共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 907 毫秒
1.
2011年贵州省望谟县打易镇的大范围浅层滑坡诱发的沟谷泥石流提供了研究这类泥石流地形和降雨条件的机会。在地质条件一致和小区域内的降雨条件基本一致的情况下,地形条件就是这些泥石流暴发与否的唯一决定因素。对比一些重要的地形因素与泥石流暴发的关系,得出了由流域面积、沟床纵比降和25°~45°山坡坡度面积比组成的泥石流综合地形因子T。在地形因子T的基础上,研究获得了由前期降雨量、1 h降雨强度、年平均降雨量等组成的降雨因子R。由地形因子T和降雨因子R获得的临界条件P可以判断该区域的泥石流暴发。由于研究工作部分基于泥石流的形成机理,研究成果还可用于其他区域的泥石流形成预测,为泥石流的预测预报提供了一个较好的方法。 相似文献
2.
坡面泥石流活动与降水之间的关系初探——以重庆北碚地区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章从坡面泥石流的形成条件入手，结合重庆北碚地区地质地貌和气象条件，分析了该地区从1962-2003年发生的坡面泥石流的数据及降雨资料，认为在该区域，降水是诱发坡面泥石流的决定性因素。通过对具体坡面泥石流事例的分析，认为坡面泥石流的发生与前期降雨量和短历时雨强关系密切，前期降雨量对泥石流形成的贡献比较大，短历时雨强主要起到激发作用，当短历时雨强指数〉550时，应发出泥石流危险警报。最后利用发生坡面泥石流前3日累计降雨量和当日前期降雨量，得出了该区域降水诱发坡面泥石流的临界雨量方程。 相似文献
3.
【研究目的】泥石流灾害是白龙江流域分布广泛并常引起群死群伤的重大地质灾害,准确评价泥石流活动规模及其危险度,是泥石流危险性预警预报的前提,合理构建危险性预报模型是泥石流防灾减灾的关键。【研究方法】本文以研究区历史泥石流案例和对应降雨资料为基础数据,采用统计分析方法,通过分析形成泥石流关键地质环境条件及其相互关系,构建了白龙江流域潜在泥石流危险度定量评价模型,提出了两类泥石流危险级别临界判别模式。【研究结果】结果表明：（1）以泥石流活动规模、沟床平均比降、流域切割密度、不稳定沟床比例为判断因子的泥石流危险度动态定量计算模型,能快速准确预测未来不同工程情景和降雨频率工况下泥石流危险度;（2）影响降雨型泥石流发生的地形条件由流域面积、10°~40°斜坡坡度面积比、沟床平均纵比降等组成,降雨条件主要由泥石流爆发前的24 h累积降雨量、触发泥石流1 h降雨量或10 min降雨量等组成;（3）依据30条典型泥石流沟危险度计算结果,获得泥石流危险性临界判别值,提出了降雨型潜在泥石流危险性1 h预报模型（Ⅰ类）和10 min预报模型（Ⅱ类）,其中Ⅰ类模型高危险度以上泥石流预测精度大于87.5%,Ⅱ类模型中等危险度以上泥石流预测精度大于80%,而两类预报模型验证准确率为83.3%。【结论】研究成果为泥石流精准预警预报提供了技术支撑,对建立中小尺度泥石流实时化预警系统具有一定参考意义。创新点：通过确定与泥石流相对应关键地质环境因子,构建了泥石流危险度动态定量评价模型,依据泥石流危险性1 h和10 min临界判别模式可准确实现潜在泥石流预警预报。 相似文献
4.
为了预警泥石流的发生,需要判断泥石流的易发程度。在地质和降雨条件都大致相同的条件下,因地形条件的不同,导致一个区域的沟谷暴发泥石流的频率有着明显不同,显然地形条件是控制泥石流发育的关键因素之一。以研究岷江流域上游典型沟谷为例,通过分析地形条件对泥石流发育的影响,选用岷江流域上游典型沟谷的形成区流域面积A0、形状系数F0以及沟床纵比降J03个重要参数进行研究,比较三者相互之间的关系特征而得到一个综合的地形因子G。对比研究岷江流域典型区域以及甘肃舟曲、台湾陈有兰溪地区沟谷泥石流的暴发频率和G值,比较验证后得出:在地质和降雨条件都相近的情况下,沟谷G值越大,则越利于暴发泥石流。因此,可运用地形因子G划分某区域内沟谷泥石流的易发等级。对于岷江流域典型区域的沟谷:G≥0.21极容易暴发泥石流;0.14G0.21较容易暴发泥石流;G≤0.14不容易暴发泥石流。由于地质条件和降雨情况的差异,不同地区泥石流易发等级所对应的G值也将不同。 相似文献
5.
