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通过对洱源-江川宽角反射地震资料的叠前偏移处理成像，得到了一个类似于近垂直入射多道地震数据的记录剖面.反射剖面图像与地壳速度结构共同揭示出地壳厚度由剖面西北端(约45 km)向东南端(约40 km)减薄.在洱源-楚雄西北附近深度约10 km处存在一组向东南倾斜的强反射震相，其东南约50 km处存在向西北倾斜的强射震相.易门断裂两侧地壳反射属性具有明显的差异，易门断裂之西北方向深度25～40 km处，中下地壳内存在两组强振幅，向东南方向上倾的地震反射同相轴，并被楚雄-建水断裂后期所错断，易门断裂之东南方向上，地壳内反射较为均一，未见特别明显的强间断面反射信息，这个反射结构被解释为印度板块东向俯冲与藏东缘地壳物质东向逃逸综合作用导致下地壳增厚和厚地壳变形的结果. 相似文献
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Although it is widely recognized that anisotropy can have a significant influence on the focusing and positioning of migrated reflection events, conventional depth imaging methods still operate with isotropic velocity fields. Here, we present an application of a 2D migration velocity analysis (MVA) algorithm, designed for factorized v(x, z) VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) media, to an offshore data set from West Africa. By approximating the subsurface with factorized VTI blocks, it is possible to decouple the spatial variations in the vertical velocity from the anisotropic parameters with minimal a priori information. Since our method accounts for lateral velocity variation, it produces more accurate estimates of the anisotropic parameters than those previously obtained with time‐domain techniques. The values of the anellipticity parameter η found for the massive shales exceed 0.2, which confirms that ignoring anisotropy in the study area can lead to substantial imaging distortions, such as mis‐stacking and mispositioning of dipping events. While some of these distortions can be removed by using anisotropic time processing, further marked improvement in image quality is achieved by prestack depth migration with the estimated factorized VTI model. In particular, many fault planes, including antithetic faults in the shallow part of the section, are better focused by the anisotropic depth‐migration algorithm and appear more continuous. Anisotropic depth migration facilitates structural interpretation by eliminating false dips at the bottom of the section and improving the images of a number of gently dipping features. One of the main difficulties in anisotropic MVA is the need to use a priori information for constraining the vertical velocity. In this case study, we successfully reconstructed the time–depth curve from reflection data by assuming that the vertical velocity is a continuous function of depth and estimating the vertical and lateral velocity gradients in each factorized block. If the subsurface contains strong boundaries with jumps in velocity, knowledge of the vertical velocity at a single point in a layer is sufficient for our algorithm to determine all relevant layer parameters. 相似文献
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低速带具有“自由表面、低速度、高吸收”的特征,能引起反射波能量减弱,产生很强的频散,造成近地表波场畸变,严重影响地震勘探的精度。而地震采集过程又不可避免遇到以下低速带问题:①低速带存在与否会对地震波传播造成什么影响;②近地表变化大,怎么才能得到精确的低速带参数;③存在低速带时,激发井深、最佳的药量(与子波频率有关)、最佳的耦合(与低速带速度相关)等采集参数会对采集资料的品质产生什么影响。本文通过数值模拟,集中对低速带与地震波激发的井深、速度、子波主频等核心采集参数的关系进行分析研究,同时在低速带背景下对数值模拟的网格、边界等问题也进行了讨论。模拟得到的波场特征及低速带参数影响的机理分析,对做好野外地震波激发,获取高品质的地震资料,具有理论意义和指导作用。 相似文献
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三维三分量(3D3C)陆地反射PS转换波共中心点(CMP)叠加成像方法,虽然抽道集简单,但是对实际资料处理结果往往不理想.尤其当反射界面为三维倾斜界面时,其成像质量较差.本文提出有三个主要因素影响其成像质量:第一,转换点离散.运用实例计算得出,转换点离散度随着纵横波速度比、偏移距和界面倾角的增大而增大.相同界面倾角,不同测线方位的转换点离散度不同,视倾角的绝对值越大离散度也越大;第二,道集内静校正量差异增大.CMP道集中,由于转换点离散使得转换点横向跨度较大,经倾斜界面反射转换的S波出射到近地表地层时的角度差异也较大,导致静校突出;第三,加大动校叠加复杂性.三维倾斜界面PS波CMP道集近炮检距时距方程可表示为双曲形式,但是曲线的顶点位置和动校速度同时随测线方位变化,使得CMP道集同相轴很难校平,动校叠加过程很复杂. 相似文献
