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1.
中国西部积雪类型划分   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
何丽烨  李栋梁 《气象学报》2012,70(6):1292-1301
利用中国105°E以西地区189个地面气象台站1960-2004年积雪日资料和1981-2004年SMMR、SSM/Ⅰ反演的逐日雪深资料,使用积雪年际变率方法划分中国西部积雪类型,并与积雪日数方法的划分结果进行比较.在此基础上,尝试建立了结合以上两种要素的综合分类指标.利用积雪年际变率方法和台站资料,将中国西部积雪划分为3类.其中,稳定积雪区主要包括北疆、天山和青藏高原东部高海拔山区;年周期性不稳定积雪区包括南疆和东疆盆地周边、河西走廊、青海北部、青藏高原中西部、藏南谷地以及青藏高原东南缘;其他积雪区均为非年周期性不稳定积雪区.气候突变后,积雪日数方法划分的积雪类型变化反映出沙漠和低纬度地区积雪变幅增大,在积雪年际变率方法的结果中体现出青藏高原东部地区趋于稳定的积雪面积在增加.在没有台站记录地区,卫星遥感资料很大程度上弥补了台站观测的缺陷,使用这种资料划分积雪类型时,积雪年际变率方法比积雪日数方法的结果更符合西部积雪的分布特点,反映出积雪分布与地形的密切关系.利用综合分类指标划分西部积雪类型的结果表明,台站资料的划分结果很大程度上受积雪持续时间的影响,而在卫星遥感结果中,积雪年际变率则是影响类型划分的主要因素.  相似文献   

2.
The 3-D complex topography effect on the surface solar radiative budget over the Tibetan Plateau is investigated by means of a parameterization approach on the basis of “exact” 3-D Monte Carlo photon tracing simulations, which use 90 m topography data as building blocks. Using a demonstrative grid size of 10?×?10 km2, we show that differences in downward surface solar fluxes for a clear sky without aerosols between the 3-D model and the conventional plane-parallel radiative transfer scheme are substantial, on the order of 200 W/m2 at shaded or sunward slopes. Deviations in the reflected fluxes of the direct solar beam amount to about +100 W/m2 over snow-covered areas, which would lead to an enhanced snowmelt if the 3-D topography effects had been accounted for in current climate models. We further demonstrate that the entire Tibetan Plateau would receive more solar flux by about 14 W/m2, if its 3-D mountain structure was included in the calculations, which would result in larger sensible and latent heat transfer from the surface to the atmosphere.  相似文献   

3.
中国冬季多种积雪参数的时空特征及差异性   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  
利用1979~2006年冬季中国站点最大雪深和站点雪日、卫星遥感雪深、积雪覆盖率和雪水当量5种积雪资料,从多角度深入细致地分析了我国冬季积雪的时空变化特征。结果表明:5种积雪资料的经验正交分解第一模态都表现为中国南、北方反位相的特征,即当新疆和东北三省-内蒙古地区积雪偏多(少)时,青藏高原和南方地区积雪偏少(多)。新疆和东北三省-内蒙古地区的雪深、积雪覆盖率和雪日随时间有逐渐增多的趋势,而其中边缘山区的雪水当量表现出减少的趋势,青藏高原地区的积雪表现出与其完全相反的特征。南方地区站点最大雪深和雪日表现出随时间减少的趋势,卫星遥感难以监测到该区积雪。相比较而言,卫星遥感资料比较适合高原和山区缺少气象站的地区及北半球更大区域积雪的研究,而站点资料更适用于中国中东部和平原地区积雪的区域研究。雪深、雪日、积雪覆盖率和雪水当量这些多样性积雪参数存在一定的差异性,因此5种积雪资料结合使用才能得到更准确的结论。  相似文献   

4.
Experimental field and laboratory studies on washout of radionuclides from the snow cover during snow melting were carried out in the winter of 2005/06. In the field studies, a specially equipped runoff site was used. In the laboratory conditions, the experiments were conducted using prepared soil monoliths. In the winter of 2006, 25 g/m2 of water-free cesium chloride (CsCl) and 25 g/m3 of strontium chloride (SrCl2) were put onto the snow cover surface of the runoff site. The snow surface of the soil monolith was coated with a 137Cs-bearing solution, then with SrCl2. Under experimental conditions, practically no surface runoff from the runoff site was recorded. The experiments with the soil monoliths demonstrated that the coefficient of the liquid washout of 137Cs normalized to the runoff layer was within 0.9 × 10?6–1.2 × 10?4 mm?1, and that of 90Sr normalized to the runoff layer was within 2 × 10?–1.6 × 10?4 mm?1.  相似文献   

