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1.
Summary ?The existence and character of an intra-urban thermal breeze (IUTB) in the city centre of G?teborg, Sweden was examined.
The study was carried out in a 10 ha open area covered with gravel, asphalt and grass, surrounded by narrow street canyons.
Measurements included an array of fixed wind and temperature sensors and smoke in the open area; temperature of the surrounding
neighbourhood from mobile thermal mapping and fixed temperature sensors; standard climate measurements from four automatic
weather stations in and around G?teborg.
The results based on sixteen field surveys performed between December 1998 and March 2000 showed that the open urban area
might generate a special type of IUTB under certain conditions. The IUTB was shown to be a rare nocturnal winter phenomenon
developing during clear and calm weather conditions, with snow covered ground, strong ground based inversions and high stability
(Ri
b
> 1). The most important driving forces for the generation of an IUTB were large intra-urban horizontal air temperature differences
and strong atmospheric stability which led to decoupling of the canopy layer atmosphere from wind flow aloft.
In order to estimate the physical principles underlying an IUTB of this type a simple 1.5-dimensional model was devised. Results
indicated that the horizontal intra-urban air temperature difference recorded in G?teborg was enough to develop an IUTB.
Received May 6, 2002; revised November 20, 2002; accepted January 7, 2003
Published online May 20, 2003 相似文献
2.
采用标准有效温度和不舒适指标,分析了南京市热舒适状况。以南京市2010年全年的逐时气温和相对湿度资料为基础,计算了2010年逐月每小时气温和相对湿度平均值。通过假定在均匀的环境条件下,遮阴的室内,伏案工作活动量为1.0 met,夏季服装热阻为0.6 clo,春、秋、冬季服装热阻为0.9 clo,室内风速约为0.125 m/s,计算出各月逐时标准有效温度和不舒适指标。结果表明,南京市的热舒适状况具有明显的季节变化和日变化特征。季节变化特征显示：夏冬两季热舒适度偏低,夏季平均标准有效温度和不舒适指标分别为27.6℃和0.7,人体感觉偏热;冬季平均标准有效温度和不舒适指标分别为9.4℃和-2.8,人体感觉偏冷;春秋两季热舒适度指数高,春季平均标准有效温度和不舒适指标分别为19.7℃和-0.8,秋季为17.2℃和-1.3,人体普遍感觉舒适,但舒适期持续时间短,全年约62天。就日变化特征而言,冬季白天人体热舒适度普遍高于夜间,夏季则相反。上述结果能够较好地反映南京市人体的普遍热舒适感,可为旅游、建筑、医疗、交通等相关行业和部门提供参考。 相似文献
3.
Observed trends in severe weather conditions based on public alert statements issued by Environment Canada are examined for Canada. Changes in extreme heat and extreme cold events represented by various humidex and wind chill indices are analyzed for 1953–2012 at 126 climatological stations. Changes in heavy rainfall events based on rainfall amounts provided by tipping bucket rainfall gauges are analyzed for 1960–2012 at 285 stations. The results show that extreme heat events, defined as days with at least one hourly humidex value above 30, have increased significantly at more than 36% of the stations, most of which are located south of 55°N; days with nighttime hourly humidex values remaining above 20 have increased significantly at more than 52% of the stations, most of which are located south of 50°N. Extreme cold events represented by days with at least one hourly wind chill value below ?30 have decreased significantly at more than 76% of the stations across the country. No consistent changes were found in heavy rainfall events. Because city residents are very vulnerable to severe weather events, detailed results on changes in extreme heat, extreme cold, and heavy rainfall events are also provided for ten urban centres. 相似文献
4.
利用耦合单层城市冠层模型的中尺度数值模式WRF/UCM,选取8组不同反照率和绿化比例的屋顶冷却方案进行敏感性试验,模拟研究不同冷却屋顶方案对长三角城市群2013年夏季城市热环境的影响,并分析其影响机制。结果表明：不同冷却屋顶方案对城市群热环境的缓解效果与屋顶参数之间呈很强的线性关系。高温热浪天气下,HR4（反照率为1.0）和GR4（屋顶绿化率为100%）方案的制冷度日数分别降低了14.7%和10.9%,节约的能源比普通夏日更多。同时,高温热浪天气会增强热岛强度,高反照率屋顶方案在白天对热岛起到更有效的缓解,热浪天气下日平均热岛强度最大可降低1.36℃。相同方案下,在高温热浪天气下的缓解效果均胜于普通夏日,平均而言,高反照率屋顶和屋顶绿化的降温效果分别增大38.5%和34.9%,增湿效果分别增大29.5%和21.9%,这主要是由于在高温热浪天气下,高反照率屋顶方案能够减少更多的净辐射通量,屋顶绿化方案能够释放更多的潜热通量。此外,城市格点密集区域的降温效果优于分散的城市区域,处于城市群中的常州区域较单独的杭州区域的降温幅度平均高32%。 相似文献
5.
