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1.
洞庭湖湿地植物生活型与生态型   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
研究植物生活型和生态型可以深刻解析植物群落结构和其环境的关系,对研究植物群落的发生、发展以及演替规律都具有重要意义.通过对洞庭湖湿地植物群落物种生活型及生态型进行调查研究,结果表明:洞庭湖湿地植物主要生长型为草本植物,其次为藤本植物,木本类植物缺乏;生活型主要为一年生植物,其次为地下芽和地面芽植物,高位芽和地上芽植物最少.在不同典型群落中,高位芽和地上芽植物在不同群落中所占比重随着高程的递增而增加,且相同生活型在不同群落中所占的比重也随高程的递增而增加.植物生态型构成中,水分生态型以湿生植物为主,土壤pH值生态型以中性土植物最多,光照强度生态型以阳性植物为主,淤积生态型以非淤积植物最多.洞庭湖湿地不同高程典型植物群落生态型组成为:阳性、旱生、中生、碱性,中性、非淤积型植物主要分布于高、中程区,淤积植物主要分布于低程区;阴性、耐阴性、酸性、碱性、非淤积型植物随高程的递增而递增.在洞庭湖湿地,能同时适应洪水和泥沙淤积胁迫的生长型和生活型所占比例较高.水分是决定不同植物生态型分布的关键因子,在湿地高程区分布的物种更多,植物生态型更丰富.  相似文献   

2.
黄土高原地质历史时期不同时间尺度上的植被演化规律与气候环境影响因素,以及植被替代性指标的解译等问题还值得进一步研究.本工作拟通过对灵台黄土剖面450ka以来黄土-古土壤样品总有机碳同位素(δ~(13)CTOC)和正构烷烃含量组合参数如C31/C27进行综合对比研究,从而为明晰这些问题提供一些新的讨论和证据.结果表明,450ka以来黄土高原中部C_3、C_4植物混生,以C_3植物为主;按生活型则草本、木本混生,以草本植物为主.在黄土高原气候较温暖湿润的MIS9(S3时期),MIS5(S1时期)阶段,可能出现过C_3木本植物的短暂增多,但总体上不存在大面积的森林.在阶段性变化上,黄土高原130ka以来草本植物总体增多,可能与区域性气候干旱化有关.在轨道尺度上,全新世较末次冰期,MIS11(S4时期)较MIS12(L5时期)C_3草本植物减少;在其他几个冰期旋回,间冰期较相应冰期C_3草本植物增多.植被替代性指标与建群种蒿属孢粉量的变化吻合较好,其变化可能与冰期旋回上水热配置有关.MIS1(S0时期)与MIS11(S4时期)气候相似,但全新世时期松属乔木的大量增多,暗示了人类活动和生态因子火活动的影响.  相似文献   

3.
为了揭示湖滨带土地利用与覆被改变对土壤有机碳库及生态功能的影响,本文选取了巢湖湖滨带（北岸）9个典型样方,分析和比较了表层（0~30 cm）土壤有机碳组分特征以及相关酶的活性.结果表明,巢湖湖滨带不同采样点土壤总有机碳（TOC）含量变化范围为2.88~11.2 g/kg,平均含量为9.12 g/kg,其中原生芦苇（Phragmites australis）湿地土壤TOC含量最高（11.2 g/kg）,而芦苇群落消失后形成的荒滩土壤TOC含量最低,仅为2.88 g/kg.表征湖滨带湿地缓冲性能的土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）也以原生芦苇湿地土壤为最高,并与TOC含量呈现明显正相关.湖滨带表层土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）和易氧化有机碳（EOC）含量变化范围分别为150~370 mg/kg和1.7~5.2 g/kg,其变化幅度明显高于TOC,其中DOC含量各采样点差异最为显著.除多酚氧化酶外,次生水柳林（Homonoia riparia Lour.）表层土壤几种酶的活性较原生芦苇湿地土壤皆有所上升,特别是蔗糖酶活性增加幅度最为明显.受人类活动干扰较大的湖滨绿地公园和人工草滩土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶酶活性普遍显著低于原生芦苇湿地.除多酚氧化酶外,土壤中几种酶活性与土壤有机碳组分EOC和DOC含量均呈现显著的正相关,其中蔗糖酶活性与DOC含量之间相关系数最高（r=0.907）,其相关性均达到极显著水平.土壤溶解性有机碳和蔗糖酶可以作为表征因土地利用与覆被变化导致湖滨带湿地退化以及生态恢复效果的敏感性指标.  相似文献   

