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1.
基于DEM影像的黄土区域地形自动分割及沟头识别 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《地理与地理信息科学》2017,(4)
进行区域地形的自动分割和地理对象的识别提取,对于现代地理分析具有重要意义。该文运用影像分析方法,以中国黄土高原的典型地貌区为实验区,提出了基于DEM影像的地形自动分割和沟头识别方法。在黄土区域地形分割中,以沟谷分支点为种子点,以地表剖面曲率特征分析结果为生长准则,实现了沟间地、沟坡地、沟底地的区域自动分割;在沟坡地形自动分割的基础上,运用面向对象的目标分类识别思路,结合对象的地形和水文特征,进行了沟头对象的自动识别。实验结果表明:地形自动分割结果精度均大于90%,沟头对象的识别准确度为88.27%,验证了该文方法的有效性和可靠性。 相似文献
2.
基于栅格数字高程模型自动提取黄土地貌沟沿线技术研究 总被引：36，自引：2，他引：34
从数字高程模型中提取具有精确定位特征的连续的沟沿线是构建黄土沟壑丘陵地区土壤侵蚀,泥沙搬运和径流过程的空间分布式机理－过程模型的关键技术。本文提出了基于地貌形态学特征的地貌提取技术,在提取具有代表性的黄土丘陵沟壑区山西离石王家沟流域汇流网络的基础上,自动提取了该流域完整的沟沿线,得到了满意的结果。 相似文献
3.
面向DEM地形复杂度分析的分形方法研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
在基于栅格DEM数据的基础上,应用分形几何学方法,采用元分维模型理论,提出一种描述DEM地形复杂度的分形分析方法,并得出分析指标———地形分维指数(TFI)。实验证明,该指标可以有效描述栅格DEM数据反映的地形变化特征,分析窗口由小到大的规律性变化反映出地貌从微观到宏观的变化情况,因此其既可以作为对栅格DEM所描述地形进行评价的坡面因子,又可以作为基于DEM的地貌类型区自动划分的参照依据。 相似文献
4.
基于DEM的地貌实体单元自动提取方法 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：13
我国传统地貌基本形态类型分类强调地貌单元的完整性,界线划分沿地貌实体边界而非规则统计单元,目前尚缺乏地貌实体单元的有效自动提取方法。针对这一难点,本文提出一种基于DEM的地貌实体单元数字提取方法。利用坡度分级,并搜索相邻栅格单元、计算坡度级别内相互连通栅格的面积,建立坡度、面积阈值综合判别规则进行山地平原的自动划分;利用地形倒置、水文淹没分析,将山体划分的二维判别规则扩展到实际三维地形中,并结合地形结构线提取算法进行山体界线自动提取、确定山地地貌实体单元。结果表明,该方法符合我国传统地貌分类体系,能够较好实现山地/平原的自动划分和山体界线的数字提取。 相似文献
5.
《地理与地理信息科学》2017,(4)
基于DEM的沟谷网络提取过程中,汇流阈值的确定是其关键步骤。目前该阈值的确定大多是通过随机选择、经验判断或目视观察等方式,主观性较强。为解决沟谷网络提取汇流阈值不确定性问题,该文以黄土高原典型小流域样区的5m分辨率DEM为实验数据,提出一种基于沟头点群汇流分布的沟谷提取汇流阈值自适应确定方法。首先,基于DEM提取沟沿线;其次,依据汇流关系提取沟头点位;再者,基于汇流矩阵提取各沟头点位置的汇流值;最后,基于沟头点群的汇流频率分布确定沟谷网络自动提取阈值,并利用Horton定律的沟谷网络平均分枝比自适应确定阈值。结果显示,该方法所采用的阈值处于相对合理汇流值区间内,且利用该阈值提取的沟谷网络与实际吻合度较好,可应用于黄土高原不同地貌类型区。同时,基于DEM的沟头点位提取,并依据沟头点位的汇流特征,可自适应快速选择不同地貌类型的沟谷汇流阈值,并准确提取沟谷网络。 相似文献
6.
