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1.
The Puigseslloses megalith tomb (Barcelona, Spain) is located on the summit of a hill in the Vic Plain where the sedimentary rocks that were used in its construction do not crop out. A sedimentological and petrological characterization of the monument's slabs and a multidisciplinary analysis of the outcropping materials in nearby areas has allowed the identification of three possible source areas associated with the Paleogene Banyoles Marls Formation and the Folgueroles Sandstone Formation and allows us to propose possible routes by which the slabs were transported from the catchment site to the place where the monument was built. In addition, the lithology and position of different slabs within the megalith denote the intention to separate the chamber from the corridor by using different types of slab. The position of the monument also reveals that tomb location was more of a priority than proximity to the slab sources. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

2.
The indoor exhibit of the Market Gate of Miletus is unique for an archaeological monument. The reconstruction of the gate was done in such a way that most marble fragments were removed leaving cored marble columns 3–4 cm in thickness. These cored columns were mounted on a steel construction and filled with different mortars or filled with specially shaped blocks of brick combined with mortar. All the missing marble elements were replaced by copies made of a Portland cement based concrete, which is compositionally similar to the original building materials. During the Second World War the monument was heavily damaged by aerial bombardment. For 2 years the Market Gate of Miletus was exposed to weathering, because a brick wall protecting the gate was also destroyed. The deterioration phenomena observed are microcracks, macroscopic fractures, flaking, sugaring, greying, salt efflorescence, calcitic-sinter layers and iron oxide formation etc. The rapid deterioration seems to be due to indoor atmospheric effects, and also by a combination of incompatible materials (e.g. marble, steel, mortar, concrete, bricks etc.). Compatible building materials like mortars or stone replacing materials have to be developed for the planned restoration. The requirements for restoration mortars are chemical-mineralogical and physical-mechanical compatibilities with the existing building materials. In detail this means that the mortar should ensure good bonding properties, adapted strength development and not stain the marble when in direct contact. The favoured mortar was developed with a hydraulic binder based on iron-free white cement and pozzolana based on activated clay. A special limestone and quartz sand mixture was used as an aggregate. The cement was adjusted using chemical additives. Specially designed tests were applied extensively to prove whether the developed mortar is suitable for the restoration of this precious monument.  相似文献   

3.
It is often necessary to locate the original quarry which supplied the stone for a particular historical building. This stones could be used for future restoration work and for testing in the laboratory (artificial aging tests, physical properties determination, control of the efficacy of conservation treatments, etc.). Generally, reviewing historical documentation gives information about the geographical setting of quarries and location of the stones in the monument, but this information needs to be proved by field and laboratory studies. The comparative study of stone from quarries and monuments should basically include the following: (1) mineralogical and petrographical studies; (2) the chemical analysis of major, minor and trace elements; (3)stable isotopes determinations; (4) physical properties of quarry materials and unweathered building stone (water absorption, ultrasound transmission velocity, porosity and porous system, density, bulk density, compressive strength, etc.). This methodology was applied to Málaga Cathedral stones represented in the main façade, towers, and the western zone of the terrace, which, according to historical literature, came from Almayate (Miocene–Pliocene limestones) and Cerro Coronado (Permotriassic sandstone) in Málaga. The conclusion of the comparative study carried out on quarries and building stones was consistent with the information available from the historical documentation.  相似文献   

4.
贾强  张鑫 《岩土力学》2010,31(6):1989-1994
板式基础托换法是应用在既有建筑物地下空间开发中的一种方法。它先施工拟建地下室的部分顶板,依靠板下土体支撑既有建筑物的荷载,同时开挖其余部分的土方。土方开挖后,再施工该区域的柱或墙等竖向构件以及底板;然后,依靠这部分底板支撑上部荷载,完成剩余的土方开挖和顶板、底板的施工。利用ANSYS建立三维有限元模型,分5个工况对托换施工过程进行分析,得到各部位柱脚的沉降规律：在土方开挖之前,中间部位柱脚的沉降大于周边部位的柱脚;土方开挖后,由于“卸载”作用中间部位柱脚出现明显的回弹,使得中间部位柱脚的沉降小于周边部位的柱脚。不均匀沉降值的大小和地基土的弹性模量以及上部结构是否加载有关。不均匀沉降产生的上部结构的附加弯矩可以通过建立二维有限元模型求出。  相似文献   

