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新生代火山岩中的幔源包体可以提供有关上地幔的直接信息。通过对采自甘肃宕昌县好梯乡的幔源橄榄岩包体的详细研究 ,探讨该地区上地幔的热结构和流变学特征 ,并与华北地区进行对比。研究结果表明 ,该区自壳幔边界以下至 75km深处的上地幔主要由尖晶石二辉橄榄岩组成 ,75km以下则主要由石榴石二辉橄榄岩组成 ,方辉橄榄岩只占少数 ;与华北地区没有明显的差异。由包体平衡温度、压力建立的上地幔地温线低于华北地区地温线 ;确定的壳幔边界在 5 2km左右 ,莫霍界面附近为下地壳物质与尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的过渡带 ;岩石圈底界深度约为 12 0km左右。根据包体的研究结果建立了研究区上地幔的差异应力、应变速率和等效黏滞度剖面。结果表明 ,该区新生代时期存在软流层的底辟 ,以及相应的岩石圈的减薄 ,但其规模明显小于华北地区。这些结果表明该区处在中国东部大陆裂谷带和中国中部克拉通块体群的过渡带 相似文献
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华北北部下地壳的流变学特征——河北汉诺坝下地壳包体提供的信息 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
由玄武岩浆快速带到地表的下地壳包体可以提供有关下地壳的直接信息. 通过对华北汉诺坝玄武岩中下地壳麻粒岩相包体的详细研究探讨该地区下地壳的流变学特征. 采用适宜于麻粒岩包体的温压计计算其平衡温度和压力: 平衡温度在750~900℃之间, 平衡压力在0.8~1.2 GPa之间, 对应的来源深度为28~42 km之间. 这些数据补充和完善了原先所建立的下地壳-上地幔地温线. 采用动态重结晶颗粒粒度应力计计算出包体在下地壳条件下发生变形时的差异应力为14~20 MPa. 在综合对比了当前常用的下地壳岩石高温流变律, 认为Wilks等(1990)提出的麻粒岩流变律符合本区下地壳包体的流变特征, 由此计算的下地壳应变速率为10-13~10-11 s-1, 高于该区上地幔的应变速率(10-17~10-13 s-1); 其对应的等效黏滞度为1017~1019 Pa·s, 低于上地幔的等效黏滞度. 由所获数据做出的研究区下地壳流变学剖面表明, 差异应力随深度而变化的趋势不明显, 随深度增加应变速率变大而等效黏滞度变小. 研究结果支持软弱下地壳的观点. 相似文献
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通过对采自河北汉诺坝玄武岩中的下地壳和上地幔包体的详细研究 ,建立了本区下地壳—上地幔地温线。该地温线高于大洋地温线和古老地盾地温线 ,接近克拉通边缘的地温线 ,符合该区的大地构造环境。由该地温线建立的下地壳—上地幔地质结构剖面表明 ,该区下地壳主要由不同类型的麻粒岩相岩石组成 ,其化学成分以镁铁质为主 ,深度范围为 2 5～ 4 2km。上地幔由超镁铁质的二辉橄榄岩组成 ,在尖晶石二辉橄榄岩和石榴石二辉橄榄岩之间有一过渡层。由地温线确定的壳幔边界位于 4 2km附近 ,与地震资料确定的莫霍面一致 ,但在壳幔边界之上的下地壳底部有下地壳麻粒岩和超镁铁质岩的互层。这一现象可以解释在下地壳底部常见的层状反射层。该区岩石圈底界大约在 95km ,其下的软流层仍由石榴石二辉橄榄岩组成 相似文献
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琼北新近纪碱性橄榄玄武岩中广泛出露大型地幔岩捕虏体 (最大尺度 2 0cm) ,但前人尚未在第四纪玄武岩中发现过此类捕虏体。经过对采自第四纪玄武岩中 14 0余个样品的微观结构观测 ,发现天然氧化作用揭示出样品中部分粗粒橄榄石晶体发育位错构造 ;同时由橄榄石和辉石晶粒组成的某些集合体型斑晶的结构 ,与新近纪玄武岩中大型地幔岩捕虏体的结构相同 ,从而确定第四纪玄武岩中存在橄榄石捕虏晶和微型地幔岩捕虏体 (最大尺度为 4mm)。捕虏晶和微型捕虏体的存在表明第四纪玄武岩岩浆与新近纪一样都来源于上地幔 ;同时 ,地幔岩捕虏体由大型演变为微型反映了岩浆上升速度的逐步降低 ,以及火山活动强度的减弱 相似文献
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大兴安岭中南段中生代的构造热演化 总被引：51，自引：5，他引：46
通过对大兴安岭中南段中生代火山 深成岩同位素年龄的测定 ,对不同阶段岩浆活动的构造背景进行分析 ,从而确立了该区构造岩浆演化的序列 :晚三叠世以含幔源包体的基性 超基性岩侵位为标志的初始幔隆 ,早 中侏罗世以辉绿岩岩墙群侵入为标志的中、上部地壳伸展 ,晚侏罗世强烈的粗面质火山岩喷发 ,早白垩世板内非造山性质的碱性 亚碱性花岗岩侵位 ,同时还形成了基性岩墙和玄武岩 .据此 ,可以认为中生代大兴安岭的隆升与幔隆背景下深部岩浆上涌密切相关 .这一研究为进一步探讨大兴安岭造山模式奠定了基础 . 相似文献
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滇西金沙江带北段的富碱斑岩及其与板内变形的关系 总被引：41，自引：3，他引：38
沿金沙江 墨江缝合带出露了一套年龄为 2 6 5～ 37 6Ma的富碱斑岩 ,大多数斑岩在岩石化学上属碱钙质系列 ,以轻稀土富集和无铕异常为特征 .这些岩石形成在碰撞后的构造环境 ;斑岩、角闪岩捕虏体和玄武岩的 ( 87Sr/86Sr) i 分别是0 70 73,0 70 6 5～ 0 70 71和 0 70 5 8～ 0 70 76 .εNd(T)分别为 - 3 4～ - 6 3,- 2 1～ - 7 4和 - 3 3.这些岩石的Pb同位素也略有差异 .有证据表明 ,斑岩的岩浆源是来自“壳 幔混合层”的部分熔融 .讨论了新生代岩浆活动与板内变形的关系 . 相似文献
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Cladistics is a systematic method of classification that groups entities on the basis of sharing similar characteristics in
the most parsimonious manner. Here cladistics is applied to the classification of volcanoes using a dataset of 59 Quaternary
volcanoes and 129 volcanic edifices of the Tohoku region, Northeast Japan. Volcano and edifice characteristics recorded in
the database include attributes of volcano size, chemical composition, dominant eruptive products, volcano morphology, dominant
landforms, volcano age and eruptive history. Without characteristics related to time the volcanic edifices divide into two
groups, with characters related to volcano size, dominant composition and edifice morphology being the most diagnostic. Analysis
including time based characteristics yields four groups with a good correlation between these groups and the two groups from
