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1.
利用搜集的汶川震区典型泥石流暴发前后的降雨过程资料,分析了泥石流的激发雨量过程,获得了汶川震区的泥石流激发雨量特征,以期为泥石流的预测预报提供依据。结果表明,汶川地震区的泥石流激发雨型可分为快速激发型、中速激发型和慢速激发型3类,其差异主要体现在降雨的持续时间和强度方面。不同激发雨型下的泥石流形成过程的差别主要体现在松散土体饱和过程。雨型的差异(降雨的持续时间和强度)使得土体饱和产生超渗产流的时间出现差异,进而使得泥石流暴发的时间存在差异。激发雨强跟激发雨型存在一定的关系,激发雨强最大者为中速激发雨型,其次是慢速激发雨型,最小者为快速激发雨型。与地震之前相比,地震后的泥石流暴发时的累积雨量和临界雨量都有所降低。 相似文献
2.
2008年“5·12”汶川地震极大地改变了震区泥石流的特征，不仅增强了泥石流的活动性，同时也使得震区在相当长的时间内都要面临泥石流的威胁。本文基于前人大量的研究成果，并利用遥感解译结合现场调查等手段，分析了汶川县泥石流沟道纵坡降、沟壑密度、两岸坡度等基本发育特征；进而分析了地震前后汶川县降雨分布及泥石流相关降雨参数变化特征。结果显示，流域内泥石流沟的沟壑密度在0.2~4之间，属于微度土壤侵蚀区域，泥石流的沟床纵坡降偏大，有利于泥石流的发生；泥石流流域内斜坡坡度多为30°~40°，有利于灾害的发生；震后汶川县年均降雨量增加了5.17%，降雨多集中在7~9月份，降雨量由南及北逐渐降低；震后泥石流的降雨阈值在2008~2013年呈现缓慢回升的趋势，但2019年又有所下降，预计恢复到震前水平尚需要一定时间；同时震后汶川县泥石流物源丰富，震后物源量呈现“震荡式衰减”的演化趋势，但体量仍然很大，对泥石流仍需坚持监测预警工作。 相似文献
3.
The Wenchuan earthquake induced large amounts of debris flows and catastrophic incidents triggered by subsequent rainstorms occurred frequently in the past 6 rainy seasons, and thus resulted in serious casualties, huge economic loss and long-term impact. In this paper, post-seismic debris flows distributed in 10 Wenchuan earthquake extremely stricken counties were verified and debris flow database consisting of 609 debris flows was established based on detailed investigation organized by Land and Resources Department of Sichuan Province. Combined with database and related studies, the impact of Wenchuan earthquake on debris flows was analyzed. And then variation of formation conditions including rainfall threshold and landform condition was analyzed by contrasting pre-seismic and post-seismic debris flows. Followed are some typical viewpoints on initiation mechanism of post-seismic debris flows. In the end of this paper, characteristics of postseismic debris flows triggered by subsequent rainstorms were comprehensively summarized, such as regional group occurrence, high frequency, high viscosity, chain effect, huge dynamics, large scale and long duration. We hope this paper will be helpful in understanding the formation mechanism, disaster characteristics and prevention countermeasures of post-seismic debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake extremely stricken areas. 相似文献
4.
汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨型特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汶川地震后暴雨诱发的泥石流不断增加,通过收集整理降雨资料,分析汶川震区不同地域泥石流暴发的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量变化过程,揭示震区暴雨泥石流的激发雨型特征,为暴雨泥石流的预报提供科学依据。研究结果表明,汶川震区的暴雨泥石流激发雨型可分为短期突然降雨型、中期持续降雨型和长期间断降雨型3种类型,主要表现为引发泥石流的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量的不同。暴雨泥石流的形成机制体现为降雨导致流域内松散土体渗透、饱和及侵蚀移动的过程。激发雨型与激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量存在相关关系,短期突然降雨型的激发雨强最大,前期有效累计降雨量最少;中期持续降雨型的激发雨强居中,前期有效累计降雨量最多;长期间断降雨型的激发雨强最小,前期有效累计降雨量居中。对四川茂县叠溪镇新磨村突发山体高位垮塌碎屑流进行验证,初步判定是由长期间断降雨型引发岩体抗剪强度降低而引起的。对不同激发雨型特征的研究能够为汶川震区泥石流监测预警提供科学依据。 相似文献
5.
