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青岛陆上观测点的气溶胶光学厚度特征分析及与渤海气溶胶光学厚度的比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
阐述了气溶胶散射对太阳光衰减的影响和对观测数据的统计分析.作者使用手持式五波段太阳光度计和臭氧监测仪对青岛崂山区陆域和渤海海域的大气衰减进行了较长时间的观测.分析表明,对可见光和近红外波段电磁渡的大气衰减贡献最大的是气溶胶散射,气溶胶散射的光学厚度随波长的增大而减小,但是它在大气总光学厚度中占的比例随波长的增大而增加.在青岛崂山区冬季,对应于440nm波长的气溶胶散射光学厚度主要分布在0.4～0.6和1.5～1.6区间,浑浊度系数α主要分布在0.15～0.45区间,埃斯特朗指数β主要分布在1.0～1.4区间.从时间上看,α和β在1d内的变化不大,但逐日变化非常显著.与晴天相比,青岛崂山区冬季雾天的气溶胶散射光学厚度增加了大约一倍,较大的浑浊度系数和较小的埃斯特朗指数表明,雾天的大气具有气溶胶散射的光学厚度大、粒子浓度大和粒径尺度大的特点.通过与海上观测数据的比较可见,青岛崂山区陆地冬季在雾天时的气溶胶分布与渤海夏季时相似,青岛崂山区陆地冬季在晴天无云时的气溶胶分布与渤海秋季时相似. 相似文献
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北京市大气气溶胶体积谱特性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用AERONET的气溶胶月平均数据,分析了北京市大气气溶胶体积谱的季节性变化,并对气溶胶体积谱与光学厚度、Angstrom指数、小颗粒比例以及单次散射反照率的关系进行分析。分析结果表明:在春季北京市气溶胶体积谱中粗模态粒子占的比重较大,峰值半径约为3μm;在夏季北京市气溶胶体积谱中细模态粒子占的比重较大,峰值半径约为0.25μm;影响粗模态峰值异常增大的主要因素是沙尘,影响细模态峰值异常增大的主要因素是温度和湿度;在吸收性粒子浓度较低情况下,细模态粒子占主导地位时,单次散射反照率随波长的增大而减小,粗模态粒子占主导地位时,单次散射反照率率波长的增大而增大。 相似文献
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二甲基硫(CH3SCH3,或DMS)是大气硫化物最主要的天然来源之一,是由海洋浮游植物产生的。其在大气中的氧化产物甲磺酸(MSA)和非海盐硫酸盐(Nss-SO42-)是沿海天然降水中酸性物质的主要贡献者。对大气气溶胶中甲磺酸的采样条件及测定方法进行了探讨,利用离子色谱技术测定了青岛春季大气气溶胶中甲磺酸质量浓度平均为0.376μg/m3,并与文献结果进行了比较。 相似文献
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本文利用冬春季在青岛采集的气溶胶样品,分析了其中总磷(TP)、溶解态磷(DP)、溶解态无机磷(DIP)和溶解态有机磷(DOP)浓度,讨论了沙尘源和人为源气溶胶中磷浓度和溶解度的差异及磷的来源和酸化作用的影响。结果表明,TP在沙尘源样品、人为源的霾样品和雾样品中浓度中值分别为325.5、152.9和142.2 ng/m3,DP对TP的贡献、即磷溶解度的中值分别为8.3%、24.6%和55.5%。人为源样品中较高的DP浓度来自DIP的贡献,DOP浓度在人为源和沙尘源样品中相当。沙尘源样品中TP的矿物和非矿物形式各占50%、DP中非矿物P的占比为70%;人为源样品中非矿物磷在TP中的占比>60%、在DP中>90%。酸化作用对矿物磷的溶解效率远远低于非矿物磷。人为源的雾样品中高磷溶解度主要决定于非矿物磷初始溶解度的贡献(>20%)及其酸化作用的二次提升(10%～40%),人为源的霾样品中磷溶解度主要决定于非矿物磷初始溶解度的贡献,其酸化作用的贡献较小。在沙尘源和人为源样品中,矿物形式磷贡献的溶解度均较小,约为1%～3%。 相似文献
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《海洋气象学报》2018,(4)
研究了非洲地区大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的时空变化及沙尘气溶胶越大西洋海区的传输。结果表明:1)源于撒哈拉沙漠的沙尘及其随赤道东风向西输送使得沙尘气溶胶成为非洲沙漠地区和紧邻的大西洋海区的主要气溶胶组分; AOD高值区和沙尘气溶胶光学厚度高值区在1—7月随赤道辐合带北移同步向北移动,而在8—12月则向南回撤。2)刚果盆地大气气溶胶主要为热带雨林和稀树草原排放的有机碳(OC)和黑碳(BC)气溶胶;其中与生物质燃烧源排放有关的OC、BC高值主要集中在干季(6—9月)的后半段(8—9月);而生物源OC排放全年连续,其排放峰值出现于雨季开始时;生物质燃烧排放高值期与生物源排放高值期前后相继,形成干季(尤其是后半段)时期的OC、BC光学厚度高值。3)亚马逊河入海口地区主要气溶胶组分为海盐气溶胶,9—11月该区风力输送增强,风向由东南风转变为东风,海盐进入亚马逊河入海口处,形成AOD和海盐气溶胶光学厚度高值区。4)撒哈拉沙漠沙尘气溶胶向大西洋传输的偏北月份为7—9月、偏南月份为1—3月; 2000—2016年海区沙尘气溶胶的传输路径存在向南移动的变化趋势,与同期亚速尔高压的增强和沙尘传输路径以北北风分量的增强以及赤道辐合带的移动一致。上述研究结果揭示了利用大气气溶胶时空变化特征反映区域大气环流和气候变化的可能性。 相似文献
