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1.
Several giant debris flows occurred in southwestern China after the Wenchuan earthquake, causing serious casualties and economic losses. Debris flows were frequently triggered after the earthquake. A relatively accurate prediction of these post-seismic debris flows can help to reduce the consequent damages. Existing debris flow prediction is almost based on the study of the relationship between post-earthquake debris flows and rainfall. The relationship between the occurrence of post-seismic debris flows and characteristic rainfall patterns was studied in this paper. Fourteen rainfall events related to debris flows that occurred in four watersheds in the Wenchuan earthquake area were collected. By analyzing the rainfall data, characteristics of rainfall events that triggered debris flows after the earthquake were obtained. Both the critical maximum rainfall intensity and average rainfall intensity increased with the time. To describe the critical conditions for debris flow initiation, intensity–duration curves were constructed, which shows how the threshold for triggering debris flows increased each year. The time that the critical rainfall intensities of debris flow occurrences return to the value prior to the earthquake could not be estimated due to the absent rainfall data before the earthquake. Rainfall-triggering response patterns could be distinguished for rainfall-induced debris flows. The critical rainfall patterns related to debris flows could be divided on the basis of antecedent rainfall duration and intensity into three categories: (1) a rapid triggering response pattern, (2) an intermediate triggering response pattern, and (3) a slow triggering response pattern. The triggering response patterns are closely related to the initiation mechanisms of post-earthquake debris flows. The main difference in initiation mechanisms and difference in triggering patterns by rainfall is regulated by the infiltration process and determined by a number of parameters, such as hydro-mechanical soil characteristics, the thickness of the soil, and the slope gradient. In case of a rapid triggering response rainfall pattern, the hydraulic conductivity and initial moisture content are the main impact factors. Runoff erosion and rapid loading of solid material is the dominant process. In case of a rainfall pattern with a slow triggering response, the thickness and strength of the soil, high hydraulic conductivity, and rainfall intensity are the impact factors. Probably slope failure is the most dominant process initiating debris flows. In case of an intermediate triggering response pattern, both debris flow initiation mechanisms (runoff erosion and slope failure) can play a role. 相似文献
2.
汶川地震区文家沟泥石流成因模式分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
文家沟2008～2010年期间8次泥石流事件是在地震滑坡堆积体上因持续强降雨渗透变形溃决和后续侵蚀产生的,不同于一般的沟谷型和坡面型泥石流。文家沟滑坡堆积体上新生的泥石流沟共冲出松散固体物质总体积约180×104m3,2010年的"8.13"泥石流事件是其中规模最大的一次,冲出的松散固体物质体积约在115×104m3。文家沟泥石流的成因模式是,强降雨过程在滑坡堆积体上先期出现"渗流管涌、暂态壅水、溃决滑塌"的造沟作用模式,后期出现"溯源侵蚀、冲刷刨蚀、侧蚀坍塌、混合奔流(搅拌机)"的扩沟作用模式。2008年的"6.21"和2010年的"7.31"泥石流事件主要起因于前者,其他事件主要起因于后者。松散堆积体因排泄持续降雨入渗的能力不足而造成地下水滞留和水位升高是导致斜坡体稳定性降低的内在原因。当地下水壅高水位面达到水平时,堆积体内渗透动水压力达到最大,堆积斜坡的稳定性最低,成为堆积体表层发生滑塌溃决的临界条件。 相似文献
3.
2008年“5·12”汶川地震极大地改变了震区泥石流的特征,不仅增强了泥石流的活动性,同时也使得震区在相当长的时间内都要面临泥石流的威胁。本文基于前人大量的研究成果,并利用遥感解译结合现场调查等手段,分析了汶川县泥石流沟道纵坡降、沟壑密度、两岸坡度等基本发育特征;进而分析了地震前后汶川县降雨分布及泥石流相关降雨参数变化特征。结果显示,流域内泥石流沟的沟壑密度在0.2~4之间,属于微度土壤侵蚀区域,泥石流的沟床纵坡降偏大,有利于泥石流的发生;泥石流流域内斜坡坡度多为30°~40°,有利于灾害的发生;震后汶川县年均降雨量增加了5.17%,降雨多集中在7~9月份,降雨量由南及北逐渐降低;震后泥石流的降雨阈值在2008~2013年呈现缓慢回升的趋势,但2019年又有所下降,预计恢复到震前水平尚需要一定时间;同时震后汶川县泥石流物源丰富,震后物源量呈现“震荡式衰减”的演化趋势,但体量仍然很大,对泥石流仍需坚持监测预警工作。 相似文献
4.