Rainfall thresholds for debris flow initiation in the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area,southwestern China 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
The Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area is frequently hit by heavy rainfall, which often triggers sediment-related disasters, such as shallow landslides, debris flows, and related natural events, sometimes causing tremendous damage to lives, property, infrastructure, and environment. The assessment of the rainfall thresholds for debris flow occurrence is very important in order to improve forecasting and for risk management. In the context of the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area, however, the rainfall thresholds for triggering debris flows are not well understood. With the aim of defining the critical rainfall thresholds for this area, a detailed analysis of the main rainstorm events was carried out. This paper presents 11 rainfall events that induced debris flows which occurred between 2008 and 2012 after the Wenchuan earthquake. The rainfall thresholds were defined in terms of mean rainfall intensity I, rainfall duration D, and normalized using the mean annual precipitation (MAP). An ID threshold and a normalized I MAP D threshold graph could be set up for the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area which forms the lower boundary of the domain with debris flow-triggering rainfall events. The rainfall threshold curves obtained for the study area were compared with the local, regional, and global curves proposed by various authors. The results suggest that debris flow initiation in the study area almost requires a higher amount of rainfall and greater intensity than elsewhere. The comparison of rainfall intensity prior to and after the earthquake clearly indicates that the critical rainfall intensity necessary to trigger debris flows decreased after the earthquake. Rainfall thresholds presented in this paper are generalized, so that they can be used in debris flow warning systems in areas with the same geology as the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area. 相似文献
6.
2012年8月18日汶川震区的银厂沟区域暴发群发性泥石流,造成人员伤亡,公路、房屋等基础设施严重受损。这场泥石流灾害发生在汶川地震极震区内,是地震与强降雨共同作用下的结果,因此研究其成灾机制和灾害特征对于进一步认识强震区泥石流活动具有重要意义。本研究采用地面调查和遥感解译方法,分析银厂沟区域泥石流形成条件的变化。研究结果表明强震条件下崩塌、滑坡等产生的松散固体物质,是泥石流活动的物质基础; 沟道受松散岩土体堵塞,有利于泥石流规模放大; 快速激发型的雨量特征为泥石流暴发提供了动力。在此基础上讨论了泥石流起动、运动和堆积过程,总结了泥石流活动特征,发现泥石流沿发震断裂呈带状分布,成因组合上属于降雨控制型,尚处于青年期,且在成灾模式上满足致承耦合效应。 相似文献
7.
汶川震区北川9.24暴雨泥石流特征研究 总被引：32，自引：1，他引：31
2008年9月24日汶川震区的北川县暴雨导致区域性泥石流发生,这次9.24暴雨泥石流灾害导致了42人死亡,对公路和其他基础设施造成严重损毁。本研究采用地面调查和遥感解译方法分析地震与暴雨共同作用下的泥石流特征,获取的气象数据用于分析泥石流起动的临界雨量条件。本文探讨了研究区泥石流起动和输移过程,并根据野外调查,分析了泥石流形成的降雨、岩石和断层作用,特别是强降雨过程与物源区对泥石流发生的作用。根据应急调查发现北川县境内暴雨诱发的泥石流72处,其分布受岩石类型、发震断层和河流等因素控制。根据对研究区震前和震后泥石流发生的临界雨量和雨强的初步分析,汶川地震后,该区域泥石流起动的前期累积雨量降低了14.8%～22.1%,小时雨强降低25.4 %～31.6%。震区泥石流起动方式主要有二种,一是由于暴雨过程形成的斜坡表层径流导致悬挂于斜坡上的滑坡体表面和前缘松散物质向下输移,进入沟道后转为泥石流过程;二是消防水管效应使沟道水流快速集中,并强烈冲刷沟床中松散固体物质,导致沟床物质起动并形成泥石流过程。调查和分析发现沟内堆积的滑坡坝对泥石流的阻塞明显,溃决后可导致瞬时洪峰流量特别大。研究结果表明了汶川震区已进入一个新的活跃期。因此,应该开展对汶川地震区的泥石流风险评估和监测、早期预警,采取有效的工程措施控制泥石流的发生和危害。 相似文献
8.
