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1.
K. H. Stone Dr. 《GeoJournal》1979,3(6):539-554
In the world of earlier scientists a frontier was an exciting concept, term and line. It is not quite so now. Presently frontiers are zones that are partially settled and with limited transportation. They vary in size but in total area and in location they present significant potentials for population growth absorption. From about 1900 to 1940 frontier development was international and intercontinental in scope; now it is primarily national or regional in scale. Currently about as much of the total area in world frontiers is in stability as in growth and there are considerable areas of decline. The present trend is toward more stability while urbanization is dominating; until these two really change only major military causes will produce notable variations in frontier use while individual national political policies will result in local geographical pulses of minor advances and retreats. Yet, there is much potential area for new food production and settling, the world is still largely in a growth syndrome, and there are alternatives that also should be considered. 相似文献
2.
At present great attention in the USSR is given to the task of creating relatively equal conditions of living in all parts of the country. It is in the solving of this problem that the scientific concept of “the single settling system” is found. The single system of settling is the ultimate aim of transforming the existing system of settling into a new communist type of people's settling, after having overcome the basic differences between town and country on the one hand, and industry and agriculture on the other, also the standard of living levelled out between regions. In the period to 1990, the main direction of the planning regulation and improving the net of settlements, the first step in forming of the single settling system, should be the gradual transition from autonomy to close interrelations in the development of cities and settlements by elaborating joint systems of settlements. 相似文献
3.
Elke Knappe 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):243-246
Agriculture has ceased to be the major employer in the rural areas of East Germany. Far-reaching structural change has resulted
in a sharp decrease in employment and the mono-structural character of villages has been lost. Unemployment is now a major
problem and women are worst affected. New jobs have been created in construction and elsewhere in the tertiary sector but
most people who have found new jobs have to commute to the towns or migrate permanently to the urban areas. A north-south
contrast has developed because the more developed network of towns in the latter, combined with a relatively good infrastructure,
has enabled many villages to survive as viable communities. An example is Fuchshain near Leipzig where employment with the
farming company (the former cooperative with 4200 ha of land) has declined but the population has grown through new housing
built for commuters. In the north there has been much depopulation and many houses are used as second homes. Either way there
is more conflict occurring now within rural communities because of tensions between the employed and the unemployed and between
old and new residents. It is therefore important that land use planning should take into account the changed economic and
social profiles and measures should be adopted to ensure that the countryside remains visually attractive and socially cohesive.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
Jing Chen 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2009,59(4):775-782
Canada is a vast country with most of the population living on a small portion of the land. However, for a national radon
potential map, it is mandatory to cover the entire country including sparsely populated areas. Because of these characteristics,
the radon map development for Canada is challenging. After briefly reviewing of radon map development in the world, this study
considers a multi-tier approach to best use available however limited resources and to generate a national radon map in a
timely fashion. In summary, radon potential maps for highly populated areas should be determined by direct indoor radon measurements
where enough indoor radon data are available. In areas where indoor radon measurements are limited or not yet available, the
radon potential maps could be developed from various data sources with a multi-factor scoring system including geological
information on soil permeability, soil gas radon concentration and ground uranium concentration. In sparsely populated areas,
radon potential maps can only be generated with geological predictive tools, especially in those areas where no houses have
yet been built. Because indoor radon measurement data and geological information relevant to radon are very limited in Canada,
a multi-step strategy is also worth considering in addition to the multi-tier approach. 相似文献
5.
人类活动是生物圈中最重要的活动之一.半个世纪以来,人类活动的重要特征就是人口的城市化.地球的岩石圈、水圈、气圈不断变化,其中许多剧烈的变化,表现为自然灾害,严重影响生态环境,对人类形成威胁.随着经济发展和人口的城市化,这种人类活动和生态环境的相互作用越来越紧密,自然灾害越来越严重.本文利用GDP作为人类活动的度量,定量地分析了人类活动和自然灾害的关系.另外强调,活动构造作为第四纪地质学研究的一部分,是了解环境演变和灾害发生机理的地学基础,将成为十分活跃的新研究领域. 相似文献
6.