the analysis without time for 108 out of 129 volcanic edifices. Thus when characters are slightly changed the volcanoes still
form similar groupings. Analysis of the volcanoes both with and without time yields three groups based on compositional, eruptive
products and morphological characters. Spatial clusters of volcanic centres have been recognised in the Tohoku region by Tamura
et al. (Earth Planet Sci Lett 197:105–106, 2002). The groups identified by cladistic analysis are distributed unevenly between the clusters, indicating
a tendency for individual clusters to form similar kinds of volcanoes with distinctive but coherent styles of volcanism. Uneven
distribution of volcano types between clusters can be explained by variations in dominant magma compositions through time,
which are reflected in eruption products and volcanic landforms. Cladistic analysis can be a useful tool for elucidating dynamic
igneous processes that could be applied to other regions and globally. Our exploratory study indicates that cladistics has
promise as a method for classifying volcanoes and potentially elucidating dynamic and evolutionary volcanic processes. Cladistics
may also have utility in hazards assessment where spatial distributions and robust definitions of a volcano are important,
as in locating sensitive facilities such as nuclear reactors and repositories. 相似文献
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科洛火山群的新生代火山共有23座,坐落于科洛河两岸,火山岩面积约为350km2,岩性主要为碱性玄武岩.由于地处NE向断陷盆地这一特殊的构造位置,科洛地区的火山活动及展布主要受到区域基底断裂的制约.火山喷发形式总体为中心式,属斯通博利式火山.火山活动可划分为上新世、更新世和全新世3期.上新世在断陷盆地边缘形成了一系列NE向线性展布的中心式溢出型火山,其中部分火山因风化剥蚀而失去了原有的火山地貌特征,仅保留盾形熔岩台地.早更新世火山活动相对平静.中-晚更新世火山活动仍受到NE向基底断裂的控制,但喷发中心、喷发方式及喷发强度均发生改变,火山由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流组成.进入全新世以后南山喷发,其火山结构保存完好,裸露的熔岩台地保留了较好的微地貌特征.该期火山亦由碱玄质火山渣锥和熔岩流构成.在科洛火山群的火山活动过程中,其熔岩流覆盖了早期沉积地层,并对盆地中的河流进行了改造,最终导致该区断陷盆地初始地貌的改变. 相似文献
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Naoto Hirano Hirochika Sumino Taisei Morishita Shiki Machida Takaomi Kawano Kazutaka Yasukawa Takafumi Hirata Yasuhiro Kato Teruaki Ishii 《Island Arc》2021,30(1):e12386
The West Pacific Seamount Province (WPSP) represents a series of short-lived Cretaceous hotspot tracks. However, no intraplate volcanoes in advance of petit-spot volcanism erupted near a trench have been identified after the formation of the WPSP on the western Pacific Plate. This study reports new ages for Paleogene volcanic edifices within the northern WPSP, specifically the Ogasawara Plateau and related ridges, and Minamitorishima Island. These Paleogene ages are the first reported for basaltic rocks on western Pacific seamounts, in an area that has previously only yielded Cretaceous ages. The newly found Paleogene volcanisms overprint the Early–middle Cretaceous volcanic edifices, because the seamount or paleo-island material-covered reefal limestone caps on these edifices are uniformly older than the Paleogene volcanism identified in this study. This study outlines several possible causative factors for the Paleogene volcanism overprinting onto existing Cretaceous seamounts, including volcanism related to lithospheric stress, or a younger hotspot track within the northern part of the WPSP that records magmatism from ~60 Ma. 相似文献
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Chen Hongzhou Yang Jinshan Li Tianxiang Wei Qinghai Zhang Lichen Guo Deming 《中国地震研究》2009,23(3):348-353