Ding Hairong Li Yong Shao Chongjian Lauvence Svirchev Xu Qiang Yan Zhaokun Yan Liang Ni Shijun Shi Zeming 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(7):96
By analyzing the multi-year runoff and rainfall data at 15 hydrological stations from 1980 to 2007, as well as monthly runoff data from 1964 to 1984 at the Zipingpu hydrologic station, the relationship between precipitation and runoff has been established and the trend was explored. Based on the catastrophic floods of August 13 and August 18, 2010, characteristics and control factors on the post-seismic floods are summarized. Firstly, the Wenchuan earthquake and rupture zone provides the background for post-seismic floods to develop in the upper Minjiang River, which follows a post-seismic disaster-chain pattern: earthquake collapse to landslide debris flows to floods. Secondly, heavy rainfall controlled by the orographically-enhanced precipitation after the Wenchuan earthquake is the trigger factor for the development of devastating post-seismic floods. Thirdly, the post-seismic floods contain high sediment discharge, cause abrupt and severe damages, and have a large of volume and higher frequency. 相似文献
9.
Chen Chien-Yuan Chen Tien-Chien Yu Fan-Chieh Yu Wen-Hui Tseng Chun-Chieh 《Environmental Geology》2005,47(5):715-724
A rainfall-induced debris flow warning is implemented employing real-time rain gauge data. The pre-warning for the time of landslide triggering derives the threshold or critical rainfall from historical events involving regional rainfall patterns and geological conditions. In cases of debris flow, the time taken cumulative runoff, to yield abundant water for debris triggering, is an important index that needs monitoring. In gathered historical cases, rainfall time history data from the nearest rain gauge stations to debris-flow sites connected to debris flow are used to define relationships between the rainfall intensity and duration. The effects by which the regional rainfall patterns (antecedent rainfall, duration, intensity, cumulative rainfall) and geological settings combine together to trigger a debris-flow are analyzed for real-time monitoring. The analyses focused on 61 historical hazard events with the timing of debris flow initiation and rainfall duration to burst debris-flow characteristics recorded. A combination of averaged rainfall intensity and duration is a more practical index for debris-flow monitoring than critical or threshold rainfall intensity. Because, the outburst timing of debris flows correlates closely to the peak hourly rainfall and the forecasting of peak hourly rainfall reached in a meteorological event could be a valuable index for real-time debris-flow warning. 相似文献
10.
强震使大量松散堆积物堆积于高山峡谷内,由于持续降雨的作用,导致泥石流在汶川灾区频繁发生。降雨强度和物源与泥石流的起动有着密切联系,分析雨强和物源与泥石流起动的相关关系,可得不同雨强下,不同物源区泥石流起动的特征。通过对典型泥石流沟（映秀镇烧火坪侧沟,牛莲花心沟）进行野外样品采集,将两条泥石流沟进行对比室内试验。控制起动坡度,降雨强度与颗粒级配得出不同坡度下泥石流起动的表面流形成流量,起动流量。同时,与非强震区（西昌市琅环乡）的泥石流简单对比,得到强震区泥石流起动的临界条件及雨强,为泥石流的预测和治理提供相应的理论依据。通过大量的试验结果,泥石流起动首先会形成表面流,然后形成冲沟,随着物源区雨强的增加,最终形成大面积松散堆积物失稳,整体起动。泥石流起动与汇水区面积成一定关系。 相似文献
11.