5.
The Asian Dust Aerosol Model 2 with the MM5 meteorological model has been employed to estimate the dust emission, dust concentration, and wet and dry deposition of dust in the Asian region for the month of March in 2010. It is found that the model simulates quite reasonably the dust (PM10) concentrations both in the dust source region and the downstream region of Korea. The starting and ending times of most dust events and their peak concentration occurrence times are well simulated. The monthly mean maximum surface dust concentration (PM10) is found to be 267???g?m?3 in the domain of central northern China (CNC). Monthly total maximum dust emission of more than 32?t km?2 and that of deposition of more than 25.4?t km?2 (dry deposition of 24?t km?2 and wet deposition of 1.4?t km?2) are found to occur in the domain CNC, whereas the monthly mean minimum surface dust concentration (PM10) is found to be 0.2???g?m?3 in the domain of the Tibetan Plateau, where the monthly total dust emission (4?kg?km?2) and the monthly total dust deposition (9?kg?km?2) are found to be minimum. This monthly total dust deposition of 9?kg?km?2 (dry deposition of 7?kg?km?2 and wet deposition of 2?kg?km?2) is as large as 2.25 times of that of emission (4?kg?km?2), suggesting net dust influx toward the Tibetan Plateau from the surrounding dust source regions. It is also found that the ratio of the total dust deposition to the total dust emission in the source region increases toward the downstream direction from 0.4 in the upstream source region of Taklimakan to 0.80 in the downstream source region of northeastern China. More than 90% of the total dust deposition is found to be contributed by dry deposition due to the lack of precipitation in the dust source region. The monthly mean dust concentration (PM10) is found to decrease with distance away from the dust source region. The monthly mean dust concentration of 62???g?m?3 over the Yellow Sea (YES) decreases to 4.3???g?m?3 over the Northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWP). The monthly total dust deposition in the downstream region is also found to decrease away from the source region from 2.33?t km?2 (dry deposition of 1.36?t km?2 and wet deposition of 0.97?t km?2) over the domain YES to 1.45?t km?2 (dry deposition of 0.16?t km?2 and wet deposition of 1.30?t km?2) over the domain NWP. A large amount of the total dust deposition over the seas is contributed by wet deposition (more than 90%), causing a small decreasing rate of the total dust deposition with distance from the source region. The estimated dust deposition could adversely impact the eco-environmental system significantly in the downstream regions of the Asian dust source region, especially over the seas.  相似文献   

6.
A method(Rieland,1985)has been modified to determine the downward solar radiation at ground overEast Asia,using GMS-3 data of the satellite with a spatial resolution of 10×10 krn~2 and a time interval of 3hours.The distributions of the monthly mean global radiation are obtained for January,April,July and Octoberof 1985.These results illustrate that the topography effect of the Tibetan Plateau is not negligible.The valuesof global radiation over the high Tibetan Plateau during all seasons are higher than those in the lower-levelsurroundings.By comparing model results with ground observed data, the relative errors in monthly averagesof global radiation are 2.8％ for clear sky and 6.3％,5.3％,5.0％ and 4.5％ for cloudy sky in January,April,July and October,respectively.The relative error in daily global radiation during the snow-free season is lessthan 20％ and larger than 20％ in snow-covered winter.We,however,had no data for these comparisons whichwere measured directly at the Plateau during the year 1985.  相似文献   

7.
Lee  Wei-Liang  Liou  K. N.  He  Cenlin  Liang  Hsin-Chien  Wang  Tai-Chi  Li  Qinbin  Liu  Zhenxin  Yue  Qing 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,129(3-4):1373-1382

We investigate the snow albedo variation in spring over the southern Tibetan Plateau induced by the deposition of light-absorbing aerosols using remote sensing data from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard Terra satellite during 2001–2012. We have selected pixels with 100 % snow cover for the entire period in March and April to avoid albedo contamination by other types of land surfaces. A model simulation using GEOS-Chem shows that aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a good indicator for black carbon and dust deposition on snow over the southern Tibetan Plateau. The monthly means of satellite-retrieved land surface temperature (LST) and AOD over 100 % snow-covered pixels during the 12 years are used in multiple linear regression analysis to derive the empirical relationship between snow albedo and these variables. Along with the LST effect, AOD is shown to be an important factor contributing to snow albedo reduction. We illustrate through statistical analysis that a 1-K increase in LST and a 0.1 increase in AOD indicate decreases in snow albedo by 0.75 and 2.1 % in the southern Tibetan Plateau, corresponding to local shortwave radiative forcing of 1.5 and 4.2 W m−2, respectively.