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《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2021,(9)
为分析大气细菌群落结构区域差异性,本研究采集了2014—2015年黄海、青岛和兰州大气生物气溶胶样品,对其进行了16S rRNA基因高通量测序分析,探讨环境因子(温度、风速和相对湿度)对大气细菌群落结构可能的影响。结果表明,3月黄海、青岛和兰州以及青岛不同采样时间的生物气溶胶中细菌群落结构在区域(p0.01)和时间(p0.05)分布上具有差异性,即黄海气溶胶中细菌群落多样性均高于陆地(p0.01),3月青岛细菌群落的多样性高于兰州(p0.01),且青岛春季大气生物气溶胶中细菌群落的丰富度和多样性高于冬季和夏季(p0.05)。物种注释结果表明,变形菌(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌(Firmicutes)、放线菌(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)为这3个区域大气中的优势菌门。由于粗、细颗粒耐受环境变化的能力不同,不同区域粗粒径和细粒径样品的细菌群落的组成发生变化。例如,Bacteroides在黄海粗粒径样品中的相对丰度高于细粒径;Psychrobacter和Paenibacillus分别是3月青岛粗粒径和细粒径样品中的优势菌;沙尘发生时,兰州细粒径样品中的优势菌由Bifidobacterium转为Acinetobacter,粗粒径样品中的优势菌仍是Bifidobacterium但相对丰度值增大。典范对应分析表明,风速对细菌群落结构具有显著影响(p0.01)。 相似文献
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在卫星数据反演气溶胶光学厚度产品的基础上,讨论了二次反演大气柱中气溶胶粒子密度的问题.通过理论分析,利用多波段气溶胶光学厚度提取大气柱中气溶胶粒子密度是可行的,并指出能否准确确定多波段气溶胶光学厚度会直接影响粒子密度的反演结果.定义并分析了气溶胶粒子消光体积权重系数随粒子半径的变化,表明从气溶胶光学厚度中反演大气柱中气溶胶积聚模态和粗模态粒子密度的结果是可信的.利用SeaWiFS气溶胶光学厚度产品,运用蒙特卡罗法反演了2002年我国海域上空大气柱中积聚模态和粗模态气溶胶粒子密度,结果表明,积聚模态粒子密度比粗模态的高2~3个量级,它们的空间分布趋势一致;我国近岸海域大气柱中气溶胶粒子密度高于离岸海域的;春季气溶胶粒子密度高于其他季节的,特别在黄海、东海海区是如此. 相似文献
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山东半岛南部近海大气气溶胶水溶性离子的化学组成 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研究陆源输入对中国近海大气气溶胶的影响,于2007年春季和秋季对山东半岛南部近海进行气溶胶采集工作.分析结果表明气溶胶水溶性离子中主要无机离子无显著的季节性变化,其中二次离子(nss-SO2-4,NO-3,NH+4)浓度最高,占总测定离子浓度的80%以上.甲磺酸离子浓度春季明显高于秋季,分别为(0.041±0.022)和(0.012±0.003 1)μg·m-3,导致生源硫酸盐对非海盐硫酸盐的贡献率分别为4.5%和1.5%;另一方面海盐源硫酸盐分别占总硫酸盐浓度的3.3%和3.9%,以上结果表明人为输入源占山东近海大气气溶胶中硫酸盐来源的主要部分.春季与秋季气溶胶中nss-SO2-4/NO-3值分别为1.43和1.34,反映出近年来中国大气中SO2/NOx呈现出下降趋势.由此可见,来自陆源的人为活动输送导致山东南部近海大气气溶胶的化学组成呈现出明显的陆源特征. 相似文献
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利用MODIS气溶胶产品中550nm气溶胶光学厚度和小颗粒比例两个参数的关系,直接计算得到我国海域人为和沙尘气溶胶光学厚度,并对人为和沙尘气溶胶的分布进行了分析,结果表明:在我国海域,利用550nm气溶胶光学厚度和小颗粒比例的关系直接计算人为和沙尘气溶胶光学厚度是可行的;我国海域的人为和沙尘气溶胶光学厚度有明显的时空变化.人为气溶胶在春夏季最大,而在秋冬季最小;沙尘气溶胶在冬春季最大,而在夏秋季最小.在该海域人为和沙尘气溶胶光学厚度有显著的空间变化,在纬向上,人为气溶胶光学厚度在30°~45°N达到最大值,向南北递减;沙尘气溶胶光学厚度在33°~40°N最大,在其他纬度都很小.在经向上,人为气溶胶光学厚度与离岸距离有关,在沿海120°E处最大,随着经度增加而减小.沙尘作为大颗粒气溶胶,传输距离小,所以它只是在120°~123°E出现最大值,在其他经度处都很小. 相似文献
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2016年春季在青岛地区采集总悬浮颗粒物样品,利用X-射线衍射仪对其碎屑和黏土矿物进行分析,结果表明在不同空气质量采集的样品中,矿物组成有明显差异。对较差天气下采集的样品进行黏土矿物分析,识别出伊利石、蒙皂石、绿泥石和高岭石等4种主要黏土矿物。利用蒙皂石-伊利石-高岭石三角图解、亚洲沙尘暴数值预报系统和颗粒物后向轨迹分析,对较差天气下采集的颗粒物来源进行分析,发现颗粒物主要来自亚洲内陆(组分百分比48.3%)和青岛附近地区(组分百分比51.7%);利用后向轨迹对较好天气下采集的样品分析,发现颗粒物不仅有亚洲内陆(组分百分比34.43%)和青岛附近地区的来源(组分百分比42.62%),还有东南向气流搬运而来的海盐颗粒物(组分百分比22.95%)。通过以上研究,对青岛地区春季大气颗粒物的矿物组成和来源有了详细的认识,对于了解大气颗粒物对青岛沿海地区空气质量、海洋生态环境的影响具有重要的意义。 相似文献