利用2005—2017年赤水国家气象观测站逐小时平均气温、相对湿度和10 min平均风速计算人体舒适度指数,对赤水人体舒适程度的气候特征进行了统计分析。结果表明,赤水舒适天气较多,存在少量的偏冷和炎热天气,酷热日数极少,具有显著的季节分布特征,具体为:①偏冷天气年日数在10～46 d之间波动,开始日期主要在12月份,占比85%,结束日期主要在2—3月份,偏冷天气出现在1月份的概率最大,一天中出现在04—11时的次数最多,出现在13—21时的次数较少;②酷热天气较少,仅出现6个时次,炎热天气年日数在16～54 d之间波动,在20～30 d的年度占比54%,炎热天气开始日期在6中旬—7月上旬,结束日期在8月中旬—9月下旬,一天中13—15时出现概率最大;③舒适天气年日数在135～176 d,年平均舒适天气152 d,4、5、9、10月是最舒适月份。研究表明,春秋季节较为舒适,适宜户外活动,也是赤水旅游的黄金期;冬季后半夜到上午易出现偏冷天气,夏季午后易出现炎热天气,户外活动时需要采取一定的防护措施。 相似文献
6.
The urban surface wind field in the dry-tropical city of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso was studied based on data collected at one urban and one suburban station during early dry season. An intra-urban thermal breeze, creating almost opposite wind directions at the two sites, was found during nights with high atmospheric stability. The high atmospheric stability suggests a decoupling of the surface wind layer from the layer above, allowing the wind system to develop due to the strong intra-urban temperature gradients in the city. Frequent temporary breakdowns of the thermal wind system were noticed, generally generating a turn in wind direction towards that of the regional wind, thus indicating a re-coupling with a stronger wind flow in the wind layer above. 相似文献
7.
利用44个自动站的小时观测资料,详细分析了北京地区近15年来气温、风速、相对湿度和有效温度的分布和变化情况,结果表明:1）北京地区年平均气温、风速和有效温度都显著地受到了地形分布的影响,相对湿度没有表现出明显的地形差异。研究时段内,北京整体呈变干变暖。区域上,气温与有效温度增幅最大的区域集中在平原中心城区,西北和东北部的远郊山区增幅最小,相对湿度降低的程度在区域上较为平均;2）按有效温度的热感受等级划分,北京地区冬季平均热感受属于“寒冷”,年、春季和秋季平均热感受属于“冷”,夏季平均热感受属于“温暖”。春季、夏季和冬季变干变暖明显,秋季则存在明显的区域差异;3）北京地区年平均气候适宜日数在全年中占比41.3%。气候适宜日数变化在区域间差异较大,超过半数站点表现出“气候适宜日数”的减少。由于整体上的变干变暖趋势,导致春季“气候适宜日数”整体在增加,夏季“气候适宜日数”整体在减少。秋季的“气候适宜日数”没有表现出统一的趋势。冬季的热感受主要集中于寒冷日和冷日,“气候适宜日数”很少。 相似文献
8.
选取中国东部季风区长春、北京、武汉和广州市4个代表性城市,利用2012年9月至2014年8月和2016年1月至2017年12月共4年高密度自动站气温资料,比较了南北不同纬度带城市热岛效应（Urban Heat Island, UHI）强度的时空特征。结果表明:1）长春、北京、武汉和广州市建城区年平均UHII分别为0.96°C、1.06°C、0.91°C和0.78°C,北方城市秋、冬季多呈静稳和逆温天气,加上人为热释放量高于其他季节,UHII明显高于春夏季;而南方城市秋季“秋高气爽”,利于热岛的发生发展,冬季和夏季UHII次之,且季节间差异较小;2）4个城市热岛形成机制是一致的,均表现为夜间高于白天,清晨和午后UHII分别开始下降和上升;武汉市内水体较多,UHII日内波动幅度最大,广州市四季温和,UHII波动幅度最小;3）与南方城市比较,北方城市秋、冬季夜间高值时段长,白天低值时段短。本文揭示的南北不同气候带城市热岛强度差异,对于城市规划和城市运行管理具有实际意义。 相似文献
9.