5.
Gypsum-based mortars were widely used during the Mudejar artistic period in Spain from the 12th to 16th century. During restoration works, compatibility between the new repair mortars and the original components is essential for an adequate intervention on the monument. The increasing interest of knowing the properties of the gypsum-lime-based mortars for restoration purposes justifies the research carried out. Different mortars compatible with traditional building materials were elaborated by varying the binder proportions, the type of aggregates, the binder/aggregate ratios and the curing time. The main goal of this paper is to characterize the mechanical behaviour and the pore structure of the mortars as a function of curing time. The influence between the different variables used to prepare the mortars and the development of the carbonation process over time is also considered. Mechanical strength and porosity measurements as well as X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis were performed after curing times of 1, 28 and 90 days. The results obtained confirmed a progressive increase in mechanical strength linked to the carbonation of the mortars prepared. Less lime binder and also aggregate contents showed the highest rise in strength over time, related to the highest initial porosity which favoured the carbon dioxide flow. The use of siliceous aggregates (GL-QS mortars) obtained the best results in the development of physico-mechanical properties over curing time. The knowledge obtained from the studied mortars provides practical information to establish a suitable mortar mixture for restoration works on historic buildings and modern architecture where gypsum-lime-based mortars are used.  相似文献   

6.
Recent seismic tomography has revealed various morphologies in the subducted lithosphere. In particular, significant flattening and stagnation of slabs around the 660-km boundary are seen in some areas beneath the northwestern Pacific subduction zones. We examined the cause of slab stagnation in terms of the Clapeyron slope of the phase transformation from ringwoodite to perovskite + magnesiowüstite, trench retreat velocity, dip angles, and high viscosity of the lower mantle based on two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulations of thermal convection. In particular, we examined the conditions necessary for slab stagnation assuming a very small absolute value of the Clapeyron slope, which were proposed based on recent high-pressure, high-temperature (high P–T) experiments. Our calculations show that slabs tend to stagnate above the 660-km boundary with an increasing absolute value of the Clapeyron slope, viscosity jump at the boundary, and trench retreat velocity and a decreasing initial dip angle. Stagnant slabs could be obtained numerically for a realistic range of parameters obtained from high P–T experiments and other geophysical observations combining buoyancy, high lower-mantle viscosity, and trench retreat. We found that a low dip angle of a descending slab at the bottom of the upper mantle plays an important role in slab stagnation. Two main regimes underlie slab stagnation: buoyancy-dominated and viscosity-dominated regimes. In the viscosity-dominated regime, it is possible for slabs to stagnate above the 660-km boundary, even when the value of the Clapeyron slope is 0 MPa/K.  相似文献   

7.
The Hawara Pyramid is an outstanding monument. However, the mudbrick structure shows signs of erosion, and the passages and chambers are currently submerged. The problem of water ingress has mainly arisen since the 1880s. In this study, an initial assessment of the pyramid structure was made and causes of water ingress were investigated through analysis of water samples. Stable oxygen isotope measurements indicate that the source of water within the pyramid is the Bahr Selah canal. Water within the pyramid is highly saline compared to the Bahr Selah, and evaporation can only partly account for this high salinity. The composition of dissolved ions suggests that dissolution of salts in soils and from bedrock in the vicinity of the pyramid has enhanced the salinity of water percolating into the pyramid structure. Water ingress and salt deposition are at present the main threat to the integrity of the monument. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