激发坡面泥石流发生的坡度因素探讨——以重庆市北碚地区为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
0引言坡面泥石流主要发生在低山丘陵地区,其发生条件包括物质条件、水源条件以及地貌条件三方面条件。由于坡面泥石流与沟谷泥石流发生源地不同,坡面泥石流的发生对三大条件的要求更高,如需要更大的降雨量,更陡峭的地形,因此,坡面泥石流爆发的突然性大大增加,造成的破坏也难以预料。重庆北碚地区,由于其特殊的地质地貌条件,坡面很不稳定、崩塌、滑坡活动强烈,为泥石流的发生提供物质补给,坡面泥石流是其发生的主要形式。由此可以看出,在坡面泥石流中,坡度是一个至关重要的因素,其大小直接影响坡面泥石流的发生。1研究区地质地貌条件地质灾害… 相似文献
6.
温州地处浙江东南沿海,降雨充沛。台风等极端气候灾害引起的强降雨次数繁多,并可能引发地区周边泥石流等地质灾害。收集相关地区、时段的气象、水文资料,并对研究区降雨数据进行处理,在野外实地调查、遥感解译的基础上,根据研究区地质灾害调查结果,总结群发性坡面泥石流特征,分析其形成的地质环境条件。针对致灾因子降雨量与温州地区群发性泥石流灾害的因果关系,获取坡面泥石流发生周期内的各时段降雨量,并利用相关性分析确定最大1h、3h雨强为研究变量,在二维坐标平面上投影近百个案例点,拟合得出临界雨量方程,并根据泥石流发生与否划分区域计算超越概率和误报概率,得出温州地区泥石流爆发前期雨强满足"两倍关系"的经验结论,寻求解决温州地区实际泥石流地质灾害预警问题的可行性。 相似文献
7.
贵州省望谟县2011年6月6日暴发了特大山洪泥石流,其中暴雨中心所在的打易镇多处暴发泥石流。短历时强降雨激发了沟床起动类型的泥石流。本文通过对贵州望谟河流域群发泥石流的调查,得出该流域的66条沟中,22条沟无沟床起动类型泥石流暴发,25条沟暴发沟床起动类型泥石流,还有19条沟无法确定是否有沟床起动类型泥石流暴发。在前期工作基础上,提出了地质条件和降水条件因子的改进方法;并在前期工作的3大条件（地形条件、地质条件和降水条件）之间的关系基础上,由贵州望谟群发泥石流数据得出改进沟床起动类型泥石流的临界值,提出了泥石流的预报模型。本文模型在我国西南地区的泥石流验证中非常成功,为泥石流的预报提供了一个新方法。预报模型中的地形因子和地质因子还可以判断泥石流流域的暴发频率,为正确地判断泥石流流域的特征打下了基础。预报模型也可以估算泥石流的暴发规模,为定量地预测泥石流危害范围提供了依据。 相似文献
8.
暴雨条件下麻柳沟坡面泥石流形成过程试验研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在对麻柳沟区域地形地质以及气候条件调查研究的基础上,设计并完成暴雨条件下麻柳沟区域坡面泥石流模型试验。通过物理模型试验,模拟区域坡面在降雨条件下的变形和破坏特征。通过对试验现象以及数据进行观测分析,研究暴雨条件下坡面侵蚀、溜滑以及由此引发的土体转化为泥石流的全过程。模型试验表明:麻柳沟区域坡面泥石流类型为降雨型、阵型、滑坡型泥石流;强降雨条件下,泥石流形成与表面冲刷及饱和土体浅层滑动有密切关系;泥石流形成大概可分为以下几个阶段:土体浸润→蠕变→局部溜滑→局部产流冲蚀→大规模滑动→泥石流体形成。 相似文献
9.
泥石流起动原型试验及预报方法探索 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在分析国内外泥石流预报的基础上,结合泥石流形成机理研究取得的进展,提出了新型的暴雨泥石流预报方法。通过蒋家沟泥石流源地人工降雨试验,坡面泥石流形成与源地土体特征参数变化存在密切的关系。暴雨泥石流形成的过程可以描述为:降雨→土体含水量、土体结构和土体组成的变化→土体强度变化→斜坡稳定性变化→坡面泥石流形成→沟谷泥石流。建立起前后两者的关系,用降雨并结合中间关系方程分析泥石流发生的概率、时间及形成规模等参数,逐步提高泥石流预测预报精度。比传统的预报方法在精度上有很大的提高,使对误差进行估算成为可能。 相似文献
10.