12.
ＴｈｅｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆａｅｒｏｓｏｌｓｉｎｔｈｅＫｕｒｏｓｈｉｏａｒｅａ－Ⅰ．Ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄｆｌｕｘｅｓ￥ＣｈｅｎＬｉｑｉ；ＹａｎｇＸｕｌｉｎ；ＴａｎｇＲｏｎｇｋｕｎａｎｄＹｕＱｕｎ＇（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＦｅｂｒ... 相似文献
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During preindustrial times about half the lead in the troposphere came from soil dusts while the remainder came from volcanic gases. Today the proportion of this natural lead in the atmosphere is overwhelmed by industrial lead emitted from smelters and automobile exhausts. In the Antarctic tropospheric cell, atmospheric concentrations of industrial lead are five-fold greater than natural lead concentrations, while in urban atmospheres the proportions of industrial lead are more than 10 000-fold greater than those of natural lead.About 90% of industrial lead emissions to the global atmosphere are introduced into the Northern hemisphere westerlies from North America, Europe and Japan, with most of the remainder being introduced into the Southern hemisphere westerlies from Brazil, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. This creates a north-south gradient in global atmospheric lead concentrations across meridional tropospheric circulation cells because their convergence barriers restrict latitudinal mixing. Atmospheric lead concentrations in a pole-to-pole strip across the central Pacific show a decline in lead within meridional cells on either side of the Northern westerlies. This hemispheric set contains higher lead concentrations on the whole than does the corresponding set of meridional cells in the Southern hemisphere, because of the isolating effect of the equatorial mixing barrier. In the Southern hemisphere the westerlies cell again contains higher lead concentrations than do adjacent meridional cells, with the Antarctic cell being the least lead polluted portion of the Earth's atmosphere.Tabulations of eolian input fluxes of lead from these atmospheric reservoirs to the Earth's surface for remote regions are given in this review, as well as methods for estimating the proportions of natural and industrial lead in soil dust, sea salt, volcanic sulfate and anthropogenic particles in air and rain. 相似文献
14.