北京气温日变化特征的城郊差异及其季节变化分析 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
本文利用北京地区近4年67个自动气象站的逐小时气温观测资料,基于北京地区气温的日变化特征,通过分析日最高、最低气温出现时间的概率分布,研究了城区、郊区气温的日变化差异及季节特征.此外,进一步分析研究了不同单位时间间隔变温的日变化特征,及最大变温出现时间的概率分布情况.研究结果表明:平均而言,城区最高温度出现的时间偏晚,而最低温度出现的时间城区偏早于郊区,与郊区相比,北京城区站点温度的日变化特征更为一致,最高(低)温度出现的时间更加集中;温度日变化的特征随季节有明显的变化,最高温度出现时间在秋、冬两季最为集中,在春季和夏季较为分散;而最低温度出现时间在春、夏两季最为集中,在秋季和冬季最为分散.一天中正、负变温过程具有非对称特征,正变温是比较急剧的过程,负变温相对比较缓慢,北京城区站点的变温幅度小于郊区,春、秋和冬季变温幅度较大,夏季变温幅度最小.不同单位时间内变温速率的分析表明,最强的变温过程一般在3小时以内;最大变温出现时间的概率分布分析表明,最大正变温出现时间在冬季最为集中,夏季最为分散;而最大负变温在秋季最为集中,在春季最为分散.最高(低)温度、变温的城、郊特征差异主要是由于城市热容量比郊区大,且具有更多变化的复杂性而形成的.温度日变化的特征和其区域、季节差异性的揭示,不仅有助于更好地认识和理解区域气候特征和城市化对气温的影响,也可以为做好精细化的天气预报提供气候背景参考. 相似文献
10.
选取福州大学校园教学区为研究区域,基于典型冬季日背景,运用三维非静力微气候模型ENVI-met,分析模拟校园热环境的差异变化及其热舒适度响应。结合实地勘测,对模型进行校准和验证。结果表明：ENVI-met模型能较好地表征室外热环境,准确预测温度和相对湿度的日变化趋势。混凝土路面、灰色地砖路面行人高度的日平均气温分别比草地高出0.1 ℃和0.3 ℃,逐时最大温差分别为0.68 ℃和0.65 ℃。建筑物阴影和树阴可降低行人高度的气温1.1—1.9 ℃;同一组团在有无遮阴的条件下,平均辐射温度（Tmrt）相差最大可达30 ℃;树木附近和建筑物组团内部生理等效温度（PET）值较小,比硬质路面低2—3个等级。无植被方案下,高温低湿区范围有所扩张,在垂直方向上的增温效应可伸展至10.5 m;风速最大增幅可达1.23 m·s-1,平均辐射温度较高区域的面积增加了69.25%;热舒适区和热不适区面积分别增加了19.78%和2.03%。 相似文献
11.
南京地面风速概率分布律的城乡差异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据南京气象站及其周边3个乡村自动气象站2005年逐时风速资料,拟合了风速的概率分布函数,分析表明:南京城、乡地面风速的概率分布均与3参数的韦伯分布吻合度很高,风速概率密度函数(PDF)曲线形状存在明显的城乡差别,城市风速PDF曲线更加陡峻,即风速分布更为集中;在0.75~3.75 m/s,城市风速PDF值明显高于周边乡村,而在3.75 m/s和0.75 m/s范围,城市风速概率密度值则低于乡村;城市下垫面的摩擦效应削弱风速而热力效应起增强风速作用,对风速的城乡差值序列的分析发现:多数时间城市风速是小于乡村风速的,但风速小于1.90 m/s条件下,城市风速会出现大于乡村的现象;总体上摩擦效应的作用远大于热力效应;城市效应使全年平均风速下降0.43 m/s。 相似文献
12.