  相似文献   

8.
Lake expansion since the middle of the 1990s is one of the most outstanding environmental change events in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). This expansion has mainly occurred in the Inner TP, a vast endorheic basin with an area of about 708,000 km2 and containing about 780 lakes larger than 1 km2. The total lake area of the Inner TP has increased from 24,930 km2 in 1995 to 33,741 km2 in 2015. The variability of the lake area in the coming decades is crucial for infrastructure planning and ecology policy for this remote region. In this study, a lake mass balance model was developed to describe the lake area response to climate change. First, the model was used to inversely estimate the change in precipitation from the change in lake volume. The result shows that precipitation has increased by about 21?±?7% since the middle of the 1990s, as seen in GPCC global data set. Then, the lake size in the coming two decades was predicted by the model driven with either current climate or a projected future climate, showing the lake area would expand continuously, but at a lower rate than before. Both predictions yield a total lake area of 36150?±?500 km2 in 2025 and a rise of average lake level by about 6.6?±?0.3 m from 1995 to 2025. However, the two predictions become disparate in the second decade (2026–2035), as the future climate is more warming and wetting than the current climate. It is noted that the prediction of lake expansion is robust for the entire inner TP lake system but not always applicable to individual subregions or specific lakes due to their spatiotemporal heterogeneity.  相似文献   

9.
The ecosystems in the Arctic region are known to be very sensitive to climate changes. The accelerated warming for the past several decades has profoundly influenced the lives of the native populations and ecosystems in the Arctic. Given that the K?ppen-Trewartha (K-T) climate classification is based on reliable variations of land-surface types (especially vegetation), this study used the K-T scheme to evaluate climate changes and their impact on vegetation for the Arctic (north of 50°N) by analyzing observations as well as model simulations for the period 1900–2099. The models include 16 fully coupled global climate models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment. By the end of this century, the annual-mean surface temperature averaged over Arctic land regions is projected to increase by 3.1, 4.6 and 5.3°C under the Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES) B1, A1b, and A2 emission scenarios, respectively. Increasing temperature favors a northward expansion of temperate climate (i.e., Dc and Do in the K-T classification) and boreal oceanic climate (i.e., Eo) types into areas previously covered by boreal continental climate (i.e., Ec) and tundra; and tundra into areas occupied by permanent ice. The tundra region is projected to shrink by ?1.86?×?106?km2 (?33.0%) in B1, ?2.4?×?106?km2 (?42.6%) in A1b, and ?2.5?×?106?km2 (?44.2%) in A2 scenarios by the end of this century. The Ec climate type retreats at least 5° poleward of its present location, resulting in ?18.9, ?30.2, and ?37.1% declines in areal coverage under the B1, A1b and A2 scenarios, respectively. The temperate climate types (Dc and Do) advance and take over the area previously covered by Ec. The area covered by Dc climate expands by 4.61?×?106?km2 (84.6%) in B1, 6.88?×?106?km2 (126.4%) in A1b, and 8.16?×?106?km2 (149.6%) in A2 scenarios. The projected redistributions of K-T climate types also differ regionally. In northern Europe and Alaska, the warming may cause more rapid expansion of temperate climate types. Overall, the climate types in 25, 39.1, and 45% of the entire Arctic region are projected to change by the end of this century under the B1, A1b, and A2 scenarios, respectively. Because the K-T climate classification was constructed on the basis of vegetation types, and each K-T climate type is closely associated with certain prevalent vegetation species, the projected large shift in climate types suggests extensive broad-scale redistribution of prevalent ecoregions in the Arctic.  相似文献   