8.
The church of Santa María del Naranco is an important monument from the pre‐Romanesque period of Asturian art. Here we present research that locates the probable source of travertine used in the construction of a vault within this monument. Since the genesis of this travertine is associated with spring activity, and archival evidence suggests that stone procurement during this period tended to be local, we surveyed existing carbonated aquifers within a 5‐km radius of the monument. We identified a spring (Sopeña) with an associated outcrop of discontinuous travertine that appeared to have been quarried in the past. We conducted X‐ray powder diffraction, electron microprobe, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses of samples extracted from the suspected travertine source, an additional more distant travertine quarry for comparison, and the vault. Matching mineralogy and geochemistry indicate that the Sopeña travertine was the probable source of rock material used in the construction of the vault. This study provides insight into local ancient monument construction and can assist in procuring original stone material for historical restoration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

9.
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) has been employed successfully to determine the ages of palaeosols from earthen mounds in the southeastern USA, providing archaeologists with a means of dating monument construction in the absence of carbonaceous materials and geologists with a setting for understanding factors that can affect the luminescence intensity (i.e., burial dose) of soils. However, OSL dating has not been adequately tested on mounds whose principal component is sand, shell, or a combination of these two, despite the fact that monuments composed of such materials are common to the coasts and interior coastal plains of the region. Radiocarbon dating of bone collagen and soil‐carbon and OSL dating of quartz grains extracted from the fill of mounds at the Crystal River and Roberts Island sites on the west‐central coast of Florida, USA are used to determine the timing and history of mound construction at the sites. Comparison of OSL and radiocarbon ages on materials from the same or closely related contexts provides insight into factors influencing age determinations in mound fill deposits, particularly the type of construction material (sand or shell) and the manner in which these were deposited. The results contribute to the understanding of the temporal context of platform mound construction in southeastern USA.  相似文献   

10.
In recent years, the discoveries of dinosaur footprints have been successively reported from Dianshi Town, Zizhou City, Shaanxi Province. The footprints include the tracks of theropod, ornithopod and sauropod as well. Actually, the dinosaur footprints were found by local inhabitants much earlier in history, but not for science. The slabs bearing the dinosaur footprints were collected for domestic use, such as building stones, millstones, cellar covers, sheepfold fences, windlass holders, etc. This paper is to describe the dinosaur footprints on both sides of three slabs used for cellar covers, sheepfold fences and windlass holders by the local people. 24 dinosaur footprints and 4 trackways have been recognized and all of them belong to theropod. Four kinds of dinosaur footprints are identified, including 1 new ichnogenus and 2 new ichnospecies: (1) Shanbeipus caudatus ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.; (2) Pengxianpus yulinensis ichnosp. nov.; (3) Eubrontes ichnosp; (4) Kayentapus ichnosp. Dinosaur-footprint-bearing beds were initially identified as the Fuxian Formation of the Lower Jurassic. Multipal dinosaur footprints associated with fragment plant fossils suggest a humid fluvio-lacustrine environment setting in the Ordos Basin during the early period of the Jurassic.  相似文献   

11.
Bowing of dimensional granitic stones   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Bowing is a well-known phenomenon seen in marbles used as building veneers. This form of rock weathering occurs as a result of external factors such as temperature, humidity, the system for anchoring the marble slabs or the panel dimensions. Under the same external conditions, many factors will determine the degree of deformation including petrography, thermal properties and residual locked stresses. The usual way to solve the problem of bowed marble slabs is to replace them with other materials, such as granites, in which the deformation still exists but is less common. In this study, eight ornamental granites with different mineralogy, grain size, grain shape, porosity and fabric were tested in a laboratory to assess their susceptibility to bowing. Three slabs of granite, each cut with a different orientation, were studied under different conditions of temperature (90 and 120°C) and water saturation (dry and wet) to investigate the influence of these factors together with that of anisotropy. At 90°C, only the granite with the coarsest grain size and low porosity exhibited deformation under wet conditions. At 120°C and wet conditions, three of the granites showed evident signs of bowing. Again, the granite with the coarsest grain size was the most deformed. It was concluded that the wide grain size distribution influences microcracking more than other expected factors, such as the quartz content of the rock. Also, mineral shape-preferred orientation and porosity play an important role in the bowing of the studied granites.  相似文献   