强震区侵蚀-溃决型泥石流的动力特性定量分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
强震作用导致流域内松散物源、微地貌及水文环境发生剧烈变化,致使强震区泥石流的形成机制和活动规律区别于普通泥石流。从启动判别、沟床侵蚀和溃决放大效应等3个方面入手,利用物理模型和数值模拟,定量分析了强震区泥石流启动-流通-堆积全过程的动力特性。结合案例验证了强震侵蚀-溃决型泥石流的力学机制。分析表明,泥石流沟床侵蚀是外部应力增加、内部强度衰减和松散物质基础3种机制的综合结果,沟道堰塞体溃决导致泥石流流量被瞬间放大,进而反馈到侵蚀机制中,导致泥石流规模剧增。红椿沟8·14泥石流案例验算显示,H02、H03堰塞体溃决导致泥石流流量放大至800.80m3·s-1,沟床侵蚀物质总量达34.72×104m3,约占总规模的50%。 相似文献
5.
汶川震区北川9.24暴雨泥石流特征研究 总被引：32，自引：1，他引：31
2008年9月24日汶川震区的北川县暴雨导致区域性泥石流发生,这次9.24暴雨泥石流灾害导致了42人死亡,对公路和其他基础设施造成严重损毁。本研究采用地面调查和遥感解译方法分析地震与暴雨共同作用下的泥石流特征,获取的气象数据用于分析泥石流起动的临界雨量条件。本文探讨了研究区泥石流起动和输移过程,并根据野外调查,分析了泥石流形成的降雨、岩石和断层作用,特别是强降雨过程与物源区对泥石流发生的作用。根据应急调查发现北川县境内暴雨诱发的泥石流72处,其分布受岩石类型、发震断层和河流等因素控制。根据对研究区震前和震后泥石流发生的临界雨量和雨强的初步分析,汶川地震后,该区域泥石流起动的前期累积雨量降低了14.8%～22.1%,小时雨强降低25.4 %～31.6%。震区泥石流起动方式主要有二种,一是由于暴雨过程形成的斜坡表层径流导致悬挂于斜坡上的滑坡体表面和前缘松散物质向下输移,进入沟道后转为泥石流过程;二是消防水管效应使沟道水流快速集中,并强烈冲刷沟床中松散固体物质,导致沟床物质起动并形成泥石流过程。调查和分析发现沟内堆积的滑坡坝对泥石流的阻塞明显,溃决后可导致瞬时洪峰流量特别大。研究结果表明了汶川震区已进入一个新的活跃期。因此,应该开展对汶川地震区的泥石流风险评估和监测、早期预警,采取有效的工程措施控制泥石流的发生和危害。 相似文献
6.
The formation and development of debris flows in large watersheds after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Wenchuan earthquake has caused abundance of loose materials supplies for debris flows. Many debris flows have occurred in watersheds in area beyond 20 km2, presenting characteristics differing from those in small watersheds. The debris flows yearly frequency decreases exponentially, and the average debris flow magnitude increases linearly with watershed size. The rainfall thresholds for debris flows in large watersheds were expressed as I?=?14.7 D ?0.79 (2 h?<?D?<?56 h), which is considerably higher than those in small watersheds as I?=?4.4 D ?0.70 (2 h?<?D?<?37 h). A case study is conducted in Ergou, 39.4 km2 in area, to illustrate the formation and development processes of debris flows in large watersheds. A debris flow develops in a large watershed only when the rainfall was high enough to trigger the wide-spread failures and erosions on slope and realize the confluence in the watershed. The debris flow was supplied by the widely distributed failures dominated by rill erosions (14 in 22 sources in this case). The intermittent supplying increased the size and duration of debris flow. While the landslide dam failures provided most amounts for debris flows (57 % of the total amount), and amplified the discharge suddenly. During these processes, the debris flow velocity and density increased as well. The similar processes were observed in other large watersheds, indicating this case is representative. 相似文献
7.
