the proposed GMDH-BP has produced quite better scour depth prediction than those obtained using traditional equations. To assign the most significant parameter on scour process in cohesive soils, sensitivity analysis was performed for the GMDH-BP network and the results showed that clay percentage was the most effective parameter on scour depth. The error parameter for three classes of IWC and Cp showed that the GMDH-BP model yielded better scour prediction in ranges of IWC = 36.3–42.28% and Cp = 35–100%. In particular application, the GMDH network was proved very successful compared to traditional equations. The GMDH network was presented as a new soft computing technique for the scour depth prediction around bridge pier in cohesive bed materials. 相似文献
14.
在多波束测深中,温盐深剖面数据的准确性对测量精度起到非常重要的作用,而在实际测量中,温盐深误差又不可避免地存在。为了分析温盐深变化对波束脚印坐标的影响规律并将其影响值量化,本文在声速剖面间接测量数据的基础上,选择精度较高、适应性较强的声速经验公式推导其误差公式,计算温盐深变化所引起的声速误差值,并且在常梯度声线跟踪模型的基础上推导出声波旅行轨迹的水平位移和垂直位移误差公式,然后结合声速剖面计算出声速误差对波束脚印坐标的影响程度。实验结果表明,温度变化对声速的影响最大,盐度和深度依序次之;温度、盐度、深度3个参量的变化引起波束脚印Z坐标的变化量均大于X、Y坐标,最高可达变化前深度的0.6%。温度和盐度的变化引起的三轴坐标值变化量随入射角的增大而减小,而深度变化引起的三轴坐标值变化量几乎不随入射角的变化而变化。本文研究结果可为温盐深误差对多波束测深精度评估工作提供借鉴作用。 相似文献
15.
Precise Multibeam Acoustic Bathymetry 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
The maximum error in ocean depth measurement as specified by the International Hydrographic Organization is 1% for depth greater than 30m. Current acoustic multibeam bathymetric systems used for depth measurement are subject to errors from various sources which may significantly exceed this limit. The lack of sound speed profiles may be one significant source of error. Because of the limited ability of sound speed profile measurement, depth values are usually estimated using an assumed profile. If actual sound speed profiles are known, depth estimate errors can be corrected using ray-tracing methods. For depth measurements, the calculation of the location at which a sound pulse impinges on the sea bottom varies with the variation of the sound speed profile. We demonstrate that this location is almost unchanged for a family of sound speed profiles with the same surface value and the same area under them. Based on this observation, we can construct a simple constant-gradient equivalent sound speed profile to correct errors. Compared with ray-tracing methods, the equivalent sound speed profile method is more efficient. If a vertical depth is known (or independently measured), then depth correction for a multibeam system can be accomplished without knowledge of the actual sound speed profile. This leads to a new type of precise acoustic multibeam bathymetric system. 相似文献
16.
The maximum error in ocean depth measurement as specified by the International Hydrographic Organization is 1% for depth greater than 30m. Current acoustic multibeam bathymetric systems used for depth measurement are subject to errors from various sources which may significantly exceed this limit. The lack of sound speed profiles may be one significant source of error. Because of the limited ability of sound speed profile measurement, depth values are usually estimated using an assumed profile. If actual sound speed profiles are known, depth estimate errors can be corrected using ray-tracing methods. For depth measurements, the calculation of the location at which a sound pulse impinges on the sea bottom varies with the variation of the sound speed profile. We demonstrate that this location is almost unchanged for a family of sound speed profiles with the same surface value and the same area under them. Based on this observation, we can construct a simple constant-gradient equivalent sound speed profile to correct errors. Compared with ray-tracing methods, the equivalent sound speed profile method is more efficient. If a vertical depth is known (or independently measured), then depth correction for a multibeam system can be accomplished without knowledge of the actual sound speed profile. This leads to a new type of precise acoustic multibeam bathymetric system. 相似文献
17.
基于观测的南海越南沿岸次表层涡旋 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this study, subsurface eddies near the Vietnam coast of the South China Sea were observed with in situ observations, including Argo, CTD, XBT and some processed and quality controlled data. Based on temperature profiles from four Argo floats near the coast of Vietnam, a subsurface warm eddy was identified in spring and summer. The multi-year Argo and Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Programme(GTSPP) data were merged on a seasonal basis based on the data interpolating variational analysis(DIVA) method to reconstruct the three-dimensional temperature structure. There is a warm eddy in the central subsurface at 12.5°N, 111°E below300 m depth in spring, which does not exist in autumn and is weak in winter and summer. From CSIRO Atlas of Regional Seas(CARS) and Generalized Digital Environment Model(GDEM) reanalysis data, this subsurface warm eddy is also verified in spring. 相似文献
18.
海洋温度的变化会显著影响水下声传播、生物活动、气象和洋流等现象，温深是反映海洋变化运动规律的基本参数。投弃式温深剖面仪（Expendable Bathythermograph，XBT）、温盐深测量仪（Conductivity Temperature Depth，CTD）、全球海洋实时观测网（Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography，Argo）等是目前进行海水温深测量的主要仪器。其中XBT因其现场测量简便、效率高、硬件成本低等特点，正在被大规模使用。本文主要介绍有关海洋温度测量的背景及演化历史，分析对比了国内外相关仪器设备的发展现状，总结了国产化产品还存在的差距和不足，另外对传感器、结构设计、数据通讯传输、数据后处理、可靠性研究等关键技术和研究热点进行了详细介绍，最后对未来无人平台的技术发展路线给出了思路和见解，开展投弃式温深剖面仪的相关技术研究和产品研制对实现国产化有积极的推动意义。 相似文献
19.
Liu Baiqiao 《海洋学报(英文版)》1996,15(3):307-321
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20.
本文基于中国南极考察第30航次、第32航次所获得的实测重力资料,结合NGDC资料,开展12个航次重力场数据的平差融合工作,全部386个交点平差后标准差减小为±1.53×10−5 m/s2,与卫星重力差值平均值为1.49×10−5 m/s2,均方差为±3.81×10−5 m/s2,并在此基础上采用频率域界面反演法计算莫霍面深度。研究发现,与沉积盆地对应重力异常低值相悖,在罗斯海北部盆地、维多利亚地盆地、中央海槽、东部盆地4个主要盆地腹地却表现为重力异常高值,跨度达100 km以上。莫霍面深度分布整体呈南深北浅之势,范围为10~28 km。伴随着罗斯海西部盆地的多次拉张及岩浆活动,该区域的地壳厚度和莫霍面深度高值和低值相间分布,并表现出越来越大的差异性。综合剖面结果表明,罗斯海重力异常值的长波长变化与莫霍面的起伏呈正相关关系,但是反演的莫霍面深度与区域重力场特征并非完全对应,所以岩浆底侵和地壳侵入仍不足以导致罗斯海盆地的重力异常或盆地几何形状。 相似文献