12.
Petrographic, mineralogical, and stable isotopes (δ13C, δ18O values) compositions were used to characterise marbles and sedimentary carbonate rocks from central Morocco, which are considered to be a likely source of ornamental and building material from Roman time to the present day. This new data set was used in the frame of an archaeometric provenance study on Roman artefacts from the town of Thamusida (Kenitra, north Morocco), to assess the potential employment of these rocks for the manufacture of the archaeological materials. A representative set of samples from marbles and other carbonate rocks (limestone, dolostone) were collected in several quarries and outcrops in the Moroccan Meseta, in a region extending from the Meknes–Khenifra alignment to the Atlantic Ocean. All the samples were studied using a petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical methods. The petrographic and minerological investigations (optical microscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction) allowed to group the carbonate rocks in limestones, foliated limestone, diagenetic breccias and dolostone. The limestones could be further grouped as mudstones, wackestones–packstones, crinoid grainstones, oolitic grainstone and floatstones. Textural differences allowed to define marbles varieties. The stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition proved to be quite useful in the discrimination of marble sources, with apparently less discriminatory potential for carbonate rocks.  相似文献   

13.
To understand the effect of monsoon and marine environment on the colour of building stones of the ‘Gateway of India’ monument, 133 samples from different areas were assessed. Colour changes were evaluated using Microflash 200d colour spectrophotometer over a period of 1 year. The alteration in the stones effecting the colour change was studied by petrographic thin section, which shows that the colour change is associated with weathering of the feldspars.  相似文献   

14.
Multiscale seismic tomography and mantle dynamics   总被引：15，自引：10，他引：5  
Dapeng Zhao   《Gondwana Research》2009,15(3-4):297-323
In this article we first introduce the methodology of multiscale seismic tomography and the way to interpret the obtained tomographic images, and then review the significant recent results of multiscale seismic tomography with emphasis on mantle plumes and subducting slabs. Global and regional tomography shows that most of the slab materials under Western Pacific and East Asia are stagnant in the mantle transition zone before finally collapsing down to the core–mantle boundary as a result of large gravitational instability from phase transitions. Local and teleseismic tomography studies have imaged clearly the subducting slabs and arc magma chambers in the upper-mantle wedge, indicating that geodynamic systems associated with arc magmatism and back-arc spreading are related to deep processes, such as convective circulation in the mantle wedge and dehydration reactions of the subducting slab. Because most hotspots are located in poorly instrumented continental and oceanic regions, 3-D crust and upper-mantle structure is determined for only a few hotspots such as Iceland, Yellowstone and Eifel which are covered by seismic networks, and plume-like slow anomalies are revealed under those hotspots. Global tomography has revealed deep mantle plumes under the major hotspots such as Hawaii, Iceland, Kerguelen, South Pacific and Africa. Strong lateral heterogeneities are revealed at the bottom of the mantle, which are associated with the deeply subducted slabs and the birth of mantle plumes. A thorough understanding of the deep Earth structure will only be achieved by a combination of more effective seismic imaging techniques and dense coverage of global seismic networks, particularly in the oceans.  相似文献   