Catastrophic debris flows triggered by a 14 August 2010 rainfall at the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
The Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 produced large amounts of loose material (landslide debris) that are still present
on the steep slopes and in the gullies. This loose material creates an important hazard as strong rainfall can cause the development
of devastating debris flows that will endanger the resettled population and destroy the result of reconstruction efforts.
On 14 August 2010, a total of 21 debris flows were triggered by heavy rainfall around the town of Yingxue, located near the
epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake. One of these debris flows produced a debris dam, which then changed the course of the
river and resulted in the flooding of the newly reconstructed Yinxue town. Prior to this catastrophic event, debris flow hazard
had been recognized in the region, but its potential for such widespread and devastating impacts was not fully appreciated.
Our primary objective for this study was to analyze the characteristics of the triggering rainfall and the sediment supply
conditions leading to this event. Our field observations show that even small debris flow catchment areas have caused widespread
sediment deposition on the existing fans. It is concluded that the whole of the area shaken by the Wenchuan earthquake is
more susceptible to debris flows, initiated by localized heavy rainfall, than had been assumed earlier. The results of this
study contribute to a better understanding of the conditions leading to catastrophic debris flow events in the earthquake-hit
area. This is essential for the implementation of proper early warning, prevention, and mitigation measures as well as a better
land use planning in this area. 相似文献
8.
During the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the river valley from Yingxiu to Wenchuan experienced numerous landslides and became a prominent area of landslide complexes. The present large landslide complex near the earthquake epicenter consisted of Laohuzui slide 1, Laohuzui slide 2 and Douyaping slide. The scale, geology, morphology, sliding process, and failure mechanism of the landslide complex are analyzed by means of field investigation, aerial photograph and stereographic projection technique. Characteristics of these three slides including seismic response of slope, landslide debris, damage and potential failure are discussed: the convex slope and the upslope of fractured granitic rock at high altitude are highly prone to landsliding under earthquake; the high source altitude and long travel path determine grain sizes and the deposit angle of the slide debris; the landslide complex completely buries the G213 roadway and dams up the Minjiang River in these sections; after the earthquake, rainfall, aftershocks and river erosion may retrigger new failures, such as retrogressive slide of weathered fractured rock, colluvial landslide, debris flow, embankment failure and rockfall. The following are presented as suggested remedial measures to protect the roadway and stabilize the slope: the removing and trenching, protective concrete/rock blocks against erosion, retaining structure, rockfall stopping wall, rockfall restraining net, rock bolt, and the planting of vegetation. 相似文献
9.
The post-earthquake debris flows in the Wenjia Gully led to the exposure of the shortcomings in the design of the original conventional debris flow mitigation system. A predicament for the Wenjia mitigation system is a large amount of loose material (est. 50 × 106 m3) that has been deposited in the gully by the co-seismic landslide, providing abundant source material for debris flows under saturation. A novel design solution for the replacement mitigation system was proposed and constructed, and has exhibited excellent performance and resilience in subsequent debris flows. The design was governed by the three-phase philosophy of controlling water, sediment, and erosion. An Early Warning System (EWS) for debris flow that uses real-time field data was developed; it issues alerts based on the probabilistic and empirical correlations between rainfall and debris flows. This two-fold solution reduces energy of the debris flow by combining different mitigation measures while minimizing the impact through event forecasting and rapid public information sharing. Declines in the number and size of debris flows in the gully, with increased corresponding rainfall thresholds and mean rainfall intensity-duration (I-D) thresholds, indicate the high efficacy of the new mitigation system and a lowered debris flow susceptibility. This paper reports the design of the mitigation system and analyzes the characteristics of rainfall and debris flow events that occurred before and after implementation of the system; it evaluates the effectiveness of one of the most advanced debris flow mitigation systems in China. 相似文献
10.
汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨型特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
汶川地震后暴雨诱发的泥石流不断增加,通过收集整理降雨资料,分析汶川震区不同地域泥石流暴发的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量变化过程,揭示震区暴雨泥石流的激发雨型特征,为暴雨泥石流的预报提供科学依据。研究结果表明,汶川震区的暴雨泥石流激发雨型可分为短期突然降雨型、中期持续降雨型和长期间断降雨型3种类型,主要表现为引发泥石流的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量的不同。暴雨泥石流的形成机制体现为降雨导致流域内松散土体渗透、饱和及侵蚀移动的过程。激发雨型与激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量存在相关关系,短期突然降雨型的激发雨强最大,前期有效累计降雨量最少;中期持续降雨型的激发雨强居中,前期有效累计降雨量最多;长期间断降雨型的激发雨强最小,前期有效累计降雨量居中。对四川茂县叠溪镇新磨村突发山体高位垮塌碎屑流进行验证,初步判定是由长期间断降雨型引发岩体抗剪强度降低而引起的。对不同激发雨型特征的研究能够为汶川震区泥石流监测预警提供科学依据。 相似文献
11.
The 12 May Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes: distribution and preliminary risk evaluation 总被引：26，自引：9，他引：17
The Wenchuan earthquake, measured at M
s 8.0 according to the China Earthquake Administration, occurred at 14:28 on 12 May 2008 in the Sichuan Province of China.
It brought overwhelming destruction to eight provinces and cities. Landslides and rock avalanches triggered by the earthquake
produced 257 landslide lakes which were distributed along the fault rupture zone and river channels. The authors traveled
to the disaster zone immediately after the earthquake to examine some of the features of the debris dams and performed a quick
evaluation of the potential for outburst of earthquake-induced landslide lakes for the purpose of disaster relief. The preliminary
analysis indicated that the landslide lakes could be classified as those exhibiting extremely high risk, medium risk, and
low risk according to field observations and remote sensing, to determine material composition, dam structure, dam height,
maximum water storage capacity, and size of the population potentially affected area. The failure risk of 21 debris dams were
evaluated as follows: one dam with an extremely high danger risk, seven dams with a high danger, five dams with a medium danger,
and eight dams of low danger. More concern was given to the Tangjiashan Lake and different scenarios for the potential sudden
failure of its dam were assessed. The risk evaluation result was accepted in full, by the earthquake disaster relief office.
A successful emergency dam treatment for risk reduction was planned, based on our assessments, and these measures were quickly
carried out. According to this research, the earthquake destabilized the surrounding mountains, resulting in a prolonged geohazard
for the area. Landslides and debris flows will continue to develop for at least 5 to 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake
and will produce additional dammed lakes. Recommendations and plans for earthquake–landslide lake mitigation were proposed,
based on past successful practices. 相似文献
12.
Variational Laws of Debris Flow Impact Force on the Check Dam Surface Based on Orthogonal Experiment Design 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Debris flow impact force is an important factor for controlling structural damage, and it is the key factor for engineering design and risk assessment. Variation laws of debris flow impact force play an important role in preventing check dam impact damage and providing technology, data and support for check dam construction. Many influencing factors exist in debris flow impact force with different influencing magnitudes. The three main factors, i.e. the debris flow bulk density, the drainage channel slope and the upstream surface gradient of the check dam, were selected to be analyzed. The purpose of the study was to analyze the influencing degree of the three factors. Three levels were set for each factor and nine text schemes were established based on the theory of orthogonal experimental design. What is more, the related miniaturized flume experiment was carried out to measure impact force of debris flow. Finally, taking the impact force mean values of key point as the evaluation index, the flume experiment results were analyzed in detail by extreme difference analysis and variance analysis. Research results indicate: among the three factors, the drainage channel slope has the most significant influence, the upstream surface gradient of the check dam is in the second place and the debris flow slurry density is the third. The form of impact force mean with the maximum value: the drainage channel slope is 15°, the debris flow bulk density is 18.1 kN/m3 and the upstream surface gradient of the check dam is 1:0. 相似文献
13.