Large amounts of volcanic debris-avalanche deposits, which take the shape of hummocks, are distributed around the peripheries of the Laoheishan volcano and Huoshaoshan volcano in Wudalianchi World Geopark. In earlier times, they were called "satellite volcanoes", namely, freestanding volcanoes. This paper points out that these deposits actually came from the collapse of the cones of these two volcanoes. When the lava flow spilled out at the base of the slope of the cones, the slope broke up and collapsed under the action of gravity. Later, ravines were formed on the slope. Caved slope clastics, accompanying lava flow, accumulated at the rims of the volcano cones. Although some accumulations may form very large cones, they are not volcanoes, but deposits of volcanic debris avalanches. 相似文献
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中国火山温泉主要分布在吉林长白山、云南腾冲和黑龙江五大连池等火山区。这些火山虽然处于休眠状态,但大面积的温泉分布指示着岩浆房存在的可能性。本文总结了前人研究成果,分析了中国主要火山区温泉气体地球化学特征,并探讨了温泉气体在火山监测中的应用。长白山、腾冲和五大连池火山区温泉气体地球化学性质类似,都以CO2为主要气体,含量在80%以上,最高可达99%以上,其它气体组分包括CH4、N2、O2、SO2、H2S、He和H2等。长白山火山温泉气体中氦同位素比值（3He/4He）最高,约为4—6RA,CO2中碳同位素比值（δ13C）为-7.9‰—-1.3‰,CH4中碳同位素为-48.0‰—-28.7‰;腾冲火山温泉气体氦同位素比值为3—5.5RA,CO2中的碳同位素为-6.49‰—-2.07‰,CH4中碳同位素为-23.5‰—-9.3‰;五大连池火山温泉气体氦同位素比值约为3RA,CO2中的碳同位素比值为-9.6‰—-3.1‰,CH4中碳同位素为-47.2‰—-44.4‰。3个火山区的温泉气体均显示地幔来源的岩浆气体特征,并在上升运移过程中受地壳或古俯冲物质的影响。 相似文献
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G. M. Di Paola 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1971,35(2):497-506
The Corbetti Caldera area, a recent volcanic complex in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, is described. In the area, most of the volcanic products are peralkaline pyroclastics (ignimbrites and pumice). The volcanological history of this complex has been reconstructed. It comprises fissure eruptions, which were followed by a volcano-tectonic collapse. Finally the activity resumed with the birth of two recent peralkaline volcanoes (Urji and Chabbi) inside the caidera. Both these volcanoes are at present in a fumarolic stage. Relations between the tectonic of the Rift Valley and the volcanological evolution of the Caldera Corbetti Area are discussed. 相似文献
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Costa Rica is located geographically in the southern part of the Central American Volcanic Front, a zone where interaction between the Mesoamerican and South American cultures occurred in pre-Columbian times. Several volcanoes violently erupted during the Holocene, when the first nomadic human hunters and later settlers were present. Volcanic rocks were the most important geo-resource in making artifacts and as construction materials for pre-Columbian inhabitants. Some pottery products are believed to resemble smoking volcanoes, and the settlements around volcanoes would seem to indicate their influence on daily life. Undoubtedly, volcanic eruptions disrupted the life of early settlers, particularly in the vicinity of Arenal and Irazú volcanoes, where archaeological remains show transient effects and displacement caused by periodical eruptions, but later resilient occupations around the volcanoes. Most native languages are extinct, with the exception of those presently spoken in areas far away from active volcanoes, where no words are related to volcanic phenomena or structures. The preserved legends are ambiguous, suggesting that they were either produced during the early Spanish conquest or were altered following the pre-Columbian period. 相似文献