15.
W.P. Schellart   《Tectonophysics》2007,445(3-4):363-372
A geodynamic model exists, the westward lithospheric drift model, in which the variety of overriding plate deformation, trench migration and slab dip angles is explained by the polarity of subduction zones. The model predicts overriding plate extension, a fixed trench and a steep slab dip for westward-dipping subduction zones (e.g. Mariana) and predicts overriding plate shortening, oceanward trench retreat and a gentle slab dip for east to northeastward-dipping subduction zones (e.g. Chile). This paper investigates these predictions quantitatively with a global subduction zone analysis. The results show overriding plate extension for all dip directions (azimuth α = − 180° to 180°) and overriding plate shortening for dip directions with α = − 90° to 110°. The wide scatter in data negate any obvious trend and only local mean values in overriding plate deformation rate indicate that overriding plate extension is somewhat more prevalent for west-dipping slabs. West-dipping subduction zones are never fixed, irrespective of the choice of reference frame, while east to northeast-dipping subduction zones are both retreating and advancing in five out of seven global reference frames. In addition, westward-dipping subduction zones have a range in trench-migration velocities that is twice the magnitude of that for east to northeastward-dipping slabs. Finally, there is no recognizable correlation between slab dip direction and slab dip angle. East to northeast-dipping slabs (α = 30° to 120°) have shallow (0–125 km) slab dip angles in the range 10–60° and deep (125–670 km) slab dip angles in the range 40–82°, while west-dipping slabs (α = − 60° to − 120°) have shallow slab dip angles in the range 19–50° and deep slab dip angles in the range 25–86°. Local mean deep slab dip angles are nearly identical for east and west-dipping slabs, while local mean shallow slab dip angles are lower by only 4.7–8.1° for east to northeast-dipping slabs. It is thus concluded that overall, there is no observational basis to support the three predictions made by the westward drift model, and for some sub-predictions the observational basis is very weak at most. Alternative models, which incorporate and underline the importance of slab buoyancy-driven trench migration, slab width and overriding plate motion, are better candidates to explain the complexity of subduction zones, including the variety in trench-migration velocities, overriding plate deformation and slab dip angles.  相似文献   

16.
We report on the initial phase of assessing numerically the seismic vulnerability of sections of the Temple of Apollo in Bassae, in the W. Peloponnesus, Greece. The site is exposed to large subduction earthquakes and to smaller local extensional events. In this phase the only link with the seismotectonic environment is the selection of representative recorded accelerograms for numerical analysis. The analysis confirms the highly non-linear nature of the response of megalithic structures relying for their stability on the friction and cohesion between the constituent blocks. Intact sections of the Temple showed substantial resistance to strong ground motions due to their capacity to absorb energy with large relative movements of the building blocks that do not impair the stability of the structure. However, imperfections typical of the present condition of the monument, namely deterioration of the building stones and of the foundation material, substantially reduce the stability threshold. Powerful numerical tools are available to assist rational schemes for the protection of ancient structures and to subject archaeological hypotheses to numerical tests. This analysis quantifies the effects of weaknesses of the structure and allows testing the effectiveness of strengthening procedures. In the archaeological context there is a strong interaction with the ongoing geodynamic processes.  相似文献   

17.
本文通过筼筜地区高层建筑物基础沉降监测环的选点、埋没标志、观测、平差,得出高层建筑物基础沉降随时间变化曲线图。并分析各沉降点的累计沉降、沉降速率、基础倾斜等各自特征和机制。指出各幢大楼基础沉降的最大幅度,并提出今后继续监测和防治的建议。  相似文献   

18.
The thermal rock properties are particularly important for natural stones whenever a temperature change may occur, which becomes particularly important when different materials are combined on any architectural structure. The thermal expansion of a rock is dependent on the coefficients of the expansion of the individual rock-forming minerals and the rock fabric. A systematic study on 65 different stones, mostly granitoids and others magmatic rocks, most of them are often used as dimensional building stones, was performed. Temperature and moisture are very important parameters in the natural environment. Therefore, the thermal expansion, and in addition the thermohygric expansion on selected examples, was measured. The data were also discussed considering the effect of the mineralogy and the temperature. A modeling approach was introduced to show how the mineralogy and the related single crystal properties affect the thermal properties and how good a simple calculation can help to characterize the measured thermal expansion of a rock. The directional dependence of the thermal expansion was also discussed and explained based on detailed rock fabric measurements. In this study, the bowing of granitoid samples was tested and compared with bowing phenomena of granitoid facade panels. The slabs were cut in different directions and were studied under different conditions of temperatures and water saturation. It could be clearly documented that the temperature and the moisture have a control on the bowing behavior. The implication of our data is that thermal expansion depends greatly on wetting and drying, i.e., the thermal cracking is characterized by the residual strain observed after cooling to room temperature. The sensitivity to the thermal cracking has a significant control on the application in architectural constructions.  相似文献   