The Wenchuan earthquake induced large amounts of debris flows and catastrophic incidents triggered by subsequent rainstorms occurred frequently in the past 6 rainy seasons, and thus resulted in serious casualties, huge economic loss and long-term impact. In this paper, post-seismic debris flows distributed in 10 Wenchuan earthquake extremely stricken counties were verified and debris flow database consisting of 609 debris flows was established based on detailed investigation organized by Land and Resources Department of Sichuan Province. Combined with database and related studies, the impact of Wenchuan earthquake on debris flows was analyzed. And then variation of formation conditions including rainfall threshold and landform condition was analyzed by contrasting pre-seismic and post-seismic debris flows. Followed are some typical viewpoints on initiation mechanism of post-seismic debris flows. In the end of this paper, characteristics of postseismic debris flows triggered by subsequent rainstorms were comprehensively summarized, such as regional group occurrence, high frequency, high viscosity, chain effect, huge dynamics, large scale and long duration. We hope this paper will be helpful in understanding the formation mechanism, disaster characteristics and prevention countermeasures of post-seismic debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake extremely stricken areas. 相似文献
14.
地震对地质环境的改变,产生的地质灾害效应会在5~10a或者更长的时间显现,汶川地震前后平武县发育泥石流数变化较大。根据多次现场调查,收集分析近8a的各类资料,对平武县地震前后发育泥石流情况及特征做了分析对比研究,对兴坪沟泥石流的基本特征、形成机制、近年来的发展演化情况以及工程防治效果进行详细分析,得出:（1）平武县境内因汶川地震诱发的泥石流灾害85%左右在地震后的5a内趋于稳定不再存在安全隐患;（2）兴坪沟因其物源极为丰富、主沟纵坡降较小、流域面积较大、支沟众多等特征目前还存在较大安全隐患;（3）兴坪沟泥石流防治工程效果良好;（4）下一步防治建议:在大沙坝段（距沟口1.1km处）修建单边防护堤,及时对郑家山滑坡进行工程治理,加强物源区耕地、弃渣管理,保护汇水区植被。 相似文献
15.
在汶川震区沟道型泥石流中,普遍存在一种窄陡沟道类型,窄陡沟道型泥石流具有沟道纵坡陡、平均宽度窄、流域面积小的地形特点,在震区容易瞬间汇流形成大规模突发性泥石流灾害。结合四川省都汶高速沿线2013年“7·10”特大群发性泥石流,重点以窄陡沟道型的磨子沟泥石流为实例,针对该泥石流对都汶高速、岷江等造成的冲击淤埋及堵塞问题,通过现场调查泥石流形成条件和发育特征,采用大型流体动力学计算软件CFX模拟再现50年一遇暴雨频率下此类窄陡型泥石流的动力学过程,分析其危险范围、评价其冲击都汶高速桥梁,堵塞岷江,淹没岷江两岸居民安置点的破坏性影响,为提出针对性的泥石流防治工程措施提供依据。 相似文献
16.
甘肃省舟曲8.7特大泥石流调查研究 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
本文通过对甘肃省舟曲县城后山三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟特大泥石流灾害的现场调查,从泥石流形成的地形、地质和降雨条件入手,分析了特大泥石流灾害的特征与成因:三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流形成区在2010年8月7日23～24时的1h降雨量达77.3mm,暴雨形成强大洪水依次冲毁两条沟内的天然堆石坝和人工拦挡坝,形成规模巨大的高容重黏性泥石流,泥石流冲出总量和泥沙总量分别为 144.2104m3和97.7104m3; 泥石流携带具有强大冲击力的巨石冲毁房屋5500余间; 在白龙江内形成长约550m,宽约70m,高约10m的堰塞坝并形成堰塞湖,堰塞湖回水长3km,使县城一半被淹; 泥石流造成1744人死亡和失踪。分析研究表明,三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流如果在近期遭遇强降雨还会暴发泥石流,但规模比87特大泥石流小;如果强降雨发生在数年后,暴发的泥石流规模比87特大泥石流略小;在20a或更长的时期内,没有发生新的地震影响下,在三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟经历一次大规模泥石流暴发后,泥石流的规模将回到汶川地震前的水平。 相似文献
17.