Sam Schueth 《Geoforum》2008,39(2):926-941
The notion of cosmopolitanism is today gaining new relevance in attempts to understand how globalization in an increasingly interdependent world-society is affecting traditional identities, including that of the nation. We focus on a positive definition of cosmopolitanism as a sense of belonging to “the world as a whole”, expressed in responses to a question from the World Values Surveys (WVS) 1995-1997. In building a multilevel statistical model of the 21 national contexts of societal attitudes and values surrounding cosmopolitanism, we inject empirical analysis into what has, until now, been a largely rhetorical field of scholarship. Because the data are collected hierarchically, with individuals clustered into regions in turn grouped into countries, the model allows for the consideration of different concepts of cosmopolitanism across geographic contexts. A greater likelihood of cosmopolitan identification is found among individuals who are environmentalist, less patriotic, politically active, with higher levels of education, youthful, and a positive orientation to living among immigrants in places where relatively more immigrants reside. Respondents from countries in the former Soviet Union show a significantly higher sense of belonging to the world as a whole, a difference attributed to the lack of confidence in the post-Communist regimes of these states in the 1990s. 相似文献
7.
Peter J. Taylor 《GeoJournal》2000,52(2):157-162
The influence of globalization on the future study of political geography is investigated through research on world cities. It is argued that political geography, like most social science, has been excessively state-centric in its organisation and that this will not help in understanding new transnational processes within contemporary globalization. Study of the state should not be abandoned, of course, but it must be set in a new context where much politics takes place beyond the state. This is illustrated through using the world city network as an alternative spatial framework to the world political map. The political geography of the twenty first century will have to incorporate traditional concern for political areas with new concerns for power networks in more subtle geographies than heretofore. 相似文献
8.
地下水区域环境评价的几个问题 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
在进行区域环境评价时,对地下水环境的评价应当占有相当的地位。文章作者主要探讨了： (1)对一个区域进行战略环境评价时,应当考虑当地的水资源和水环境条件,不能因为新上 建设项目造成当地居民生活质量的下降。(2)正确处理少占耕地和保护水源的矛盾,既要保 护耕地,也要保护水源。(3)当河水与地下水有水力联系时,即使污水是达标排放的,也可 能引起地下水的污染,使之不符合供水标准。对于此种情况应当慎重对待。(4)探讨了地下 水污染源调查的要点。正确地认识和解决上述问题,有助于提高区域环境评价的质量。 相似文献
9.
David Carr 《Geoforum》2006,37(1):94-103
Agricultural frontiers are hot spots for the most dramatic land cover change in the history of humankind: forest conversion to agriculture. They are also areas of unusually rapid population growth and acute poverty, with scant access to public services and infrastructure. Although a large body of literature explores the determinants of land cover change on the frontier, one issue that has been largely unstudied is that of frontier political and socio-economic development. This paper reports on data from 28 communities along an agricultural frontier in a core conservation zone of the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR), where the predominant land tenure systems at the community level appear to be related not only to land use, but also to political organization and human development indicators. 相似文献
10.
J. Oluwole Oyebanji Prof. 《GeoJournal》1986,12(1):111-114
Summary and Conclusion In this paper, it has been demonstrated that wide disparities exist among the various local government areas of different states of Nigeria, notwithstanding the country's golden social policy goal of building an egalitarian and oppresion-free society. If the results obtained in the four states used as case studies above are anything to go by then Nigeria has to be more serious in developing ways and means of bridging the gap between the advantaged and the disadvantaged areas of the country. Part of this would involve more positive discrimination in favour of the less privileged areas in subsequent resource allocations by governments, community leaders and individual philanthropists (Oyebanji 1984). Really there is no doubt that if all areas had equal amount of influence in the manner that common resources are distributed, there definitely would have been greater degree of equality. In general, the relatively more advanced areas in each state are either urban centers and/or the seat of government — whether state or local government — or those in which the efforts of governments have been heavily subsidized through community self-help projects. The reality of this situation in the Nigerian environment has already been established elsewhere (Oyebanji 1980). Consequently it will be of immense benefit to the states under study to promote both widespread urbanization on the one hand and the spirit of self-involvement on the other hand.Despite the social relevance of this type of research however, the limitation imposed by lack of valuable and reliable data in Nigeria is extremely serious. Nevertheless, if the social state of the nation has to be carefully monitored, there must be a very marked improvement in the present social data bank of the country. As the present study has emphasized, data on many vital aspects of level of living are either dearth or non-existent altogether. Consequently, social reporting in Nigeria currently has a long way to go. It is therefore important to point out that for now the results of this and similar studies should be regarded as exploratory but nevertheless very valuable. 相似文献
11.