19.
Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb dating, laser-ablation multi-collector ICPMS Hf isotope and electron microprobe element analyses of inherited/antecrystal and magmatic zircons from five granitoid intrusions of Linxi area, in the southern segment of the Great Xing’an Range of China were integrated to solve continental crustal growth mechanisms. These intrusions were divided into two suites. Suites 1 and 2 are mainly granodiorite and syenogranite and correspond to magnesian and ferroan granites, respectively. SHRIMP dating establishes an Early Cretaceous (135–125 Ma) age for most Linxi granitoids and a time of ∼146 Ma when their source rocks were generated or re-melted. However, some granitoids were generated in Early Triassic (241 Ma) and Late Jurassic (146 Ma), after their source rock experienced precursory melting episodes at 263 Ma and 165 Ma, respectively. All zircon 206Pb/238U ages (<300 Ma, n = 100), and high positive zircon εHf(t) values (n = 175) suggest juvenile source materials with an absence of Precambrian basement. Hf–Nd isotopic decoupling of Linxi granitoids suggests a source component of pelagic sediments, i.e. Paleozoic subduction accretion complexes. Zircon εHf(t) values (t = 263–165 Ma) form a trend sub-parallel to the depleted mantle Hf isotope evolution curve, whilst those with t = 146–125 Ma fall markedly below the latter. The first trend indicates a provenance from essentially subducted oceanic slabs. However, the abrupt εHf(t) decrease, together with extensive Early Cretaceous magmatism, is interpreted as reflecting mantle upwelling and resultant underplating, and exhumation of subducted oceanic slabs. Suite 1 granitoids derive mainly from subducted oceanic slabs or Paleozoic subduction accretion complex, whereas Suite 2 from underplated mafic rock and, subordinately, Paleozoic subduction accretion complex. Compositions of Suites 1 and 2 depend on the hydrous, oxidized or relatively anhydrous, reduced nature of source rocks. Among each of these five intrusions, magmatic zircons have systematically lower 176Hf/177Hf than inherited/antecrystal zircons. Hf isotopic and substituting element profiles through inherited/antecrystal zircons (t = 263 to ∼146 Ma) indicate repeated low melt-fraction melting in the source region. In contrast, profiles through inherited/antecrystal and magmatic zircons (t = 146–125 Ma) reveal melting region expansion with a widening range of source compositions and increasing melt fractions. These results lead to the conclusion that continental growth in this region involved a three-step process. This included subduction accretion and repeated underplating, intermediary differentiation of juvenile rocks, and granitoid production from these differentiated rocks.  相似文献   

20.
Both a low-cost and easily handled nondestructive methodology and its validation criterion are proposed. The methodology is based on image analysis by mathematical morphology for the assessment of decayed stone surfaces in historic limestone buildings. It is adapted to follow the evolution, at macroscopic time and space scales, of stone materials used in art pieces and monument building stones. This methodology is applied to the quantitative analysis of textures of static grey-tone CCD video camera images representative of flat stone structures that cannot be handled. These structures line the walls inside an important church, Basílica da Estrela, built in the 18th century and located in the city of Lisbon. Detailed visual/tactile observation shows that these flat vertical structures are more or less damaged depending on their position inside the church. The damage is possibly associated with different environment conditions both from the atmosphere inside the church and from contact with the walls of the church. The presence of these pathologies breaks down the order and organization of sound rock textures introducing changes in the topographical and optical characteristics of the texture of the surfaces. This new methodology is based on the granulometry and covariance analysis of grey-tone images corresponding to the structures studied. The validation criterion allows the results of the proposed methodology to be compared to the results of a previous qualitative study made by experts in the field using visual assessment and monument mapping as a valid methodology to assess the degree of decay. This procedure is based on optical and topographical characteristics and type of decay of the stone surface, and the quantity of material lost from the surface of the panels during the year. As discussed in this paper, in the context of cultural heritage, the proposed methodology was validated and its results can be considered an improvement on and complementary to expert visual analysis and also to other nondestructive techniques.  相似文献   

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