岷江上游地貌侵蚀对泥石流发育的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
岷江流域上游映秀镇银杏乡境内的兴文坪、磨子沟和野牛沟是3条紧邻的泥石流沟,其地质和降雨条件都相类似,但其中磨子沟的暴发频率要显著高于其余2条沟.本文通过对这3条泥石流沟地貌发育阶段以及地形条件的对比分析,证明了控制其泥石流暴发的关键因素是受地形条件的影响.从而为在某一区域内地质和降雨条件都近似的情况下,对地形条件最有利的泥石流沟进行重点防治和预警预报提供依据,并有效的减少突发性灾害所带来的损失. 相似文献
11.
Chen Chien-Yuan Chen Tien-Chien Yu Fan-Chieh Yu Wen-Hui Tseng Chun-Chieh 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(5):715-724
A rainfall-induced debris flow warning is implemented employing real-time rain gauge data. The pre-warning for the time of landslide triggering derives the threshold or critical rainfall from historical events involving regional rainfall patterns and geological conditions. In cases of debris flow, the time taken cumulative runoff, to yield abundant water for debris triggering, is an important index that needs monitoring. In gathered historical cases, rainfall time history data from the nearest rain gauge stations to debris-flow sites connected to debris flow are used to define relationships between the rainfall intensity and duration. The effects by which the regional rainfall patterns (antecedent rainfall, duration, intensity, cumulative rainfall) and geological settings combine together to trigger a debris-flow are analyzed for real-time monitoring. The analyses focused on 61 historical hazard events with the timing of debris flow initiation and rainfall duration to burst debris-flow characteristics recorded. A combination of averaged rainfall intensity and duration is a more practical index for debris-flow monitoring than critical or threshold rainfall intensity. Because, the outburst timing of debris flows correlates closely to the peak hourly rainfall and the forecasting of peak hourly rainfall reached in a meteorological event could be a valuable index for real-time debris-flow warning. 相似文献
12.
Several giant debris flows occurred in southwestern China after the Wenchuan earthquake, causing serious casualties and economic losses. Debris flows were frequently triggered after the earthquake. A relatively accurate prediction of these post-seismic debris flows can help to reduce the consequent damages. Existing debris flow prediction is almost based on the study of the relationship between post-earthquake debris flows and rainfall. The relationship between the occurrence of post-seismic debris flows and characteristic rainfall patterns was studied in this paper. Fourteen rainfall events related to debris flows that occurred in four watersheds in the Wenchuan earthquake area were collected. By analyzing the rainfall data, characteristics of rainfall events that triggered debris flows after the earthquake were obtained. Both the critical maximum rainfall intensity and average rainfall intensity increased with the time. To describe the critical conditions for debris flow initiation, intensity–duration curves were constructed, which shows how the threshold for triggering debris flows increased each year. The time that the critical rainfall intensities of debris flow occurrences return to the value prior to the earthquake could not be estimated due to the absent rainfall data before the earthquake. Rainfall-triggering response patterns could be distinguished for rainfall-induced debris flows. The critical rainfall patterns related to debris flows could be divided on the basis of antecedent rainfall duration and intensity into three categories: (1) a rapid triggering response pattern, (2) an intermediate triggering response pattern, and (3) a slow triggering response pattern. The triggering response patterns are closely related to the initiation mechanisms of post-earthquake debris flows. The main difference in initiation mechanisms and difference in triggering patterns by rainfall is regulated by the infiltration process and determined by a number of parameters, such as hydro-mechanical soil characteristics, the thickness of the soil, and the slope gradient. In case of a rapid triggering response rainfall pattern, the hydraulic conductivity and initial moisture content are the main impact factors. Runoff erosion and rapid loading of solid material is the dominant process. In case of a rainfall pattern with a slow triggering response, the thickness and strength of the soil, high hydraulic conductivity, and rainfall intensity are the impact factors. Probably slope failure is the most dominant process initiating debris flows. In case of an intermediate triggering response pattern, both debris flow initiation mechanisms (runoff erosion and slope failure) can play a role. 相似文献
13.
Many debris flows were triggered in the Chenyulan River Watershed in Taiwan in a rainstorm caused by the Typhoon Toraji. There are 117 gullies with a significant steep topography in the catchment. During this Typhoon, debris flows were initiated in 43 of these gullies, while in 34 gullies, it was not certain whether they have occurred. High-intensity short-duration rainfall was the main triggering factor for these gully type debris flows which are probably entrained by a “fire hose” mechanism. Previous research identified 47 factors related to topography, geology, and hydrology, which may play a role in the formation of gully type debris flows. For a better understanding of the probability of the formation of debris flows, it is proposed to represent the factors related to topography, geology, and hydrology by one single factor. In addition to the existing topographic and geological factor, a normalized critical rainfall factor is suggested with an effective cumulative precipitation and a maximum hourly rainfall intensity. In this paper, a formation model for debris flows is proposed, which combines these topographic, geological, and hydraulic factors. A relationship of these factors with a triggering threshold is proposed. The model produces a good assessment of the probability of occurrence of debris flows in the study area. The model may be used for the prediction of debris flows in other areas because it is mostly based on the initiation mechanisms and not only on the statistical analyses of a unique variety of local factors. The research provides a new and exciting way to study the occurrence of debris flows initiated by a “fire hose” mechanism. 相似文献
14.