4.
对贵州草海湿地4种水位梯度下(农田区、过渡区、浅水区和深水区)表层土壤(0~10 cm)碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量比进行研究,以期揭示草海湿地不同水位梯度下土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比的分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)及总磷(TP)含量在不同水位梯度之间均差异显著,由过渡区至深水区,土壤TOC及TN含量均呈递增趋势,而TP含量呈先降低后增加的趋势;农田区土壤TN含量显著高于浅水区,但深水区土壤TP含量显著低于农田区.不同水位梯度土壤碳氮比(C/N)、碳磷比(C/P)和氮磷比(N/P)也存在显著差异,由过渡区至深水区,土壤C/P和N/P均呈递增趋势,而C/N呈先增加后降低的趋势;与过渡区相比,农田区土壤C/N、C/P和N/P总体偏低.相关性分析表明:土壤C/N、C/P和N/P的空间分布与土壤TOC、TN、含水量等理化性质有关.可见,草海湿地水位变化对土壤TOC、TN和TP含量以及C/N、C/P及N/P的空间分布具有显著影响,且水位升高有利于增强土壤碳、氮、磷的固存潜力.  相似文献   

5.
基于水文变异的东洞庭湖湿地生态水位研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
东洞庭湖湿地具有重要生态意义.基于东洞庭湖湿地退化的现实,认为气候变化、人类活动等因素造成水文序列发生突变,湿地生态系统适应突变前的水文环境.以城陵矶水文站1952-2006年月平均水位序列为分析对象,通过滑动T检验法找到序列的最可能突变点,以该点对序列进行分割,以变异前的月平均水位序列为对象,拟合月平均水位的最适合概率分布函数,认为概率最高处的月平均水位是区域生态水位.研究结果表明,城陵矶水文站的水位时间序列发生显著变化;与其他方法相比,本文确定的东洞庭湖湿地生态水位具有一定的合理性,对东洞庭湖湿地生态系统修复具有一定的指导意义.  相似文献   

6.
近年来,受全球变化及高强度人类活动的影响,洞庭湖湿地群落分布带不断下移,引发了人们对其湿地服务功能下降的担忧.以洞庭湖北洲子洲滩为例,采用野外样带调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对洞庭湖湿地荻-苔草群落交错带植被和环境特征进行研究,以期揭示荻-苔草群落交错带动态变化和影响其变化的关键环境因子.结果表明:土壤含水量随高程增加呈逐渐降低的趋势,土壤总碳、总氮、总磷含量和p H值在样带间差异显著,但土壤电导率和总钾含量在样带间无显著差异.各样带物种丰富度和香农指数随高程增加整体上呈先降低再增加的趋势.荻生物量随高程增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,而苔草生物量呈先增加后减少的趋势.典型相关分析表明,土壤含水量与二者生物量及群落丰富度、多样性间具有很好的相关性,表明土壤含水量是调控该群落交错带植被动态变化的关键环境因子.  相似文献   