Quantifying the influence of land-use and surface characteristics on spatial variability in the urban heat island 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The urban thermal environment varies not only from its rural surroundings but also within the urban area due to intra-urban differences in land-use and surface characteristics. Understanding the causes of this intra-urban variability is a first step in improving urban planning and development. Toward this end, a method for quantifying causes of spatial variability in the urban heat island has been developed. This paper presents the method as applied to a specific test case of Portland, Oregon. Vehicle temperature traverses were used to determine spatial differences in summertime ~2 m air temperature across the metropolitan area in the afternoon. A tree-structured regression model was used to quantify the land-use and surface characteristics that have the greatest influence on daytime UHI intensity. The most important urban characteristic separating warmer from cooler regions of the Portland metropolitan area was canopy cover. Roadway area density was also an important determinant of local UHI magnitudes. Specifically, the air above major arterial roads was found to be warmer on weekdays than weekends, possibly due to increased anthropogenic activity from the vehicle sector on weekdays. In general, warmer regions of the city were associated with industrial and commercial land-use. The downtown core, whilst warmer than the rural surroundings, was not the warmest part of the Portland metropolitan area. This is thought to be due in large part to local shading effects in the urban canyons. 相似文献
13.
14.
Rizwan Ahmed Memon Dennis Y. C. Leung Chun-Ho Liu Michael K. H. Leung 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,103(3-4):441-450
This study investigates the urban heat island characteristics of four major areas of Hong Kong. The areas of study include a densely populated and well-developed commercial area (i.e., Tsim Sha Tsui) and three suburban areas (i.e., Cheung Chau, Lau Fau Shan and Sha Tin) with differing degrees of development. The weather station data of respective areas were acquired from the Hong Kong Observatory. The urban heat island intensity, determined as the air-temperature difference between the selected urban/suburban area and the reference rural area (i.e., Ta Kuw Ling) with thin population and lush vegetation, was used for the analysis. Results showed stronger heat island effect during winter and nighttime than during summer and daytime. An investigation of the cooling and heating degree days indicate that all areas have observed higher number of cooling degree days. However, the cooling degree days were the maximum while heating degree days were the minimum in the urban area (i.e., Tsim Sha Tsui). Clearly, the minimum heating degree days and the maximum cooling degree days in the urban area were a direct consequence of urban heat island. The 10-year (i.e., from 1995 to 2005) average shows that Cheung Chau experienced the least number of cooling degree days while Lau Fau Shan experienced the highest number of heating degree days. Seemingly, the area of Cheung Chau offers better thermal comfort conditions with the minimum number of cooling and heating degree days. 相似文献
15.
基于自动站观测的北京夏季降水特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用2007~2011年北京地区237个自动气象站资料,分析了北京夏季降水的精细化时空分布特征及城郊差异,结果表明:(1)北京大部分地区夏季平均有效降水时数约120~160 h,降水时数高值区主要位于北部怀柔、密云山前迎风坡一带。城、郊区间有效降水时数差异并不明显,城市化对局地降水强度有较明显影响。(2)北京夏季降水主要出现在傍晚到前半夜,凌晨到正午降水较少出现。夏季平均降水量极大值出现在17:00(北京时间),为3.2 mm/h。降水量存在较明显的周期变化特征,其中7 d左右的周期是主周期。(3)夏季城区平均降水量多于郊区,城、郊雨量差异主要来自较强降水过程。城市效应会导致城区弱降水事件的减少,亦会导致较强降水事件的增多。(4)城、郊区间降水持续时长的差异主要由较强降水过程决定,多数情况下城区降水持续时长大于郊区,午后到前半夜发生的降水尤甚。 相似文献
16.
利用1960-2009年武汉城区与郊区气象站逐日平均气温资料,采用相同气候季节划分方法,系统分析武汉城区与郊区气候季节起始时间、季节长度的变化趋势及其差异。结果表明：1980-2009年,武汉城区入春、入夏时间比郊区分别提前10 d和5 d,入秋、入冬时间城区比郊区推迟;武汉夏季长度城区比郊区长12 d,冬季、春季长度城区比郊区短6 d和5 d。1960-2009年武汉四季平均起始时间城区与郊区差别较小,但四季最早、最晚出现时间年际差别较大;武汉入春、入夏时间城区与郊区均提前,入秋、入冬时间均推后,但城区四季变化较显著,郊区仅入秋变化显著;武汉城区夏季长度呈极显著延长,冬季长度呈较显著缩短,城区春季、秋季及郊区四季长度变化均不显著。2000-2009年武汉城区与郊区季节起始时间和季节长度的变化较大,这是因为近10 a武汉作为中部地区崛起的支点,城区发展迅速。 相似文献
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18.