15.
Recent catastrophic debris flows in Luding county, SW China: geological hazards, rainfall analysis and dynamic characteristics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
About 127 debris flow gullies have been identified, and debris flows have been an important type of geological hazards in
Luding County, affecting cities, towns, rural areas, scenic spots and human’s engineering projects, such as mining and waterpower
utilizing equipments. In this summary paper, recent two catastrophic debris flow events occurred on June 30, 2005, in Chuni
town, in the central of the county, and on August 11, 2005, in Hailuogou scenic spot, in the southwest of the county, respectively,
are reviewed. The debris flow events are introduced on the basis of field investigation and RS interpretation and the triggering
factors for flow occurrence are identified. Furthermore, the rainfall related to flow occurrence including antecedent rainfall
and intraday rainfall is analyzed, and a power-law function which can be used as a basic warning line is established based
on both antecedent effective rainfall and intraday rainfall. Then dynamic parameters such as flow velocity and flow discharge
are calculated, respectively. Through comparison and discussion, some conclusions are made including (1) The antecedent rainfall
played an important role for debris flows which generated predominately based on the slope-instability due to the saturated
loose sediments; (2) Despite slower flow velocity and smaller magnitude, the slope-type debris flows just like 2005-6-30 debris
flows usually lead to serious damages for the difficulty to forecast and to prevent; (3) The mistaken recognition on debris
flow hazards and lack of prevention consciousness strengthen the hazard and damage degree. This research is of certain significance
for the prevention and mitigation of debris flow hazards and for the planning of the town building and tourism development
in the future. 相似文献
16.
利用搜集的汶川震区典型泥石流暴发前后的降雨过程资料,分析了泥石流的激发雨量过程,获得了汶川震区的泥石流激发雨量特征,以期为泥石流的预测预报提供依据。结果表明,汶川地震区的泥石流激发雨型可分为快速激发型、中速激发型和慢速激发型3类,其差异主要体现在降雨的持续时间和强度方面。不同激发雨型下的泥石流形成过程的差别主要体现在松散土体饱和过程。雨型的差异(降雨的持续时间和强度)使得土体饱和产生超渗产流的时间出现差异,进而使得泥石流暴发的时间存在差异。激发雨强跟激发雨型存在一定的关系,激发雨强最大者为中速激发雨型,其次是慢速激发雨型,最小者为快速激发雨型。与地震之前相比,地震后的泥石流暴发时的累积雨量和临界雨量都有所降低。 相似文献
17.
Bin Yu Yuan Zhu Tao Wang Yuanjing Chen Yunbo Zhu Yongbo Tie Ke Lu 《Natural Hazards》2014,74(2):1141-1161
Many debris flows were triggered within and also outside the Dayi area of the Guizhou Province, China, during a rainstorm in 2011. High-intensity short-duration rainfall was the main triggering factor for these gully-type debris flows which are probably triggered by a runoff-induced mechanism. A revised prediction model was introduced for this kind of gully-type debris flows with factors related to topography, geology, and hydrology (rainfall) and applied to the Wangmo River catchment. Regarding the geological factor, the “soft lithology” and “loose sediments” in the channel were added to the list of the average firmness coefficient for the lithology. Also, the chemical weathering was taken into account for the revised geological factor. Concerning the hydrological factor, a coefficient of variation of rainfall was introduced for the normalization of the rainfall factor. The prediction model for debris flows proposed in this paper delivered three classes of the probability of debris flow occurrence. The model was successfully validated in debris flow gullies with the same initiation mechanism in other areas of southwest China. The generic character of the model is explained by the fact that its factors are partly based on the initiation mechanisms and not only on the statistical analyses of a unique variety of local factors. The research provides a new way to predict the occurrence of debris flows initiated by a runoff-induced mechanism. 相似文献
18.
泥石流灾害合理的雨量预警阈值不仅与历史泥石流灾害发生时的降雨量有关,且与研究区域的气候、地形地貌、地质、植被等密切相关。论文采用雨场分割法和GIS技术研究了影响泥石流启动的降雨和地质背景两大因素,在对北京市泥石流灾害易发分区的基础上,结合北京地区已发生的82起泥石流的易发性分区和雨量值,提出了不同泥石流易发等级条件下的雨量预警阈值。研究成果已经在2015年7月17日北京房山区西区沟泥石流预警中成功应用,为泥石流区域预警预报提供了一种新的思路。 相似文献