7.
洞庭湖湿地3种典型植物群落土壤酶活性特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
曾静  李旭  侯志勇  谢永宏 《湖泊科学》2017,29(4):907-913
调查了洞庭湖湿地典型植物群落(短尖苔草(Carex brevicuspis)、南荻(Triarrhena sacchariflora)、辣蓼(Polygonumhy dropiper))洪水期前后(5、10月)两次表层土壤酶活性及土壤养分性状.结果表明:3种典型群落之间具有明显的土壤养分性状及土壤酶活差异.辣蓼群落具有相对较高的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷含量,短尖苔草群落次之,而南荻群落的土壤养分含量最低.3种典型植物群落的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量均表现为5月高于10月,土壤速效磷、速效钾洪水期前后无显著差异.辣蓼群落的蔗糖酶活性明显高于其他2个群落;3个群落脲酶活性均表现为10月高于5月,南荻、辣蓼群落有显著差异.磷酸酶以南荻群落最高,短尖苔草群落5月显著高于10月,南荻群落则10月显著高于5月;短尖苔草、南荻群落过氧化氢酶活性显著高于辣蓼群落,短尖苔草群落5月与10月间有显著差异,其余2个群落无显著差异.相关分析表明:脲酶活性与土壤养分含量关系不密切;蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷、全氮及速效磷素含量均呈显著正相关.总体上,洞庭湖典型湿地植物群落显示了较为明显的土壤理化状况以及土壤酶活差异;同时也显示了季节性差异.相对而言,辣蓼群落土壤具有较快的物质循环与转化代谢速率,对于氮、磷等污染物具有较高的转化作用,而短尖苔草、南荻群落低于辣蓼群落,这可能与二者较低的土壤有机质以及氮磷养分积累有关.  相似文献   

8.
近年来,受全球变化及高强度人为干扰的影响,湿地退化严重(洞庭湖湿地枯水期提前、枯水期水位持续降低和浅水洼地减少),导致洞庭湖湿地沉水植物大面积消亡.深入研究洞庭湖低水位对沉水植物的生长影响,对指导沉水植物恢复有重要意义.以我国典型通江湖泊洞庭湖典型沉水植物为研究对象,模拟野外沉水植物主要分布区域浅水洼地水文环境,设置4个水位梯度(25、50、75、100 cm),探讨竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)的生长、生物量和生理活性对水位变化的响应.结果显示:(1)前期底质养分含量为:总氮0.09%、总磷0.09%、总钾3.04%、碱解氮20.87 mg/kg、速效磷10.7 mg/kg、速效钾326.67 mg/kg、硝态氮6.97 mg/kg、氨氮6.59 mg/kg、有机碳1.21%、有机质2.09%,2个月后,不同水位的底质养分含量有差异,100和75 cm水池的养分含量高于50和25 cm,氨氮、有机质和有机碳含量在25 cm水位的水池较高;(2)75 cm水位适合竹叶眼子菜和黑藻生长,100 cm水位适合苦草和金鱼藻生长;(3)100 cm水位有利于竹叶眼子菜的繁殖及生物量积累,75 cm水位有利于黑藻和金鱼藻的繁殖及生物量积累,50 cm水位有利于苦草的繁殖及生物量积累;(4)100 cm水位下的沉水植物酶活性强,75和50 cm水位下的沉水植物次之,25 cm水位下的最弱.以上结果表明,4种沉水植物的生长特征和生物量积累随水位变化,在水域生态恢复中应考虑将水位控制在50~100 cm之间,这样有利于促进种群生物量和水生生态系统的恢复.  相似文献   

9.
火烧作为调控因子,对植物群落结构和生态系统功能具有重要影响,但在湖泊湿地中研究较少.通过野外调查取样与实验室分析,探讨火烧对洞庭湖湿地主要群落类型——荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)和苔草(Carex brevicuspis)土壤化学性质的影响.结果表明:火烧后,苔草群落土壤硝态氮含量显著减少64.6%,有机质含量增加26.3%;而荻群落土壤与之相反,硝态氮含量增加186.9%,有机质含量减少22.9%.火烧后,苔草群落的全氮、铵态氮、全碳和全磷含量均显著增加,分别增加了75.4%、36.3%、102.7%和76.9%,而荻群落土壤与对照组间无显著差异.总体上,火烧对荻群落土壤养分影响不大,可作为芦苇场的一种管理方式,但火烧促进苔草群落土壤养分释放,有助于苔草群落提前萌芽和生长,并引起牲畜牧食增加.  相似文献   