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Acquisition and processing of high-resolution reflection seismic data from a survey within the complex terrain of the Bavarian Folded Molasse 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A high‐resolution reflection seismic survey was carried out in the southern part of the Bavarian Molasse Basin in 1998 and 1999. The survey aimed to investigate the near‐surface structure of the complicated transition from the unfolded Foreland Molasse to the Folded Molasse, and the Folded Molasse to the internally complicated thrust systems of the Helveticum, the Ultrahelveticum and the Rhenodanubian Flysch. The study is linked to the TRANSALP seismic project, and the results help to fill the gap between the surface and the upper 300–500 ms two‐way traveltime (TWT), typical of deep‐reflection seismic experiments. The environmental conditions encountered in the study area required that particular attention be paid to the acquisition parameters for the three seismic lines (each about 4 km long). The energy source was a small vibrator; the geophone spread, spacing and frequency range were adjusted to image reflectors, which were expected to dip steeply southwards. In general, the unprocessed field records did not show signals that could be attributed to specific reflectors. Individual trace processing considerably improved the data quality, taking into account the influence of the Quaternary cover and also the strong lateral velocity variations of the shallow subsurface. The effects of the various processing steps, such as muting, refraction statics, residual statics and velocity analysis, are discussed. To assess the NMO velocities, the qualitative analysis of the seismic energy in a common‐shotpoint gather offered advantages over an analysis in a common‐midpoint gather or in a stacked section, and proved to be very effective. As demonstrated along the Miesbach 9801 line, low‐velocity zones extend locally down to about 400 ms, adjacent to zones of extremely high velocities close to the surface, reflecting steeply dipping strata. Besides the Quaternary cover on top, the Miesbach 9801 and Miesbach 9802 lines exhibit many horizontal reflections, in places down as far as 1400 ms TWT, indicating the sedimentary sequences of the unfolded Foreland Molasse. The southern part of both lines is dominated by southward‐dipping reflection bands, indicating units of the Folded Molasse. The reflection pattern shown by the Miesbach 9901 line suggests that there is almost no Quaternary cover. Southward‐dipping elements reflect the internal structure of the Folded Molasse, whereas a rather diffuse reflection signature may be attributed to Rhenodanubian Flysch units. 相似文献
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目前转换波处理主要局限在水平层假设的前提下,使用斜层共转换点叠加有助于缩短处理流程,提高剖面质量.基于射线定律和几何关系,推导出了单一斜层的转换点位置迭代公式和解析表达式,对不同的深度比,速度比和角度正弦对转换点位置的影响作出分析并与平层渐近转换点公式对比.应用斜层方法对单一煤层进行速度比扫描,提取该属性并对煤层叠加成像,比平层假设方法更能反映目的层的变化.进一步使用插值模型使连续层叠加不再使用拼接方式,而是采用逐个采样点归位叠加的方式形成完整意义上的剖面.对实际资料的三个煤层和新生界进行了方法实验,比单一斜层叠加和水平层假设的效果有所提高. 相似文献