Dimitris K. Papanastasiou Constantinos Kittas 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,107(3-4):407-416
This paper studies the maximum intensity of the urban heat island (UHI) that develops in Volos urban area, a medium-sized coastal city in central Greece. The maximum temperature difference between the city center and a suburb is 3.4°C and 3.1°C during winter and summer, respectively, while during both seasons the average maximum UHI intensity is 2.0°C. The UHI usually starts developing after sunset during both seasons. It could be attributed to the different nocturnal radiative cooling rate and to the different anthropogenic heat emission rate that are observed at the city center and at the suburb, as well as to meteorological conditions. The analysis reveals that during both seasons the daily maximum hourly (DMH) UHI intensity is positively correlated with solar radiation and with previous day’s maximum hourly UHI intensity and negatively correlated with wind speed. It is also negatively correlated with relative humidity during winter but positively correlated with it during summer. This difference could be attributed to the different mechanisms that mainly drive humidity levels (i.e., evaporation in winter and sea breeze (SB) in summer). Moreover, it is found that SB development triggers a delay in UHI formation in summer. The impact of atmospheric pollution on maximum UHI intensity is also examined. An increase in PM10 concentration is associated with an increase in maximum UHI intensity during winter and with a decrease during summer. The impact of PM10 on UHI is caused by the attenuation of the incoming and the outgoing radiation. Additionally, this study shows that the weekly cycle of the city activities induces a weekly variation in maximum UHI intensity levels. The weekly range of DMH UHI intensity is not very large, being more pronounced during winter (0.4°C). Moreover, a first attempt is made to predict the DMH UHI intensity by applying regression models, whose success is rather promising. 相似文献
19.
基于江苏省昆山市2008—2015年12个自动气象站逐分钟降雨数据和常规气象站小时降雨量数据,并选取5个代表站分别代表不同的生态系统,先对昆山市降雨和暴雨的时空特征进行分析,然后采用年多个样法进行暴雨选样,利用指数分布、皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布和耿贝尔分布分析暴雨发生频率,最后使用高斯-牛顿法推求不同生态系统代表站的暴雨强度公式参数,结果表明:(1)昆山市各站点2008—2015年期间年降雨量都呈增长趋势,夏季降雨量最多、冬季最少,一天中01时(北京时间,下同)左右为降雨谷值,18时左右为降雨峰值,白天降雨多于夜晚; 在空间分布上,农田和城市生态系统的年降雨量、年降雨日数最多,湿地和湖泊生态系统较少。(2)暴雨日数年际差异大,年内暴雨主要集中在夏季,暴雨发生频次日变化呈“双峰型”分布,暴雨发生频次在02时和18时最多,09时和24时最少; 市区的暴雨日数空间变异系数大于郊区,且从市中心向外递减。(3)城市生态系统适宜采用皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布推求暴雨强度公式,其他类型生态系统适宜采用指数分布推求暴雨强度公式。 相似文献
20.
利用2008—2012年北京城区平均5 km的高密度自动气象站逐时观测数据,分析了北京城区近地面比湿、风向和风速的时空精细分布特征,初步探究了城市下垫面对局地气象要素的影响机制。研究表明:夏季白天北京城区为干岛,冬季城区表现为弱湿岛特征。受城市效应的影响,北京城区与郊区比湿日变化有明显差异。近地面10 m风受到地形、城市和季节性盛行风的共同影响。当气流经过城区时有明显的绕流现象。夏季05:00—10:00 (北京时,下同),受山风、弱的夏季偏南风和城市热岛共同作用,气流向城市中心辐合。冬季15:00—19:00,受季节盛行风偏北气流和谷风偏南气流的共同作用,在城区形成一条西北—东南走向的辐合线。对风速研究发现:城市粗糙下垫面使北京城区风速减小,二环路和三环路之间存在一条“n”状的风速小值带。由此可见,除已开展较多研究的城市热岛效应外,北京城市效应对近地面湿度和风场亦有显著影响。 相似文献