10.
岩石裂隙决定喀斯特关键带地表木本与草本植物覆盖   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
地球关键带研究将地表植被组成和功能与岩石层的特性联系起来,为研究喀斯特地区特殊的岩石和土壤条件如何影响地表植被提供了新的思路.文章基于贵州中部喀斯特关键带白云岩和石灰岩分布区岩石、土壤和植被调查结果,发现木本植物覆盖度随宽度1mm以上的裂隙数目增多而线性增加,而草本植物覆盖度则呈相反的趋势(p0.01).白云岩分布区由于岩性致密、裂隙不发育、土层厚度一般在20cm以内,适合浅根系的草本植物分布.石灰岩分布区由于裂隙发育、土壤分布深、树木的深根系分布在裂隙中,植被组成和结构复杂.基于2001～2010年MODIS遥感数据获取的每16天一个时相的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和年净第一性生产力(NPP)结果进一步表明,石灰岩分布区各时相NDVI总体显著高于白云岩分布区,但多年平均NPP则相反.本文结果表明,在喀斯特关键带,岩性决定土壤的结构和分布,进而决定地上植被木本植物和草本植物的覆盖.尽管石灰岩地区土壤量可能比白云岩地区偏低,但发达的裂隙结构更适合深根系的树木生长,植被活动强.当前喀斯特地区石漠化治理需要充分考虑地球关键带岩石-土壤-植被-大气相互作用,提出适合不同岩性的植被恢复措施.  相似文献   

11.
Increased erosion associated with land use change often alters the flux of sediments and nutrients, but few studies have looked at the interaction between these disrupted cycles. We studied the effects of gully erosion on carbon and nitrogen storage in surface soil/sediment and herbaceous vegetation and on C and N mineralization in a headwater catchment used for cattle grazing. We found significantly lower C and N stored in an incising gully compared with an intact valley. This storage was significantly higher in an adjacent stabilizing gully, although not to the levels found in the intact valley. The intact valley had two to four times higher soil/sediment concentrations of total organic C, total N and Colwell extractable P than the incising gully. Lower storage was not explained by differences in vegetation biomass density or silt and clay content. Vegetation accounted for only 8% of C and 2% of N storage. Although not a significant store in itself, vegetation has an important indirect role in restoring and maintaining soil/sediment C and N stocks in eroding areas. We found significant linear relationships between C and N mineralization rates and soil/sediment C and N content, with lower rates occurring in the eroded sediment. These findings support our initial hypothesis that gully erosion reduces C and N storage and mineralization rates in eroding catchments. The implications of this study include a change to the quality of eroded sediments in headwater catchments, causing C‐poorer and N‐poorer sediments to be exported but overall loads to increase. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
The carbon isotopic compositions of individual lip-ids can provide the genetic information about sedi-mentary lipids so that it has extensively applied pros-pects in geochemically studied field[1―8]. However, this applied research relies heavily on the accumula-tion of studied data in the genetic relationships between carbon isotopic compositions of individual lipids and their biological precursors in different sedi-mentary environments. Recently, the useful δ 13C data of individual lipids f…  相似文献   

13.
The study of the critical zones(CZs) of the Earth link the composition and function of aboveground vegetation with the characteristics of the rock layers, providing a new way to study how the unique rock and soil conditions in karst regions affect the aboveground vegetation. Based on survey results of the rocks, soils and vegetation in the dolomite and limestone distribution areas in the karst area of central Guizhou, it was found that woody plant cover increases linearly with the number of cracks with a width of more than 1 mm, while the cover of herbaceous plants shows the opposite trend(p0.01). The dolomite distribution area is characterized by undeveloped crevices, and the thickness of the soil layer is generally less than 20 cm, which is suitable for the distribution of herbaceous plants with shallow roots. Due to the development of crevices in the limestone distribution area, the soil is deeply distributed through the crevices for the deep roots of trees, which leads to a diversified species composition and a complicated structure in the aboveground vegetation. Based on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) remote sensing data from 2001 to 2010, the normalized differentiated vegetation index(NDVI) and annual net primary productivity(NPP) results for each phase of a 16-day interval further indicate that the NDVI of the limestone distribution area is significantly higher than that in the dolomite distribution area, but the average annual NPP is the opposite. The results of this paper indicate that in karst CZs, the lithology determines the structure and distribution of the soil, which further determines the cover of woody and herbaceous plants in the aboveground vegetation. Although the amount of soil in the limestone area may be less than that in the dolomite area, the developed crevice structure is more suitable for the growth of trees with deep roots, and the vegetation activity is strong. At present, the treatment of rocky desertification in karst regions needs to fully consider the rock-soilvegetation-air interactions in karst CZs and propose vegetation restoration measures suitable for different lithologies.  相似文献   

