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1992～2005年云南地震灾害损失与主要经济指标研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
自1992年开展灾害损失评估以来,到2005年云南省共完成了56次破坏性地震的灾害损失评估。为分析地震灾害对云南国民经济发展的影响,统计了这56次地震的灾害、人员伤亡、经济损失、房屋破坏面积与失去住所人数,查阅了云南省人口、国土面积及1992-2004年云南省内生产总值、财政收入等资料。分析结果显示,云南地震频次高、涉及面广、受灾地区分布不均匀;1992-2004年间的震害损失（88．7亿元）,占云南GDP的0．4％、财政收入的4％,严重制约了云南经济的发展。 相似文献
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地震灾害损失初步评估方法研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
通过搜集地震灾害及经济损失评估资料,研究地震灾害特征,总结经济损失规律,提取地震灾害损失评估经验模型。以此为基础,提出一种初步评估地震灾害经济损失的方法。研究震级与人员伤亡的关系,形成人员伤亡评估经验模型;采用适合本地区的人员伤亡评估经验模型,估算人员伤亡。研究历史地震烈度分布特征,根据震情速报的地点、震级初步确定地震灾区范围;按烈度分布的一般规律初步划分评估区;结合地震应急数据库统计不同评估区内房屋建筑面积,或者查阅当地年鉴统计不同评估区内人口数,按人均房屋建筑面积估算灾区房屋建筑面积;研究历史地震房屋建筑震害,给出房屋建筑地震破坏比经验模型(震害矩阵);按国家标准《地震现场工作第4部分:灾害直接损失评估》(2005)选取适合的损失比;收集不同结构类型房屋建筑的重置单价。遵循地震灾害损失评估原理,可以快速评估计算房屋建筑的地震灾害经济损失。研究历史地震中其他工程结构经济损失与地震灾害总损失的关系,给出其他工程结构经济损失占地震灾害总损失比例的经验模型,据此初步估计其他工程结构的经济损失。 相似文献
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基于1997—2017年中国大陆247次地震灾害资料,统计了电力系统在97次地震中遭受的灾害损失情况,并分析了其在不同震级地震中的灾害经济损失情况及特点。结果表明:①电力系统平均每年遭受4.6次地震灾害;②灾害性地震造成电力系统成灾占比随震级增高而增大,M<5.0、5.0≤M<5.9、6.0≤M<6.9、M≥7.0地震成灾占比分别为13.6%,38.9%,56.2%和62.5%,平均为38.5%;③电力系统地震灾害损失随地震震级增大而增大,但二者之间并非简单的线性关系;④电力系统地震灾害主要分布在我国云南、四川、新疆、甘肃等中国西部地区。 相似文献
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北京市工程场地地震安全性评价知识问答何武学，尹东兵在地震灾害造成的损失中，建筑物的破坏占有很大的比例。由于建筑物的破坏造成的人员伤亡和次生灾害则几乎构成了地震灾害的全部，因此为了减轻地震灾害，减少经济损失和人员伤亡，在工程建设时需要考虑工程建设场地可... 相似文献
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基于1990—2020年地震灾害损失(包括经济损失、人员死亡和人员受伤)数据,分析了过去30年中国大陆地区地震灾害损失的时空分布特征。采用常规标准化方法分析了1990—2019年我国大陆地区地震灾害经济损失的时间分布,认为地震灾害在过去30年间逐渐由人身安全威胁向经济财产威胁转变。通过整理分析2011—2020年各省地震灾害的空间分布特征,认为有必要进一步强化四川、云南、甘肃的抗震设防工作,提升其抵御灾害地震风险的能力;在中东部经济较发达地区,应尤其关注地震造成的间接经济损失和人员受伤情况。通过各省的提取地形坡度因素,采用地统计方法定量计算地震损失与地形坡度因素间的空间相关性系数,认为在以自然条件为基础分析地震灾害的过程中,因震致死与地形的空间相关性不如经济损失和因震致伤高,结合过去30年地震灾害的时间分布特征,得出因震致死和因震致伤总体保持平稳,但经济损失急剧增长,且增长趋势越来越显著,这主要是由经济发展等社会人文因素导致。 相似文献
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世界地震灾害损失的统计 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
有关全世界地震灾害损失的统计，能较全面提供实数者尚不多见，该文章介绍了世界地震灾害损失的统计情况，内容包括：世界地震灾害损失总计，年代阶段地震灾害损失的统计，统计方法，地震死亡人数的统计，经济损失的统计，中国地震灾害损失在全世界范围的比重。 相似文献
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2021年2月13日,日本本州东岸近海发生7.3级地震,没有造成人员死亡,仅150余人受伤,导致建筑物和基础设施发生不同程度的破坏和功能中断。此次强震并未造成大量的人员伤亡和工程结构本体破坏,但出现非结构构件破坏较为普遍以及基础设施功能中断的情况。介绍了各机构的震后灾害损失快速评估工作,总结了工程结构破坏和功能影响、人员伤亡和经济损失情况。对此次地震的灾害特征进行了总结和思考,认为随着各地区抗震能力的提高,非结构构件破坏、地震灾害链、基础设施功能中断与恢复、抗震韧性将成为今后研究的重点。 相似文献
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地震灾害预测是在地震发生之前采取减轻地震灾害损失的重要措施之一。地震灾害预测是在地震危险性分析和地震易损性分析的基础上,根据人口和设施的分布情况以及使用情况,预测位于具有潜在地震危险地区由于地震造成的破坏分布,以及地震灾害导致的人员伤亡和经济损失,进而综合评估地震危害的程度和社会影响。地震灾害预测可为有关部门编制防震规划,制定减轻地震灾害对策和应急计划,提供必要的基础技术资料和科学依据,从而更有效地减轻地震灾害。《加利福尼亚地震的损失估计》一书是 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
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Gtz Schroth Luciana Ferreira Da Silva Marc‐Andree Wolf Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira Wolfgang Zech 《水文研究》1999,13(10):1423-1436
The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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M. A. Kahn 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(2):95-101
Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate. 相似文献