A. N. Rublev I. A. Gorchakova T. A. Udalova 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2011,47(2):190-200
Based on mathematical simulation, quantitative estimates of the effect that coarse dust particles have on the accuracy of
retrieving the optical characteristics of aerosol have been obtained from the results of ground-based measurements of the
spectral fluxes of both direct and scattered solar radiations. The results of verifying a retrieval algorithm (used at the
AERONET ground-based network) based on special test models showed that the aerosol characteristics retrieved with this algorithm
are unsuitable for calculating integral solar fluxes and for simulating space spectrometric IR measurements when the concentration
of dust particles in the atmosphere exceeds their concentration in the well-known CONT model of continental aerosol by a factor
of two or more. 相似文献
15.
青岛市城区演化及发展的卫星遥感分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对1988、1997和2002年3个时相的Landsat卫星遥感数据分析，获得适合青岛市城区发展研究的遥感波段组合，获得了青岛近20多年来城区扩展的总体信息。从3个时相遥感影像的对比结果可以看出，1988年到1997年期间青岛市城区扩展较为显著，市南、市北、四方、李沧和崂山5区面积从89．5km^2发展到169．5km^2，1997年以后仅崂山区西部有小面积扩展。城阳和黄岛区的变化较大，1988年到1997年间分别以大约14倍和15倍的速度增长，1997年到2002年城阳城区面积从38．1km^2扩展到50．3km^2，黄岛城区面积翻番。从自然条件的角度来看，青岛市东部多山地发展空间小，城阳区大部分处于海拔100m以下，而城区面积不到总面积的1／6，黄岛区也存在近3倍于现今的城区面积的发展空间。可以看出在环胶州湾的发展带上，城区扩展存在着明显的不平衡现象，今后我们应该改善导致这种不平衡发展的因素，加强胶州湾沿岸交通网的建设，将下一步的发展重点放在胶州湾北岸、西南岸以及崂山东北部低地区域的建设上。 相似文献
16.
Mitsuo Uematsu 《Journal of Oceanography》1987,43(6):395-401
I am deeply honored to have been selected as a recipient of the 1987 Okada Prize by the Oceanographical Society of Japan. The present paper reviews my work and recent studies of other investigators concerning mineral aerosol (dust) particles in the marine atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean. I would like to emphasize the importance of atmospheric deposition of continental substances to the ocean environment. From consecutive measurements of atmospheric dust concentrations and total deposition fluxes at 13 island stations in the Pacific Ocean, a strong seasonal transfort pattern of dust particles was found at most of the stations. High atmospheric dust concentrations occurred during the spring in both hemispheres. There was a latitudinal gradient in both the atmospheric dust concentration and flux, with the highest values observed at midlatitudes. When combined with observations of dust storms in Asia and isentropic trajectory analysis, it was clear that the dust over the central North Pacific was transported by the upper westerly winds from the arid desert regions in central and eastern Asia. Transport times were 1–2 weeks, and in some cases, atmospheric transport paths of over 10,000 km were observed. Infrequent short-term dust events contributed most of annual atmospheric dust flux to the open ocean. These sporadic inputs are major sources for both suspended mineral matter in the water column and the non-biogenic component of deep-sea sediments in the Pacific Ocean. The impact of atmospheric dust fluxes on chemical and biological processes in the water column remains to be determined. 相似文献
17.
Influence of a high aerosol concentration on the thermal structure of the atmospheric boundary layer
M. N. Khaikin I. N. Kuznetsova E. N. Kadygrov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2006,42(6):715-721
The influence of increased concentrations of submicron aerosol produced by forest fires on thermal characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in Moscow and its remote vicinity (the town of Zvenigorod) are analyzed on the basis of regular remote measurements of the ABL temperature profile with the use of MTP-5 profilers. In the air basin of a large city, additional aerosol and accompanying pollutants in early morning hours (at small heights of the Sun) most frequently did not cause substantial changes in the ABL thermal structure. In the locality remote from the megalopolis (Zvenigorod), the atmospheric pollution by aerosol led to noticeable changes in the ABL thermal characteristics. Especially strong changes were observed in the daytime, during the maximum supply of solar radiation. In morning hours, the heating rate of the lower 100-m layer of the polluted air exceeded the heating rate of a relatively pure air by more than one degree. In higher layers, the differences between the rates of temperature changes in a relatively clean atmosphere and in an atmosphere polluted by aerosol (in the suburb) were insignificant. 相似文献
18.