14.
In this study,accumulation and distribution of Pb,Cu,Zn,Co,Ni,Mn and Fe in water,bottom sediments and four plant species (Myriophyllum verticillatum,Hydrocharis morsus-ranae,Nymphaea alba and Typha latifolia) were investigated in (C)ernek Lake of Kizihrmak Delta.The Kizdirmak Delta is one of the largest natural wetlands of Turkey and it is protected by the Ramsar convention since 1993.Selected physico-chemical parameters such as pH,conductivity and dissolved oxygen and also trace metal concentrations were monitored in water.All the parameters obtained were found higher than that of the national standards for the protected lakes and reserves.The accumulated amounts of various trace metals in bottom sediments and wetland plants were found in the following order of Fe ＞ Mn ＞ Zn ＞ Ni ＞ Co ＞ Cu ＞ Pb and Fe ＞ Mn ＞ Zn ＞ Ni ＞ Co respectively.The historical trace metal intake of Myriophyllum verticillatum,Hydrocharis morsus-ranae,Typha latifolia and Nymphaea alba were obtained higher than that of the toxic metal levels and these plants may be accepted as accumulators for the detected trace metals and also bioindicators in the historically polluted natural areas.  相似文献   

15.
Invasive noxious plants have important impacts on community dynamics and ecosystem functions in grasslands. Since the 1960s, the noxious plant Melica przewalskyi has spread rapidly and formed different size of patches in subalpine meadows of the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China. In this study, the species richness, vegetation structure, and soil water content are investigated from the patch edge to the center in four sizes of M. przewalskyi patches (i.e., small patch, <100 cm in canopy diameter; middle patch, 100–200 cm; large patch, 200–300 cm; and the largest patch, >300 cm). The results show that while the patches grow continuously, the dominant species changes from Stipa krylovii to M. przewalskyi with an increasing trend in plant productivity and decreasing trend in species richness and soil water content. Plant height, density, coverage, and above‐ground biomass of M. przewalskyi population increases from the patch edge to the center in small, middle, and large patches, whereas it is precisely the opposite in the largest patch. Interestingly, soil water content exhibits a decreasing trend from the patch edge to the center in all patches. The results indicate that the rapid spread of M. przewalskyi may well alter vegetation pattern and cause a severe soil moisture deficit, which would further drive the degradation of ecosystem functioning in subalpine meadows.  相似文献   

16.
The paper presents a study by taking the soil seed banks and vegetation successions of the forests in Ziwuling Mountain as indicators to analyze the effects of the ages, and the litter layers and soil depths at growing locations in seven types of forest communities on their seed bank formations and soil quality. The results showed that the seed banks at different growing locations in the communities increased in the order of upper slope, middle slope, and lower slope; the seed storages of the seed banks in the different layers of the communities varied, much more higher in the litter layers than in 0–15 cm, and the seed storages of the seed banks in the seven types of forest communities ranked in the increasing order of Pinus tabulaeformis forest, Pinus shenkaneusis forest, Quercus liaotungensis forest, Populus davidiana forest, Betula platyphylla forest, scrub communities, and grassland communities; in the meantime, the seed storage of seed banks peaked in 30–50 years old P. shenkaneusis forest, 30–40 years old P. tabulaeformis forest, 15–30 years old Q. liaotungensis, and P. davidiana and B. platyphylla forests, and 10–15 years old scrub and grassland communities, and the ages of the communities varied with the seed storages of the seed banks in a significantly correlative manner following a fitted exponential equation. In addition, the soil seed banks of the seven types of communities consisted of rich and diverse species with the herbaceous and shrub species greatly outnumbering the arbor species; in general, the coniferous forests were composed of 31 kinds of plants, the deciduous and broadleaf forests consisted of 20–29 plant species, the shrubs contained 27 plant species, and the herbaceous plants numbered 20 plant species; The various species compositions contained only 4–6 arbor species with most being foreign species. In each of the compositions, Bothriochloa ischemum was the grassland plant with the highest occurrence frequency, Sophora viciifolia and Hippophae reamnoides were the shrub plants with the highest occurrence frequencies, and Q. liaotungensis was the arbor plant with the highest occurrence frequency, and they followed by P. shenkaneusis and P. tabulaeformis. These results showed that soil seed banks and forest successions are better indicators for soil quality from natural successions.  相似文献   