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在PS转换波资料处理过程中,往往需要联合P波资料提供相应的模型.在实际应用中存在P波和PS转换波层位对比困难.本文仅利用PS转换波数据,通过三维倾斜界面PS转换波CMP道集精确时距关系推导了近似时距解析表达式;分析了PS波的精确与近似时距关系随测线方位、界面倾角与倾向的变化规律及其拟合误差;并讨论了近似时距关系的三个时距参数随方位的变化特征;理论上给出描述时距的三维倾斜界面倾角、倾向、深度、纵波速度和横波速度这5个独立参数的估计方法,并通过理论模拟数据证明了该方法的可行性. 相似文献
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地下复杂介质地震处理中的CFP技术 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
要简要介绍CFP(Common Focus Point)方法技术的基本原理和主要应用。CFP是复杂介质地震处理中的一项新技术，它把叠前偏移分成两个独立的步骤：首先对检波点(炮点)进行聚焦处理，产生共聚焦点道集(CFP道集)，然后再对炮点(检波点)进行聚焦，产生叠前偏移的输出。两个步骤中间的CFP道集则可以进行其它处理。如果是为了寻找构造信息，那么可以应用共焦点CFP偏移；如果是为了寻找岩石、孔隙或流体的信息，则要应用双焦点CFP偏移。目前，该技术主要应用于：(1)CFP两步聚焦法偏移；(2)叠前深度偏移速度模型的建立；(3)试图通过算于而不是速度来解决复杂地表的静校正；(4)消除全程或层间多次波；(5)CFP方法基准面的延拓和盐下成像；(6)多分量地震资料的偏移成像。 相似文献
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A careful examination of the seismic refraction technique details the general assumptions and processes on which it is based. It is apparent that the normal interpretive process of determining velocity by hand fitting time breaks, while necessary to identify the refractors, is subject to imprecision. We describe a digital technique that calculates velocity and its precision from the time break measurements. The technique also facilitates examining for the possibility of systematic errors. Having observed the kind of imprecision that was apparent with velocity we extended our study to layer thicknesses (and thus depth) and found that the imprecision was significantly magnified. The technique and our claims for it are supported by an example of its application to a refraction survey in the Sturt Block, Western Australia. 相似文献
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苏北大陆科学钻探靶区深反射地震的叠前深度偏移 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
由于深反射地震数据具有信噪比低和记录长度长等特点,叠前深度偏移方法的应用有许多困难．为此,我们研究了一种适合于深反射地震的叠前深度偏移方法;包括：用逆风有限差分方法计算程函方程;在常规速度扫描的基础上,用协方差控制提高速度分析精度;用联合反演算法计算层速度,再插值后得到初始速度模型;用Ｋｉｒｃｈｈｏｆｆ法作为偏移速度分析工具,求得最终的速度模型;最终的速度模型作为有限差分深度偏移的输入,求得最终的偏移结果．用该方法对“中国大陆科学深钻工程”东海二维深反射地震数据ＤＨ－４线进行了叠前深度偏移,取得了良好的效果。 相似文献
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S. N. DOMENICO 《Geophysical Prospecting》1979,27(3):539-563
Inferior reflection quality in the Gulf of Suez at the target depth interval is attributable in part to surficial multiple reflections. An excellent example of the latter is observed on a typical seismic line in the northern portion of the Gulf. An increase in prominence of the multiple reflections appears associated with decreasing depth to a dipping highvelocity layer. Inversion of a second-order polynomial time-distance function, fitted to the observed refraction onset time-distance values, gives the velocity-depth function for sediments between the water bottom and a high-velocity layer. Velocities thus determined increase non-linearly with depth from a value near water velocity at the water bottom. Depths to the high-velocity layer are obtained from the associated head-wave linear time-distance function and by ray tracing in the overlying sediments. As the high-velocity layer approaches the water bottom from sub-water depths exceeding 0.6 km to a depth of 56 m, intensity of the multiple reflections increases to the extent of completely dominating individual records to a time of at least 3 s. The estimated plane-wave normal-incident reflection coefficient at the top of the high-velocity layer increases with decreasing depth to this layer, approaching 0.5 at the shallowest depth. This strong reflection coefficient