黄土地貌沟沿线研究综述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
黄土高原的沟沿线是最能体现黄土地貌形态特征的地形结构线.沟沿线的形态结构、层次级别、空间展布、发育趋势,既是黄土地貌最显著的外在表象,又深刻地映射着黄土地貌发育的内在机理.该文首先从沟沿线类型划分入手,在总结前人对线状地貌特征要素分类研究的基础上,分析了现有黄土地貌沟沿线类型划分体系;其次,从定量分析的角度,对现有沟沿线的量化指标研究现状进行了分析,系统归纳和总结了沟沿线自动提取技术的特点与适应性.此外,分析了基于沟沿线的黄土地貌研究进展,并从辩证的视角阐述了沟沿线研究科学内涵与发展趋势,对当前沟沿线研究存在的问题进行了深入剖析,展望了黄土地貌数字地形分析的发展前景. 相似文献
7.
滑坡负样本在统计型滑坡危险度制图中具有重要作用,能抑制统计模型对滑坡危险度的高估。当前滑坡负样本采样方法采集的负样本可信度未知,在负样本采样过程中,极有可能将那些潜在滑坡点错选为负样本,这些假的负样本会降低负样本集的质量和训练样本集的质量,进而影响统计模型的精度。本文基于“地理环境越相似、地理特征越相似”的地理学常识,认为与正样本有着相似地理环境的点极有可能是未来发生滑坡的点;与正样本的地理环境越不相似的点,则越有可能是负样本。基于此假设提出一种基于地理环境相似度的负样本可信度度量方法,将该方法应用于滑坡灾害频发的陇南山区油房沟流域,对油房沟进行滑坡负样本可信度评价制图;使用油房沟流域的滑坡发生初始面来验证该方法的有效性。结果发现：滑坡发生初始面上所有栅格点的负样本可信度平均值为0.26,超过95%的栅格点的负样本可信度都小于0.5,说明本文提出的负样本可信度度量方法合理。 相似文献
8.
《地理与地理信息科学》2017,(2)
在黄土高原数字地形分析中,基于DEM提取的地形参数和地貌对象是研究黄土地形地貌特征的基础。但在使用这些对象和参数进行小流域尺度的数字地形分析时,DEM数据中隐含的噪声在一定程度上会影响分析结果的可靠性。该文以分别位于陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区(绥德)和黄土塬区(淳化)的两个小流域为试验区,以国家基础地理数据库5m分辨率DEM为实验数据,以黄土地貌中最具典型特征的沟沿线为研究对象,对其地形剖面所隐含噪声的特征、提取及去除方法进行了研究。实验中采用EMD-MFDFA和EEMD-MFDFA两种组合方法对上述两个小流域黄土沟沿线地形剖面数据进行了分析。实验结果显示,沟沿线地形剖面数据噪声与地形复杂程度有很大关系;同EMD-MFDFA方法相比,EEMD-MFDFA对去除噪声成分具有更好的效果;EEMD-MFDFA方法在上述两个样区的沟沿线原始剖面与降噪后重构地形剖面的RMSE分别为2.053m和3.188m。 相似文献
9.
疏勒河上游流域地面坡谱特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
坡谱是以某项坡面因子为自变量,其对应的地面面积为因变量所构成的统计图表或模型。坡谱用微观的地形因子反映宏观的地貌特征的空间分异。以ASTER GDEM V002作为基础数据,利用Arc GIS中数字地形分析工具,提取了疏勒河上游流域的地面坡度、坡向、坡度变率、坡向变率,并分别进行了面积统计,绘制了坡谱曲线。结果显示:研究区以陡坡、斜坡为主,二者占总面积的74.16%,陡坡主要分布在疏勒南山、托来南山,斜坡则主要分布在山脉与盆地的过渡地带。在疏勒河盆地和昌马盆地,坡度变率较小,而坡向变率则较大。疏勒河上游流域地面坡谱反映出研究区地面起伏大,地形破碎。坡度变率、坡向变率对山脊线、疏勒河沟沿线具有重要的指示作用。 相似文献
10.