17.
洞庭湖洲滩土壤种子库对土壤水分变化的响应   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
陈明珠  靳朝  雷光春  阳俭  雷霆 《湖泊科学》2020,32(3):745-753
由于三峡大坝及上游水库群的运行,长江中下游水域水文节律随之发生了改变,导致洞庭湖枯水期提前,进而影响洞庭湖洲滩植被及其土壤种子库的分布格局.本研究在洞庭湖4个自然保护区内选取共11个典型洲滩湿地,沿由水到陆方向根据植被类型将洲滩分为泥沙洲滩、泥沙—湖草洲滩过渡带、湖草洲滩、湖草—南荻洲滩过渡带、南荻洲滩5种洲滩类型.通过样带—样方法调查和采样,并结合湿润和水淹两种条件下的土壤种子库萌发实验,分析了土壤水分变化对洲滩种子库萌发特征的影响及土壤种子库与地表植被的关系.结果显示:①土壤含水量沿水到陆方向由泥沙洲滩向南荻洲滩递减;②不同类型洲滩土壤种子库密度没有显著差异;③温室萌发实验中,水淹条件下土壤种子库物种丰富度和种子库密度显著降低,东洞庭湖自然保护区土壤种子库物种丰富度和种子库密度较高;④地表植被物种丰富度高于土壤种子库,泥沙洲滩土壤种子库与地表植被物种组成的Jaccard相似性指数最低.此外,虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、南荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)等只在地表植被中存在,而陌上菜(Lindernia procumbens)、通泉草(Mazus japonicus)等只在种子库中存在.结果表明,在进行湿地植被恢复时,不能仅依靠种子库移植技术,还要考虑湖区季节性的水位变化以及个别物种的特异性,配合有针对性的水文调控机制及相关的人工措施恢复其原有植被.  相似文献   

18.
Riparian plants can adapt their water uptake strategies based on climatic and hydrological conditions within a river basin. The response of cold-alpine riparian trees to changes in water availability is poorly understood. The Lhasa River is a representative cold-alpine river in South Tibet and an under-studied environment. Therefore, a 96 km section of the lower Lhasa River was selected for a study on the water-use patterns of riparian plants. Plant water, soil water, groundwater and river water were measured at three sites for δ18O and δ2H values during the warm-wet and cold-dry periods in 2018. Soil profiles differed in isotope values between seasons and with the distance along the river. During the cold-dry period, the upper parts of the soil profiles were significantly affected by evaporation. During the warm-wet period, the soil profile was influenced by precipitation infiltration in the upper reaches of the study area and by various water sources in the lower reaches. Calculations using the IsoSource model indicated that the mature salix and birch trees (Salix cheilophila Schneid. and Betula platyphylla Suk.) accessed water from multiple sources during the cold-dry period, whereas they sourced more than 70% of their requirement from the upper 60–80 cm of the soil profile during the warm-wet period. The model indicated that the immature rose willow tree (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb) accessed 66% of its water from the surface soil during the cold-dry period, but used the deeper layers during the warm-wet period. The plant type was not the dominant factor driving water uptake patterns in mature plants. Our findings can contribute to strategies for the sustainable development of cold-alpine riparian ecosystems. It is recommended that reducing plantation density and collocating plants with different rooting depths would be conducive to optimal plant growth in this environment.  相似文献   