further substantiates the existence of multiple reflections between the high-velocity layer and water layer. However, existence of water-layer multiples cannot be ruled out. The estimated water-bottom reflection coefficient is approximately 0.3, a substantial value. Multiple reflections of considerably less intensity are apparent where the high-velocity layer is deepest, and it is likely that such are waterlayer multiple reflections. Unfortunately, water-layer multiple reflections and multiple reflections between the water surface and high-velocity layer cannot be separated by their coincidence with time-distance (normal moveout) curves, the configuration of each visibly matching the curves equally well. 相似文献
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本文介绍了多震相的层析成像的思路和算法，通过穿透和反射走时可以同时作出２维和３维慢度（速度的倒数）重建。我们分析了在穿透和反射数据中确定速度和深度的不确定性，并认识到深度扰动对反射走时异常比慢度扰动更敏感。由不同波类型所提供的对速度和深度的约束，这个算法实际上减少了在一般反射层析成像在速度和深度之间的不确定性，并且也避免了在穿透层析成像中的不确定问题。线性化反演是通过从反射界面深度由分离速度参数迭代进行的。使用一个快速的２－Ｄ和３－Ｄ射线跟踪算法来计算穿透和反射走时和对幔度及反射界面深度的偏导数。深度和速度都用立方Ｂ样条函数来进行参数化。合成例子表明，当同时考虑穿透和反射时间，层析成像的结果得到改进。这个方法也应用到英国煤炭测量局（ＢｒｉｔｉｓｈＣｏａｌＭｅａｓｕｒｅｓ）沿跨线排列所记录的逆ＶＳＰ数据组。通过使用波形配合技术，用同时确定时间延迟和叠加权，可以自动拾取旅行时间。所观察到的逆ＶＳＰ层析成像可比周围介质具有较低速度的两个断层区域成像。断层的位置由附近的反射测线所确定。本文还讨论了在复杂２－Ｄ和３－Ｄ非均匀各向同性介质中地震射线跟踪方法。界面的几何形状和水平速度场都通过使用非均匀步长立方Ｂ－样条节点 相似文献
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在中国大陆科学钻探孔区 (江苏省东海县南部 )进行了系统的地球物理调查 ,包括二维地震测网和专门的地震剖面 ,大地电磁法和位场方法等 .地震调查表明 ,在超高压变质岩出露区上地壳充满了反射体 ,包括倾斜反射体与上拱的反射弧 .本文介绍大陆科学钻探先行研究中地震调查的成果 .根据大陆科学钻探预先导孔的岩芯和测井资料、井旁VSP和数值模拟结果证实 ,高波速的榴辉岩体、破碎断裂带和大型韧性剪切带都可引起倾斜的地震反射 ,而上拱的弧形反射体则是由近似直立的榴辉岩体和其中的破碎带的综合反映 .由于地壳深部广泛分布着经受变质的岩石 ,上述研究结果对标定地壳中的反射地震信号具有一定意义 相似文献
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T. L. DOBECKI 《Geophysical Prospecting》1973,21(2):330-339
The growing awareness of the significance of three-dimensional interpretation of seismic reflection data carries with it a need for better understanding of the role of the velocity configuration in the production of reflection patterns. Modeling the reflection responses of a simple dipping plane reflector through velocity models of various degrees of complexity demonstrates the importance of overlying velocities in determining the reflection pattern. Modeling is accomplished using a raytracing technique which determines total travel time of the normal incidence raypath through an arbitrary iso-velocity layer model. 相似文献
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Orhan Gureli 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(8):1805-1827
The refracted arrivals on seismic shot records have long been recognized as an efficient tool for the computation of detailed near-surface information. In this paper, a new concept of refraction static, which is based on the Radon transform and avoids the tedious process of picking first arrival times, is proposed. This method is particularly suitable when a rough near-surface problem necessitates the utilization of numerous shallow refraction data for the one reflector case. Quasi-linearity of refractors and a constant velocity medium are assumed within the shooting range. Synthetic and real cases have been tested to evaluate the performance of the method. The result is revealed to be satisfactory. Comparison of the synthetic model with the results obtained through the Radon transform reveals a very good accuracy for the proposed method. 相似文献