基于地块汇流网络的小流域水沙运移模拟方法研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
全流域逐地块水土流失计算,是目前水土保持定量评价的重要手段,其实现过程既需要有考虑地貌因子和上下游关系的土壤侵蚀模型,也需要建立全流域地块汇流网络,并与侵蚀模型有机连接。本文针对黄土高原特殊的地理条件和水土流失规律,对传统的基于栅格的小流域汇流技术进行了改进,考虑地块间上下游汇流关系,建立了基于地块的水沙汇流网络模型,模拟水沙在流域复杂下垫面的汇流过程,提取出流域各地块间的水沙汇流网络,并计算出3个重要参数:流域地块间水沙汇流的顺序、流域地块间水沙汇流数目的空间分配、水沙流经各地块的坡长。将土壤侵蚀模型按地貌部位与特征分为坡面模型、沟坡模型和沟道输移模型,与地块汇流网络有机集成,实现了水沙运移的全流域按地块沿程计算。 相似文献
11.
陕北黄土高原正负地形研究(英文) 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
The Loess positive and negative terrains (P-N terrains), which are widely distributed on the Loess Plateau, are discussed
for the first time by introducing its characteristic, demarcation as well as extraction method from high-resolution Digital
Elevation Models. Using 5 m-resolution DEMs as original test data, P-N terrains of 48 geomorphological units in different
parts of Shaanxi Loess Plateau are extracted accurately. Then six indicators for depicting the geomorphologic landscape and
spatial configuration characteristic of P-N terrains are proposed. The spatial distribution rules of these indicators and
the relationship between the P-N terrains and Loess relief are discussed for further understanding of Loess landforms. Finally,
with the integration of P-N terrains and traditional terrain indices, a series of un-supervised classification methods are
applied to make a proper landform classification in northern Shaanxi. Results show that P-N terrains are an effect clue to
reveal energy and substance distribution rules on the Loess Plateau. A continuous change of P-N terrains from south to north
in Shaanxi Loess Plateau shows an obvious spatial difference of Loess landforms and the positive terrain area only accounted
for 60.5% in this region. The P-N terrains participant landform classification method increases validity of the result, especially
in the Loess tableland, Loess tableland-ridge and the Loess low-hill area. This research is significant on the study of Loess
landforms with the Digital Terrains Analysis methods. 相似文献
12.
The Loess positive and negative terrains (P–N terrains), which are widely distributed on the Loess Plateau, are discussed for the first time by introducing its characteristic, demarcation as well as extraction method from high-resolution Digital Elevation Models. Using 5 m-resolution DEMs as original test data, P–N terrains of 48 geomorphological units in different parts of Shaanxi Loess Plateau are extracted accurately. Then six indicators for depicting the geomorphologic landscape and spatial configuration characteristic of P–N terrains are proposed. The spatial distribution rules of these indicators and the relationship between the P–N terrains and Loess relief are discussed for further understanding of Loess landforms. Finally, with the integration of P–N terrains and traditional terrain indices, a series of un-supervised classification methods are applied to make a proper landform classification in northern Shaanxi. Results show that P–N terrains are an effect clue to reveal energy and substance distribution rules on the Loess Plateau. A continuous change of P–N terrains from south to north in Shaanxi Loess Plateau shows an obvious spatial difference of Loess landforms and the positive terrain area only accounted for 60.5% in this region. The P–N terrains participant landform classification method increases validity of the result, especially in the Loess tableland, Loess tableland-ridge and the Loess low-hill area. This research is significant on the study of Loess landforms with the Digital Terrains Analysis methods. 相似文献
13.
黄土地貌沟沿线类型划分 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沟沿线是黄土高原地区地貌类型、土地类型及土地利用类型划分的基本分界线。在提出了沟沿线划分的基本原则的基础上,根据沟沿线的成因、空间分布、形态、数量、显著性、发展速度、扩展方式的差异为基本依据,充分研究黄土高原侵蚀机理与过程,结合大量的遥感判读与野外工作,提出了黄土地貌沟沿线类型划分体系。并进一步分析在黄土地貌水蚀沟谷不同发育阶段中沟沿线类型的变异,其结果也进一步体现出沟沿线发育的特点以及与黄土地貌沟谷发育的密切联系。 相似文献
14.