Volcanic eruptions increasingly present catastrophic natural risks with hundreds of millions of people now living in areas of active volcanism and major conurbations around active eruptive centres. Interdisciplinary studies in disaster reduction have an important role in volcanic emergency management through advancing our understanding of the physical impacts of eruptive phenomena and the causes of death and injury in explosive eruptions. Numerical modelling of pyroclastic flows, amongst the most destructive of eruptive phenomena, provides new opportunities to improve the evaluation of the potential destructiveness of volcanic events and their human impacts in densely populated areas. In this work, the results of numerical modelling of pyroclastic flow propagation at Vesuvius have been analysed in terms of the physical parameters (temperature, ash in air concentration, and dynamic pressure) that are most critical for human survival. Our numerical simulations of eruptions of Vesuvius indicate that a large area exists where total destruction may not be inevitable in small to medium scale events, a finding that has prompted us to explore further the implications for human survival as part of an interdisciplinary approach to disaster reduction. The lessons of modelling at Vesuvius should be integrated into civil protection plans for other urban centres threatened by volcanoes. 相似文献
12.
Rural diversification in Croatia is well advanced because many rural families have been able to find work in secondary and
tertiary activities without the need to migrate to the towns. Many rural settlements have now attained an urban character
although there are regional variations, including a contrast between the continental zone with a relatively high level of
commitment to agriculture and the coastal areas, with pronounced ‘deagrarisation’ where the ports and tourist resorts are
well developed and the natural resource conditions for agriculture are poor. These variations are examined at the municipality
level with reference to two key indicators: the share of nonagricultural population and the share of workers in the total
active population. Four categories of socio-economic transformation are recognised: more urbanised, urbanised, less urbanised
and rural. The main regional differences between the continental and coastal areas are confirmed with the latter showing a
relatively high level of socio-economic transformation through the prominence of more highly urbanised municipalities.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
14.
Gertjan Dijkink 《GeoJournal》2000,51(1-2):65-71
The capital is the centre of the established order but it always had to accept a relatively uncontrollable world of individuals redefining urban space in their own way or pioneering new means of support. As their existence is both a political nuisance and a foreshadowing of institutional changes (sometimes revolutionary) of nation-wide importance, I call such ways of life political frontiers. One may wonder what will become of political frontiers in the information society (or postmodern society) that, apart from borderless, has been described as society without a centre as well. Actually information society is the prototype of a frontier society with self-responsible groups and individuals. However, capitals – even stripped of their governmental functions – may offer a symbolical environment (a condensation of space and time) that precisely satisfies the wants of those who wish to politicise a way of life. Niches for pioneering behaviour may get dispersed over a wider territory but new types of political activity will gravitate to the capital even if the capital's official political status has dwindled. 相似文献
15.
István Süli-Zakar 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):193-197
Cross-border cooperation is starting to overcome the isolation of frontier regions where interaction under the socialist system
was minimal. Change has been particularly apparent in areas where trans-frontier organisations on the ‘Euroregion’ model have
emerged. The Carpathian Euroregion is the first exclusively East European example of this approach and it has already made
a positive impact in overcoming backwardness in an area where four East European countries were in contact with the Former
Soviet Union. The paper outlines the challenge facing the Euroregion – and the national and local governments in the five
countries concerned – in providing non-agricultural employment for a large rural population augmented by return-migration
from the towns since 1989. Many small farming businesses have been started as a survival strategy but they cannot be economically
viable in a market situation. Although most people are satisified with their rural lifestyle, the inevitability of radical
consolidation in a future EU context could be politically destabilising if more jobs are not generated in manufacturing and
in an expanding tertiary sector.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
国家资源环境安全的要素综合评价 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
资源环境安全问题始终是世界各国持续发展的核心任务和基本诉求。考虑到单要素和整体两大分析方法的不足，提出一种针对性很强的要素综合分析方法。根据世界上10个人口超过 1亿以上国家的抽样分析表明，土地、水资源、矿产及生态环境的整体状态是决定国家资源环境安全的基本所在。与此同时，为了改善国家，特别是发展中国家的
资源环境脆弱状态和提高其稳定程度，第一是要严格控制人口增长；第二是努力推进本国资源环境开发的国际化进程；第三是增大智力投入以提高资源深度化加工；第四是加大本国生态环境保护力度。 相似文献
17.
Kirk H Stone 《Geoforum》1971,2(4):9-14
The expected increase of the world's population will be accompanied by a growth of the rural part. Some of the latter will be reflected in expansion of the inhabited area into the uninhabited. To provide knowledge for efficiency of this expansion a classification of the areally continuous and discontinuous settlement of Spain is delineated. The Continuous Settlement Region is in the north, east of a Léon-Bilbao line, north of the latitude of Toledo, and split in two by a NE-SW line through Teruel. The rest is the Discontinuous Settlement Region comprised of four occurrences of Inner Fringe Zone near the country's corners, two of the Middle Fringe Zone, and three of Outer Fringe Zone. Though new rural settling began in Spain in 1907 the principal effort has been during the past two decades under the National Colonization Institute whose work has been concentrated in the Inner Fringe Zone. It is there that continuing study is needed to provide guides for new rural settling elsewhere in the world. 相似文献
18.