2022年9月5日四川泸定县发生MS 6.8级地震, 地震诱发大量同震崩滑体, 并导致湾东河断流。基于现场调查、影像解译和区域地质资料分析, 采用空间统计和水文计算的方法, 对湾东河流域同震崩滑体分布特征和潜在泥石流危险性进行了研究。结果表明: 湾东河流域内同震崩滑体主要分布在地震烈度Ⅸ度区, 规模以中小型为主, 主要沿沟道两侧展布, 尤其是单薄山脊两侧临空面发育密度较大, 距断层距离和坡度对其分布具有明显的控灾效应; 未来湾东河流域暴发溃决型泥石流的冲出量可能为同等触发条件下震前泥石流的约两倍。依此提出了加强流域内溃决型泥石流风险防范, 尽快通过综合监测预警获取泥石流发生的临界雨量值, 在泥石流防治工程设计中应充分考虑泥石流规模放大系数等防灾减灾建议, 为泸定地震后泥石流灾害防灾减灾提供科学参考。 相似文献
12.
人工降雨条件下冲沟型泥石流起动试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
下垫面以位于贡嘎山东坡的熊家沟为模型,开展了不同降雨强度条件下冲沟型泥石流起动的模拟试验,初步研究了冲沟型泥石流的形成机理和演化特征.试验研究表明:(1)在强降雨条件下,水体入渗速度、不同深度土体含水量变化与降雨强度呈反比例关系,降雨强度越大,越不利于水体入渗,而有利于坡面汇流、冲沟径流和下切侵蚀; (2)在强降雨和径流条件下,土体破坏方式、破坏程度以及泥石流形成机理表现出差异性.相对较小雨强降雨条件下,土体破坏方式以滑坡为主,泥石流形成模式表现为滑坡液化与转化起动,雨强较大降雨条件下,土体破坏方式以侵蚀垮塌为主,泥石流形成模式为洪流席卷垮塌体和沟床揭底; (3)起动试验中泥石流阵性特征明显.在强降雨条件下,雨强与泥石流的规模、黏度之间没有正相关性,雨强越大,泥石流黏度越小,试验中多出现的是高含砂洪流,而相对较小雨强作用下由土体液化转化形成的泥石流黏度较大.试验现象和结果与熊家沟泥石流起动、发生过程具有较高的一致性. 相似文献
13.
Formation and characteristics of post-earthquake debris flow: a case study from Wenjia gully in Mianzhu, Sichuan, SW China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
H. Y. Ni W. M. Zheng Y. B. Tie P. C. Su Y. Q. Tang R. G. Xu D. W. Wang X. Y. Chen 《Natural Hazards》2012,61(2):317-335
During the three flood seasons following the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, two catastrophic groups of debris flow events occurred
in the earthquake-affected area: the 2008-9-24 debris flow events, which had a serious impact on rebuilding; and the 2010-8-13/14
debris flow events, which destroyed much of the progress made in rebuilding. The Wenjia gully is a typical post-earthquake
debris flow gully and at least five debris flows have occurred there. As far as the 2010-8-13 debris flow is concerned, the
deposits of the Wenjia gully debris flow reached a volume of 3.1 × 106 m3 in volume and hundreds of newly built houses were buried. This study took the Wenjia gully debris flow as an example and
discussed the formation and characteristics of post-earthquake debris flow on the basis of field investigations and a remote
sensing interpretation. The conclusions drawn from the investigation and analysis were as follows: (1) Post-earthquake debris
flows were a joint result of both the earthquake and heavy rainfall. (2) Gully incision and loose material provision are key
processes in the initiation and occurrence of debris flows and a cycle can be presented as the following process: runoff—erosion—collapse—engulfment—debris
flow—further erosion—further collapse—further engulfment—debris flow enlargement. (3) The amount of rainfall that triggered
debris flows from the Wenjia gully was significantly less than the average daily rainfall, while the intraday rainfall threshold
decreased by at least 23.3%. (4) The occurrence mechanism of Wenjia gully debris flow was an erosion type and there was a
positive relationship between debris flow magnitude and rainfall, which fitted an exponential model. (5) There were five representative
characteristics of Wenjia gully debris flow: the long duration of the occurring process; the long distance of deposition chain
conversion during the process of damage; magnification in the scale of debris flow; and the high frequency of debris flow
events. 相似文献
14.