Min Cao Fang Zhang Jianyi Yang 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):1349-1363
Cellular automata (CA) have been used increasingly to simulate complex geographical phenomena. This paper proposes a CA model for simulating the evolution of dynamic positive and negative (P–N) terrains in a small loess watershed. The CA model involves a large number of attributes, including the state of P–N terrains, distance to the shoulder-line, neighbourhood condition and topographic factors. Topographic factors include the slope gradient, aspect, slope length, slope variation, aspect variation, plan curvature, profile curvature, relief amplitude and flow accumulation. The CA model was applied to simulate the evolution of P–N terrains in an indoor, small loess watershed under artificial rainfall. The transition rules for CA were constructed automatically using a decision-tree algorithm. The derived transition rules are explicit for decision-makers and helpful for generating more reliable terrains. The simulation produces encouraging results in terms of numeric accuracy and spatial distribution, in agreement with natural P–N terrains. The iterative processes show that loess negative terrains continuously erode positive terrains. The development of a loess sinkhole near the centre gully head was reproduced as well, which shows the function of loess sinkholes in the formation of loess channel systems. 相似文献
15.
顾及地貌结构特征的黄土沟头提取及分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
沟头是黄土地貌中发育最活跃的地貌部位,沟头的个体与群体对黄土沟间地的蚕食,成为监测黄土高原地面侵蚀演化的重要标识。有效获取并分析沟头的空间分布特征,对于系统、深入地研究黄土地貌的空间形态结构具有重要的意义。以陕北黄土高原典型地貌类型区为实验样区,设计并实现了基于5 m分辨率DEM的沟头提取算法,获取了各实验样区的沟头空间信息;运用点格局分析方法,分析了沟头的空间分布特征。实验结果显示,所提出顾及沟沿线的沟头自动提取方法,具有较好的合理性与精确性;同时,从黄土塬区、黄土残塬区到黄土丘陵沟壑区,随着沟壑发育程度的增强,沟头逐步逼近分水线,其空间分布呈现“远分水线聚集—随机—近分水线聚集”的变化格局。 相似文献
16.
In China's Loess Plateau severe gully erosion(LPGE)region,the shoulder-line is the most intuitive and unique manifestation of the loess landform,which divides a landform into positive and negative terrains(PNTs).The spatial combination model of PNTs is of great significance for revealing the evolution of the loess landform.This study modeled and pro-posed the Surface Nibble Degree(SND),which is a new index that reflects the comparison of the areas of PNTs.Based on 5 m DEMs and matched high-resolution remote sensing images,the PNTs of 164 complete watersheds in the LPGE were extracted accurately,and the SND index was calculated.The spatial distribution trend of SND was discussed,and the relation-ship between SND and the factors that affect the evolution mechanism of regional landform was explored further.Results show that:(1)The SND can be calculated formally.It can quantify the development of the loess landform well.(2)The SND of the LPGE has evident spatial differentiation that increases from southwest to northeast.High values appear in Shenmu of Shaanxi,Shilou of Shanxi,and northern Yanhe River,whereas the low values are mainly distributed in the southern loess tableland and the inclined elongated ridge area of Pingliang in Gansu and Guyuan in Ningxia.(3)In the Wuding River and Yanhe River,the SND decreases with the increase in flow length(FL).In the North-Luohe River and Jinghe River,the SND increases with FL.(4)SND is significantly correlated with gully density and sediment modulus and moderately correlated with hypsometric integral.As for the mechanism factors analysis,the relationship between loess thickness and SND is not obvious,but SND in-creased first and then decreased with the increase of precipitation and vegetation in each geographical division,and we found that the land use type of low coverage grassland has greater erosion potential. 相似文献
17.