Manuela Di Mauro Kusnowidjaia Megawati Veronica Cedillos Brian Tucker 《Natural Hazards》2013,68(2):373-404
A major tsunamigenic earthquake is expected in the near future along the coast of West Sumatra Province of Indonesia. In the city of Padang, the arrival time of the tsunami is expected to be ~30 min. Currently, there are approximately 400,000 people in the city living within the potential inundation zone. This study aimed to complement the existing research in appraising possible risk reduction interventions, specifically looking at enabling the timely evacuation of the area. This research, developed in consultation with national and local authorities, emergency planners and NGOs, analysed interventions for tsunami risk reduction in Padang through the development of a pedestrian and vehicular evacuation model and the appraisal of possible solutions to enhance the evacuation rates. Some of the conclusions from this research can be applied to other areas in Southeast Asia where the traffic patterns are similar to those in Padang and where the distance to safety is greater than 4–5 km. For the case of Padang, the results show that pedestrian evacuation is strongly preferable to vehicular evacuation due to the limited road capacity and the high population density. In the present situation, however, 70–80 % of the population in Padang could not evacuate within 30 min, even by foot. Common interventions such as widening roads and building bridges prove to be relatively ineffective in this case due to the large distance that has to be covered in a short time. These interventions would only have a decisive impact if a longer evacuation time was available (more than 60 min). In the case of Padang, the evacuation rate in the first 30 min is strongly dependent on the presence/absence of evacuation shelters, whose effectiveness is limited by the capacity of the structures. Building a few high-capacity and high-resilience structures such as evacuation hills is a more effective and robust evacuation strategy than constructing many small high-raised buildings. Even with evacuation structures, wider roads and bridges, about 20 % of the population would still be unable to reach safety by the time the tsunami arrives. This means about 70,000 people of Padang’s current population, which is rapidly increasing. The building of evacuation shelters may be a viable option for saving lives in the short term, but it is not a sustainable option in the medium to long term. It is therefore also necessary to set up and enforce regulations for land use planning that take into account the tsunami risk and prevent further urban development for the areas that may be affected by a tsunami. 相似文献
19.
Mats E. Eriksson 《Geology Today》2016,32(1):27-29
There is (or should be) an archived specimen, a reference copy if you like, for all living and fossil species that have been described scientifically. These physical specimens, so‐called name‐bearing type specimens, are housed at museums or academic institutes around the world for researchers to study and perhaps compare with their own material. But what about our own species, Homo sapiens? 相似文献
20.
R. S. Odingo Dr. 《GeoJournal》1981,5(6):521-530
The link between natural resources and economic development is more and more regarded as a fact today even though the whole process of development is only partially understood. The awareness has now spread to the developing countries of the world where resources have yet to be developed to bring about an improvement in standards of living especially for rural populations, as well as a general improvement in the quality of life for the people. Unfortunately many of the resources of these countries are still to be surveyed and development planning is often based on flimsy, inadequate or even unreliable natural resource data. The improvement of data base for resource planning would go a long way to ensure more knowledge about natural resources in developing countries and better use and management of the available resources. There are economic, technological and environmental difficulties to be overcome before more efficient natural resource utilization in these countries could be achieved. The role of population growth in resource realization is still clouded with an inconclusive debate. But even more important is the need for technological assistance and the application of modern technology to food and agriculture and to other resources to ensure a better life for the populations of developing countries. Developments in agriculture will need the greatest attention since it is a primary resource which provides employment for large proportions of the population, food for the rural and urban populations and exportable surpluses required for the purchase of industrial goods for use in the other sectors of the economy. The activities of transnational corporations distort developments in agriculture and mining in many developing countries and many of these countries are today making greater moves to realize full sovereignty over their natural resources as a first step towards more efficient and meaningful planning for economic growth and development. Energy resources, and in particular the development of new and renewable sources of energy, present one of the greatest challenges to developing countries. Examples of the development of rural energy systems in China and India are promising to open the way to alternative forms of energy for the rural masses of other similarly placed developing countries. Finally, new developments in the natural resources debate concerned with the sharing of the resources of the oceans as seen in the Law of the Sea Conference are a pointer to a more equitable approach to the use of global resources for the continued development of the developed as well as the developing countries of the world.The view expressed in this paper are those of the author alone and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations University. 相似文献