2010年8月13日四川都江堰市龙池地区暴发了特大规模的群发性暴雨型泥石流过程,给龙池地区的震后恢复重建带来了巨大的灾难,因此,研究该区泥石流发生机理和预警十分必要。本文在总结前人关于泥石流暴发与降雨条件研究成果基础上,发现泥石流物源含水量及地表径流流深等是导致流域内松散物源启动的主要原因。根据其前期降雨量和有效降雨强度等特征,建立了泥石流流域物源土体颗粒个别启动、局部启动和大量启动的判别式,建立了适合该区域暴雨泥石流预警模型,将可能诱发泥石流暴发的不同降雨条件划分为蓝、黄和红色3个危险等级,为该区泥石流监测预警提供了科学依据。 相似文献
15.
Jian-qi Zhuang Peng Cui Jian-bing Peng Kai-heng Hu Javed Iqbal 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(5):1391-1403
The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0) in China, produced an estimated volume of 28 × 108 m3 loosened material, which led to debris flows after the earthquake. Debris flows are the dominant mountain hazards, and serious threat to lives, properties, buildings, traffic, and post-earthquake reconstruction in the earthquake-hit areas. It is very important to understand the debris flow initiation processes and characteristics, for designing debris flow mitigation. The main objective of this article is to examine the different debris flow initiation processes in order to identify suitable mitigation strategies. Three types of debris flow initiation processes were identified (designated as Types A, B, and C) by field survey and experiments. In “A” type initiation, the debris flow forms as a result of dam failure in the process of rill erosion, slope failure, landslide dam, or dam failure. This type of debris flow occurs at the slope of 10 ± 2°, with a high bulk density, and several surges following dam failure. “B” type initiation is the result of a gradual increase in headward down cutting, bank and lateral erosion, and then large amount of loose material interfusion into water flow, which increases the bulk density, and forms the debris flow. This type of debris flow occurs mainly on slopes of 15 ± 3° without surges. “C” type debris flow results from slope failures by surface flow, infiltration, loose material crack, slope failure, and fluidization. This type of debris flow occurs mainly on slopes of 21 ± 4°, and has several surges of debris flow following slope failure, and a high bulk density. To minimize the hazards from debris flows in areas affected by the Wenchuan earthquake, the erosion control measures, such as the construction of grid dams, slope failure control measures, the construction of storage sediment dams, and the drainage measures, such as construction of drainage ditches are proposed. Based on our results, it is recommend that the control measures should be chosen based on the debris flow initiation type, which affects the peak discharge, bulk density and the discharge process. The mitigation strategies discussed in this paper are based on experimental simulations of the debris flows in the Weijia, Huashiban, and Xijia gullies of old Beichuan city. The results are useful for post-disaster reconstruction and recovery, as well as for preventing similar geohazards in the future. 相似文献
16.
汶川地震后,地震灾区泥石流具有暴发临界雨量小,规模大,危险性高的特点。在考虑降雨和地震作用下,采用灰色关联法分析北川县72条泥石流沟的泥石流规模、流域面积、主沟长度、流域相对高差、流域切割密度、不稳定沟床比、年均降雨量和地震烈度8个影响因子的权重,在此基础上建立震区泥石流危险性评价模型并进一步对其进行危险性评价。结果表明:影响因子中,年均降雨量和地震烈度所占权重最大; 运用本文模型得到的评价结果与刘希林模型基本一致,但危险度值相对提高,其中有7条泥石流沟危险度提高一个等级。 相似文献
17.