19.
Water level, sediment heterogeneity, and plant density are important factors that determine plant growth, distribution, and community structure. In the present study, we investigated the effects of these factors on the growth and root characteristics of Carex brevicuspis. We conducted an outdoor experiment to monitor biomass accumulation and allocation, relative root distribution mass ratio, longest root length, and total N and P contents of C. brevicuspis plants. We used a factorial design with two water levels (0 cm and −15 cm relative to the soil surface, named high and low water level treatments, respectively), three sediment types (sand/clay sediment with 0–15 cm of sand and 15–30 cm of clay; mixed sediment with 0–30 cm mixture of sand and clay with 1:1 volumw ratio; and clay/sand sediment with 0–15 cm of clay and 15–30 cm of sand), and three plant densities (88 plants per m2, 354 plants per m2, and 708 plants per m2). Biomass accumulation decreased with increasing plant density and was significantly higher in the low water level and the clay/sand sediment than in the high water level and the other two sediment types. The shoot:root ratio was markedly higher in the high water level than in the low water level and decreased with increasing plant density; further, in the high water level, it was significantly lower in the sand/clay sediment than in the other two sediment types. The relative root distribution mass ratio was markedly higher in the high water level treatments than in the low water level treatments. Further, in the high water level treatments, the relative root distribution mass ratio increased with increasing plant density in the clay/sand sediment and was lower in the sand/clay sediment than in the other two sediment types. The longest root length was significantly lower in the high water level than in the low water level and increased with increasing plant density in the sand/clay sediment in the high water level. Total N content in the plants was influenced only by sediment type; on the other hand, total P content was markedly higher in the high water level than in the low water level. Our data indicate that growth of C. brevicuspis was limited by higher water level, higher density and sand/clay sediment. Plants can increase shoot:root ratio and develop shallow root system to acclimate to high water level and thus could adjust shoot:root ratio and root characteristics, e.g. decrease their shoot:root ratio and allocating more root and increasing root length to the nutrient rich layer to acclimate to conditions of higher density and sediment heterogeneity.  相似文献   

20.
Many urban rivers receive significant inputs of metal‐contaminated sediments from their catchments. Restoration of urban rivers often creates increased slack water areas and in‐channel vegetation growth where these metal‐contaminated sediments may accumulate. Quantifying the accumulation and retention of these sediments by in‐channel vegetation in urban rivers is of importance in terms of the planning and management of urban river restoration schemes and compliance with the Water Framework Directive. This paper investigates sediment properties at four sites across three rivers within Greater London to assess the degree to which contaminated sediments are being retained. Within paired restored and unrestored reaches at each site, four different bed sediment patch types (exposed unvegetated gravel, sand, and silt/clay (termed ‘fine’) sediments, and in‐channel vegetated sediments) were sampled and analysed for a range of metals and sediment characteristics. Many samples were found to exceed Environment Agency guidelines for copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) and Dutch Intervention Values for Cu and Zn. At all sites, sediments accumulating around in‐channel vegetation were similar in calibre and composition to exposed unvegetated fine sediments. Both bed sediment types contained high concentrations of pseudo‐total and acetic acid extractable metal concentrations, potentially due to elevated organic matter and silt/clay content, as these are important sorbtion phases for metals. This implies that the changed sediment supply and hydraulic conditions associated with river restoration may lead to enhanced retention of contaminated fine sediments, particularly around emergent plants, frequently leading to the development of submerged and emergent landforms and potential river channel adjustments. High pseudo‐total metal concentrations were also found in gravel bed sediments, probably associated with iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxyhydroxides and discrete anthropogenic metal‐rich particles. These results highlight the importance of understanding the potential effects of urban river restoration upon sediment availability and channel hydraulics and consequent impacts upon sediment contaminant dynamics and storage. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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