DEM提取黄土高原地面坡度的不确定性 总被引：72，自引：0，他引：72
选择陕北黄土高原6个典型地貌类型区为试验样区,采用野外实测及高精度的1:1万比例尺DEM为基准数据,研究栅格分辨率及地形粗糙度对DEM所提取地面平均坡度精度的影响。结果显示,对于1:1万比例尺DEM,5 m是保证该地区地形描述精度的理想分辨率尺度;多要素逐步回归模拟的方法进一步揭示了DEM所提取的地面平均坡度误差E与栅格分辨率X以及地形起伏的代表性因子-沟壑密度S之间存在的量化关系为E = (0.0015S2+0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S+0.1625,该结果也为确定适用的DEM分辨率提供了理论依据。 相似文献
18.
A study on DEM-derived primary topographic attributes for hydrologic applications: Sensitivity to elevation data resolution 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Primary topographic attributes play a critical role in determining watershed hydrologic characteristics for water resources modeling with raster-based digital elevation models (DEM). The effects of DEM resolution on a set of important topographic derivatives are examined in this study, including slope, upslope contributing area, flow length and watershed area. The focus of the study is on how sensitive each of the attributes is to the resolution uncertainty by considering the effects of overall terrain gradient and bias from resampling. Two case study watersheds of different gradient patterns are used with their 10 m USGS DEMs. A series of DEMs up to 200 m grid size are produced from the base DEMs using three commonly used resampling methods. All the terrain variables tested vary with the grid size change. It is found that slope angles decrease and contributing area values increase constantly as DEMs are aggregated progressively to coarser resolutions. No systematic trend is observed for corresponding changes of flow path and watershed area. The analysis also suggests that gradient profile of the watershed presents an important factor for the examined sensitivities to DEM resolution. 相似文献
19.
Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning, especially in the Loess Plateau area of China which is suffering from serious soil erosion. DEM based slope extracting method has been widely accepted and applied in practice. However slope accuracy derived from this method usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope data uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. This paper focuses on how resolution and terrain complexity impact on the accuracy of mean slope extracted from DEMs of different resolutions in the Loess Plateau of China. Six typical geomorphologic areas are selected as test areas, representing different terrain types from smooth to rough. Their DEMs are produced from digitizing contours of 1:10,000 scale topographic maps. Field survey results show that 5 m should be the most suitable grid size for representing slope in the Loess Plateau area. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. A linear correlativity between mean slope and DEM resolution was found at all test areas, but their regression coefficients related closely with the terrain complexity of the test areas. If taking stream channel density to represent terrain complexity, mean slope error could be regressed against DEM resolution (X) and stream channel density (S) at 8 resolution levels and expressed as (0.0015S2+0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S+0.1625, with a R2 value of over 0.98. Practical tests also show an effective result of this model in applications. The new development methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation. 相似文献
20.
选用1:10 000高精度5.0 m分辨率的DEM数据,在陕北地区,按黄土地貌演化序列次序,遴选分别代表黄土残塬沟壑、梁状丘陵沟壑、峁状丘陵沟壑地貌的宜君、延安、绥德3个流域,研究其中1 831个沟谷横剖面19个因子的形态特征,利用主成分分析法确立核心因子,分析结果表明：① 沟谷深度、宽度、横剖面面积、宽深比、侵蚀度与不对称性指标的主成分累积贡献率为95.02%,为黄土沟谷横剖面核心指标;② 随级别的增加,3个流域沟谷宽度、横剖面积、宽深比、侵蚀度均呈现总体增加的态势,与黄土地貌发育阶段具有明显的空间耦合性,尤其是宽深比与侵蚀度指标,反映出低级别黄土沟谷溯源侵蚀现象明显,以下切侵蚀为主,而高级别沟谷沟沿线后移,以侧向侵蚀拓宽为主的规律;③ 随级别增加沟谷深度呈现先增后降的态势,并在中级别沟谷出现拐点,与实地调研发现沟谷在中级别下切侵蚀遇到基岩的现象相吻合。 相似文献