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本文根据中纬度西风带和副热带地区的环流相互作用,讨论了西风带长波槽出现在亚洲上空几个特定地区时,出现的太平洋副高和台风路径的主要特征。指出,当西风大槽稳定在90°E附近时,西太平洋台风几乎总是西行的,对我国威胁最大;120°E附近有长波槽时,大多数台风将在海上转向,但这里的低槽突然发展、减弱、更替和倒退,对台风预报有举足轻重的影响;当150°E附近有长波槽发展时,由于上游华北和东北地区出现不同的气压系统而对副高和台风路径产生截然相反的作用。各类形势下的台风路径除给出相应的统计数据外,还列举了历史上较难预报的实际例子。 相似文献
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对2021年第6号台风“烟花”的主要特点与路径预报重大调整过程中出现的难点问题进行分析和研究,得出主要结论如下。(1)“烟花”移动缓慢,是首个两次登陆浙江的台风,在浙北和杭州湾附近地区长时间滞留。(2)降雨影响范围广、累计降雨量大、大风持续时间长。(3)反映出来的重要难点问题有:当多数模式预报出现一致的偏差时,预报员难以做出订正,有必要开展对模式中台风重要影响系统(高空冷涡、热带对流层上层槽等)的预报检验工作;台风移速缓慢的定量程度难以把握,需要通过总结历史个例和敏感性试验等方法开展东侧台风对西侧台风移动缓慢影响的定量研究;西风带槽/脊对副热带高压退/进快慢的定量影响把握困难,影响北上台风转向点的预报,特别是当不同模式有分歧的时候预报难度更大。 相似文献
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0505台风"海棠"在福建登陆后减弱为低气压,其中心在陆地的移动路径为自福建经江西至湖南。伴随台风低压一同西北移的台风倒槽,在经过河南区域时,移向发生了明显的变化:在从河南东部移至西部后,没有继续西行,而是发生了转向后退,从114°E以西退回到114°E以东,倒槽北段退后尤为明显。倒槽后退导致暴雨落区随之东移,使暴雨落区预报出现较大偏差。为了探讨这种情况出现的原因,以正确判断倒槽移向,减少预报失误,为今后预报积累经验,使用常规高空、地面报文和1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料,对0505台风倒槽影响河南时的天气形势和物理量场演变进行分析。结果发现:台风低压倒槽后退的直接原因为北方较强冷空气南下,在低层侵入倒槽西部,使该处的北风区域扩大、北风风速明显加强,迫使倒槽东退;而在高层则为北方南下冷空气致副高东南退,引西风带系统东移,大陆高压跟进,高压前部北风取代台风倒槽西部的东北风,致倒槽东退并变性为两高之间的辐合线。由于来自贝加尔湖以东高纬度地区的强冷空气从华北南下进入河南西北部,阻止了台风倒槽的继续西移,并迫使其后退,动力上升运动区与水汽输送带随之东退至豫东北,致使该地区暴雨出现。北方南下冷空气的强弱及与台风倒槽的相对位置,是决定此次台风低压倒槽移动的重要因素。当台风倒槽移动前方或北方24 h变温场上出现连片小于-2℃的负变温区,并且在温度平流场上出现连片小于-3℃的冷平流区时,未来12~24 h台风倒槽的移向可能发生变化,或停滞或转向东退,可综合其他因素做出正确判断。 相似文献
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台风对四川暴雨影响的环境场对比分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过统计2000-2010年5-9月在15°～35°N、103°～130°E区域内活动的台风与相应时段四川逐日降水量之间的关系,指出与四川暴雨统计关系最密切的台风路径分别为偏西路径、转向路径和西北路径.对比相似台风路径背景下四川有无明显暴雨出现的环境场特征,指出西风带低槽在40°N以北活动,中亚地区为高脊,中纬度大陆高压控制西藏东部到四川大部或我国中东部为宽广低槽是不利四川产生明显暴雨的环境场特征;巴尔克什湖到贝加尔湖为宽广低槽,副热带锋区密集,到达36°N附近,中纬度带状高压脊线位于30°N以南以及我国中高纬度呈现出东高西低的态势,西部为经向度大的斜压性低槽是有利四川产生暴雨的环境场特征.分析指出:台风对四川天气的影响主要有三方面,一是通过影响副热带高压(大陆高压)产生间接影响;二是台风低压外围环流直接影响;三是作为载体向四川输送暖湿空气,与中高纬低值系统及副热带高压相互作用共同影响. 相似文献
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2005年台风“海棠”与“泰利”的移动路径和登陆地点不同于“麦莎”与“卡努”,前2次台风自东南偏东往西北偏西移动并登陆于福建中部沿海,后2次自东南往西北移动并登陆浙江中部沿海,都给浙江造成了巨大影响,但影响金华地区的风雨程度不同。经分析台风移动过程,认为西风带低槽或高压影响到副高,副高影响着台风西行或北上,在西风带低槽或副高影响较弱时,台风内力和地形影响作用加强;台风在副高带状时西行为主,块状时北上为主。分析台风路径的预报过程,认为中央气象台预报为“登陆台风”有3~4天的时效;预报较准确的登陆位置,若路径较有规则为30~54个小时,若不规则路径可能仅为3个小时。分析影响金华的台风风雨程度,认为东路台风雨量分布特征是东部大、西部小;南路台风是东南部大、西北部小;最大风力落区基本相同。地形对不同台风路径下的风雨影响分布略有不同。 相似文献
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近几年来,我们使用日本GMS云图结合天气形势分析,在台风路径短期趋势预报中,发现GMS云图上有几种特征云系可以比较直观地反映台风、副高及西风带系统的相互配置,预示台风未来的移向。 我们分析了1978—1980年在海上150°E以西转向的21个台风(不包括南海台风)。发现在其转向前都有一些特征云系出现。这些特征云系最早出现在台风转向前4—5天,最迟也在转向前12—24小时,因此对预报台风转向有一定指示意义。 相似文献
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统计分析了25～32°N,120～127°E间北上的台风,其中约1/4是加强发展的;这些加强台风主要集中在7～9月(特别是8月)和30°N以南,125°E以东的时空范围内.台风强度变化与西风槽、冷空气附近涡旋、东风波、高空辐散流场,风的垂直切变、岛屿和大陆地形等影响有关.最后得出综合诊断台风发展加强的5条预报着眼点. 相似文献
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台风鲸鱼(1508)路径和降水业务预报偏差原因分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