Characterization of the proteinaceous matter in marine aerosols 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marine aerosols play a dominant role in the transfer of oceanic material to the atmosphere. Most marine aerosol originates when air bubbles burst at the sea surface ejecting material from the sea surface microlayer and bubble surface layers into the air. Concentrations of chemical compounds in these surface layers often differ from their concentrations in bulk water. We examined the enrichment of aerosols with proteinaceous matter and attempted to characterize the physical nature and sources of this matter. We measured concentrations of dissolved free (DFAA), dissolved combined (DCAA), and particulate (PAA) amino acids, transparent stainable particles (TSP), and bacteria and virus-like particles as carriers of protein, in natural and simulated aerosols. We also evaluated D/L ratios certain amino acids in all amino acid fractions.DFAA and DCAA enriched the aerosols we sampled by 1.2–20 times compared to bulk seawater; PAA enrichment was usually higher (up to 50-fold). Aerosols contained particles typical of seawater, e.g., microorganisms, organic debris, inorganic particles with adsorbed organic matter, but also a large number of semitransparent gel-like particles, which all contained amino acids. Some of these particles were probably scavenged from bulk water, but new particles produced as bubbles burst at the surface comprised at least 10% of total proteinaceous matter in the aerosol. D/L ratios of certain amino acid suggested that the particles were most likely made from dissolved polymers secreted by phytoplankton that were concentrated on bubble surfaces and in the microlayer. Examination with Alcian Blue (a dye that targets carbohydrates) and Coomassie Blue (a dye that targets proteins) showed that most TSP in the aerosols contained both proteins and polysaccharides. Microorganisms enriched the aerosols by up to two orders of magnitude, but contributed less than 4% to the total protein pool. 相似文献
19.
A. E. Aloyan A. N. Ermakov V. O. Arutyunyan V. A. Zagainov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2010,46(5):608-622
A combined mathematical model has been developed to reproduce space and time variations in the concentrations of multicomponent
gas constituents and aerosols in the atmosphere on both regional and urban scales. This model contains blocks of transport
of gas constituents and aerosols in the atmosphere with consideration for homogeneous binary nucleation, the kinetic processes
of condensation/evaporation and coagulation, chemical processes occurring in both gas and liquid phases, and the processes
of mass exchange during the gas-droplet (particle) interaction. A nonhydrostatic model of atmospheric mesoscale processes
is used to calculate the fields of meteorological elements and turbulent characteristics. The generation of new-phase particles
from precursor gases by the mechanism of homogeneous binary nucleation and their interaction with background aerosol are considered.
The results of numerical experiments are compared with the data obtained from field observations of both space and time variations
in the concentrations of gas constituents and aerosols and in the ionic content of aerosol particles over the Baikal region
under the influence of emissions from powerful industrial sources. 相似文献
20.
O. B. Popovicheva M. Kistler E. D. Kireeva N. M. Persiantseva M. A. Timofeev N. K. Shoniya V. M. Kopeikin 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2017,53(1):49-57
This is a comprehensive study of the physicochemical characterization of multicomponent aerosols in the smoky atmosphere of Moscow during the extreme wildfires of August 2010 and against the background atmosphere of August 2011. Thermal–optical analysis, liquid and ion chromatography, IR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy were used to determine the organic content (OC) and elemental content (EC) of carbon, organic/inorganic and ionic compounds, and biomass burning markers (anhydrosaccharides and the potassium ion) and study the morphology and elemental composition of individual particles. It has been shown that the fires are characterized by an increased OC/EC ratio and high concentrations of ammonium, potassium, and sulfate ions in correlation with an increased content of levoglucosan as a marker of biomass burning. The organic compounds containing carbonyl groups point to the process of photochemical aging and the formation of secondary organic aerosols in the urban atmosphere when aerosols are emitted from forest fires. A cluster analysis of individual particles has indicated that when the smokiest atmosphere is characterized by prevailing soot/tar ball particles, which are smoke-emission micromarkers. 相似文献