Catastrophic debris flows triggered by a 14 August 2010 rainfall at the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
The Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 produced large amounts of loose material (landslide debris) that are still present
on the steep slopes and in the gullies. This loose material creates an important hazard as strong rainfall can cause the development
of devastating debris flows that will endanger the resettled population and destroy the result of reconstruction efforts.
On 14 August 2010, a total of 21 debris flows were triggered by heavy rainfall around the town of Yingxue, located near the
epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake. One of these debris flows produced a debris dam, which then changed the course of the
river and resulted in the flooding of the newly reconstructed Yinxue town. Prior to this catastrophic event, debris flow hazard
had been recognized in the region, but its potential for such widespread and devastating impacts was not fully appreciated.
Our primary objective for this study was to analyze the characteristics of the triggering rainfall and the sediment supply
conditions leading to this event. Our field observations show that even small debris flow catchment areas have caused widespread
sediment deposition on the existing fans. It is concluded that the whole of the area shaken by the Wenchuan earthquake is
more susceptible to debris flows, initiated by localized heavy rainfall, than had been assumed earlier. The results of this
study contribute to a better understanding of the conditions leading to catastrophic debris flow events in the earthquake-hit
area. This is essential for the implementation of proper early warning, prevention, and mitigation measures as well as a better
land use planning in this area. 相似文献
18.
Rainfall is an important factor to trigger the slope failure such as landslides and debris flows. First, the relationship between rainfall duration with the initiation of debris flow and rainfall intensity was mainly studied by the series tests in a box model. Then, the rainfall induced responses of slopes and the initiation of slope failure were simulated by using the software FLAC2D based on the soil parameters in Weijia Gully, Beichuan County, Sichuan Province. The effects of the slope angle, rainfall intensity, soil parameters on the development of the stress, and pore pressure in the soil of the slope were analyzed. It indicates that largest displacements in the slope are mainly located near the toe. With the increase of the rainfall intensity, the effective stress in the slope decreases and the displacement increases. 相似文献
19.
四川汶川地震-滑坡-泥石流灾害链形成演化过程 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2008年“5·12”汶川Ms 8.0级地震之后,地震灾区表现出显著的强震地质灾害后效应。地震造成山体分水岭及山脊部位产生大量的崩塌和滑坡,崩滑体大多散落在山体的中上部,在强降雨作用下大量松散堆积物沿陡峻的沟道汇聚、加速,形成破坏性极大的高位泥石流,从而构成典型的地震-滑坡-泥石流灾害链。在回顾汶川地震灾区同震地质灾害的基础上,调查分析了震后汛期地质灾害的主要类型及其6种表现形式,将地震-滑坡-泥石流灾害链形成、演化过程划分为4个阶段：孕育阶段、地震同震滑坡阶段、震后滑坡-泥石流发育阶段、高位泥石流的动态演化阶段,提出高位泥石流的判识指标,并探讨其分布特征、动态变化趋势及其防治对策。 相似文献
20.
针对沟床起动型泥石流的诱发因素为高强度短历时的降雨,提出10 min降雨强度是这类泥石流暴发的关键。在1 h预报模型的基础上,基于云南蒋家沟的多年泥石流观测资料,修正了1 h预报模型的降雨参数,并得到了10 min降雨预报模型。10 min降雨预报模型在中国西部的其他流域,如云南浑水沟、贵州望谟县打易区域泥石流沟、四川三滩沟、四川雅安陆王沟和干溪沟、甘肃柳湾沟、甘肃马槽沟等流域的验证中,取得了较好的结果。10 min降雨预报模型是部分建立在泥石流的形成机理上的模型,并不是完全的统计模型,因此该模型也可以用于其他地区的沟床起动类型泥石流预报。 相似文献