人工降雨条件下冲沟型泥石流起动试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
下垫面以位于贡嘎山东坡的熊家沟为模型,开展了不同降雨强度条件下冲沟型泥石流起动的模拟试验,初步研究了冲沟型泥石流的形成机理和演化特征.试验研究表明:(1)在强降雨条件下,水体入渗速度、不同深度土体含水量变化与降雨强度呈反比例关系,降雨强度越大,越不利于水体入渗,而有利于坡面汇流、冲沟径流和下切侵蚀; (2)在强降雨和径流条件下,土体破坏方式、破坏程度以及泥石流形成机理表现出差异性.相对较小雨强降雨条件下,土体破坏方式以滑坡为主,泥石流形成模式表现为滑坡液化与转化起动,雨强较大降雨条件下,土体破坏方式以侵蚀垮塌为主,泥石流形成模式为洪流席卷垮塌体和沟床揭底; (3)起动试验中泥石流阵性特征明显.在强降雨条件下,雨强与泥石流的规模、黏度之间没有正相关性,雨强越大,泥石流黏度越小,试验中多出现的是高含砂洪流,而相对较小雨强作用下由土体液化转化形成的泥石流黏度较大.试验现象和结果与熊家沟泥石流起动、发生过程具有较高的一致性. 相似文献
18.
The debris flow, which was triggered in the Wenjia Gully on August 13, 2010, is an extreme example of mass movement events, which occurred after the Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008. This Earthquake triggered in the Wenjia Gully the second largest co-seismic landslide, which can be classified as a rockslide-debris avalanche. A lot of loose sediments was deposited in the basin. In the main so called Deposition Area II of this landslide, with a volume of 30?×?106?m3, flash floods can easily trigger debris flows because of the steep bottom slope and the relative small grain sizes of the sediments. The largest debris flow of August 13, 2010 destroyed the most downstream dam in the catchment during a heavy rain storm. The debris flow with a peak discharge of 1,530?m3/s and a total volume of 3.1?×?106?m3 caused the death of 7 persons, 5 persons were missing, 39 persons were injured and 479 houses buried. After three rainy seasons, only 16?% of the landslide-debris deposition was taken away by 5 large-scale debris flow events. Since the threshold for rainfall triggered debris flows in the Wenjia Gully and other catchments drastically decreased after the Wenchuan Earthquake, new catastrophic events are expected in the future during the rainy season. 相似文献
19.
Natural dams formed by landslides may produce disastrous debris flows after dam outburst. However, studies on the critical conditions required for the formation of outburst debris flow resulting from natural dam failure are still at an early stage. In this paper, we present the results of a series of laboratory tests that assessed three different materials, five different flume bed slope angles (2°, 7°, 9°, 10°, and 13°), two in-flow rates, and four types of dam geometric shapes. The results showed that the unit weight of downstream fluid increased with increasing bed channel slope. Additionally, a critical flume bed angle was found for debris flow formation. Furthermore, the combination of lake volume and flume bed angle was found to influence the formation of debris flow. A nonlinear trend was observed between the unit weights of debris flow and the uniformity coefficients of solid material. Based on the theory of stream power, a critical condition for debris flow formation from natural dam failure was established. Based on two case studies, the results indicate that the condition that was established for debris flow formation following natural dam failure agrees well with reality. 相似文献
20.
本文分析了主要由冰滑坡和冰崩入湖导致的冰湖溃决的机理和条件.进而,从气候条件、水文条件、终碛堤、冰湖规模、冰滑坡、沟床特征和固体物质补给等方面分析了冰湖溃决泥石流的形成条件和特点,归纳出冰湖溃决泥石流沿程演化的6种模式:溃决洪水-稀性泥石流、溃决洪水-黏性泥石流、溃决洪水-稀性泥石流-黏性泥石流、溃决洪水-黏性泥石流-稀性泥石流、溃决洪水-稀性泥石流-黏性泥石流-稀性泥石流和溃决洪水-黏性泥石流-稀性泥石流-洪水.针对冰湖溃决泥石流突发性强、频度低、洪峰高、流量大、流量过程暴涨暴落、破坏力强和灾害波及范围广等特点,提出了7点减灾对策. 相似文献