1508号台风鲸鱼路径和降水业务预报均出现明显偏差,造成该台风预报服务效果很差。本文主要利用常规观测资料、卫星资料、EC模式预报结果和ERA-interim再分析资料(0.25°×0.25°),探讨"鲸鱼"路径和降水业务预报偏差的原因,同时对比分析与"鲸鱼"路径相似的两组夏季台风出现近乎反向的强降水落区的成因。结果表明:(1)"鲸鱼"强度偏弱,业务定位出现较大偏差,同时EC模式对副热带高压预报明显偏弱偏东,是其路径及登陆点预报偏差的主要原因。(2)EC模式较好地预报出副热带西风急流加强、南海海域高层东北风加大的过程,但业务中却忽视了它们通过加强环境风垂直切变对台风非对称结构的作用,从而导致"鲸鱼"路径和降水预报出现偏差。(3)台风路径和降水预报要特别关注副热带西风急流和对流层高层西风槽的演变,副热带西风急流加强东进南落,台风中心附近高层东北风加大,环境风垂直切变随之加大,其南侧对流发展旺盛,台风移动路径偏西分量加大,强降水主要位于其路径左侧;西风槽东移南压,且与台风环流靠近,台风中心附近环境风垂直切变明显减小,其北侧对流发展旺盛,台风移动路径偏北分量加大,强降水主要位于其路径右侧。 相似文献
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台风“艾利”运动路径两次左折成因分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
对台风“艾利”的移动路径两次左折成因分析表明：西风带的长波调整作用、大陆高压的引导作用、台风“暹芭”对副热带高压南落的阻挡作用和双台风的互旋作用导致了台风“艾利”路径的两次左折。并提出了此类特殊台风路径的预报着眼点。 相似文献
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我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格. 相似文献
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Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Terence Meaden S. Kochev L. Kolendowicz A. Kosa-Kiss Izolda Marcinoniene Michalis Sioutas Heino Tooming John Tyrrell 《Atmospheric Research》2007,83(2-4):446-449
2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness. 相似文献
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准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6
NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。 相似文献
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The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features. 相似文献
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流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：10
本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用. 相似文献
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由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
张德二 《气候变化研究进展》2008,4(2):126-130
2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡. 相似文献
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Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over
the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature
(SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds.
Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early)
onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in
these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly
correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with
respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases.
The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by
the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America
during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region.
The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple
regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation
coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill
to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully
predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed.
Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002 相似文献
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Chunguang CUI Wen ZHOU Hao YANG Xiaokang WANG Yi DENG Xiaofang WANG Guirong XU Jingyu WANG 《大气科学进展》2023,40(4):711-724
Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230... 相似文献