10.
Xin Qu  Alex Hall 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(1-2):69-81
Snow-albedo feedback (SAF) is examined in 25 climate change simulations participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 5 (CMIP5). SAF behavior is compared to the feedback’s behavior in the previous (CMIP3) generation of global models. SAF strength exhibits a fivefold spread across CMIP5 models, ranging from 0.03 to 0.16 W m?2 K?1 (ensemble-mean = 0.08 W m?2 K?1). This accounts for much of the spread in 21st century warming of Northern Hemisphere land masses, and is very similar to the spread found in CMIP3 models. As with the CMIP3 models, there is a high degree of correspondence between the magnitudes of seasonal cycle and climate change versions of the feedback. Here we also show that their geographical footprint is similar. The ensemble-mean SAF strength is close to an observed estimate of the real climate’s seasonal cycle feedback strength. SAF strength is strongly correlated with the climatological surface albedo when the ground is covered by snow. The inter-model variation in this quantity is surprisingly large, ranging from 0.39 to 0.75. Models with large surface albedo when these regions are snow-covered will also have a large surface albedo contrast between snow-covered and snow-free regions, and therefore a correspondingly large SAF. Widely-varying treatments of vegetation masking of snow-covered surfaces are probably responsible for the spread in surface albedo where snow occurs, and the persistent spread in SAF in global climate models.  相似文献   

11.
希爽  张志富 《干旱气象》2013,(3):451-456,470
利用1961～2012年中国1400个站点逐日积雪增量、积雪日数和气温稳定通过0℃日数资料,对我国积雪时空变化特征进行了分析研究。结果表明：我国积雪主要分布在新疆北部地区、东北和内蒙古东北部地区及青藏高原地区,年积雪增量均超过50era;在年代际变化中,1991～2000年我国大部分地区积雪增量偏少;在对我国5个区域的趋势分析中,新疆北部地区、东北和内蒙古东北部地区积雪量有显著增加趋势,积雪日数的变化趋势均不显著,气温稳定通过0oC日数均呈显著减少。  相似文献   

12.
This paper presents the impact of two snow cover schemes (NY07 and SL12) in the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) on the snow distribution and surface energy budget over the Tibetan Plateau. The simulated snow cover fraction (SCF), snow depth, and snow cover days were evaluated against in situ snow depth observations and a satellite-based snow cover product and snow depth dataset. The results show that the SL12 scheme, which considers snow accumulation and snowmelt processes separately, has a higher overall accuracy (81.8%) than the NY07 (75.8%). The newer scheme performs better in the prediction of overall accuracy compared with the NY07; however, SL12 yields a 15.1% underestimation rate while NY07 overestimated the SCF with a 15.2% overestimation rate. Both two schemes capture the distribution of the maximum snow depth well but show large positive biases in the average value through all periods (3.37, 3.15, and 1.48 cm for NY07; 3.91, 3.52, and 1.17 cm for SL12) and overestimate snow cover days compared with the satellite-based product and in situ observations. Higher altitudes show larger root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) in the simulations of snow depth and snow cover days during the snow-free period. Moreover, the surface energy flux estimations from the SL12 scheme are generally superior to the simulation from NY07 when evaluated against ground-based observations, in particular for net radiation and sensible heat flux. This study has great implications for further improvement of the subgrid-scale snow variations over the Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

13.
A sample of 21 light duty vehicles powered by Otto cycle engines were tested on a chassis dynamometer to measure the exhaust emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). The tests were performed at the Vehicle Emission Laboratory of CETESB (Environmental Company of the State of Sao Paulo) using the US-FTP-75 (Federal Test Procedure) driving cycle. The sample tested included passenger cars running on three types of fuels used in Brazil: gasohol, ethanol and CNG. The measurement of N2O was made using two methods: Non Dispersive InfraRed (NDIR) analyzer and Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR). Measurements of regulated pollutants were also made in order to establish correlations between N2O and NOx. The average N2O emission factors obtained by the NDIR method was 78?±?41?mg.km?1 for vehicles running with gasohol, 73?±?45?mg.km?1 for ethanol vehicles and 171?±?69?mg.km?1 for CNG vehicles. Seventeen results using the FTIR method were also obtained. For gasohol vehicles the results showed a good agreement between the two methods, with an average emission factor of 68?±?41?mg.km?1. The FTIR measurement results of N2O for ethanol and CNG vehicles were much lower than those obtained by the NDIR method. The emission factors were 17?±?10?mg.km?1 and 33?±?17?mg.km?1, respectively, possibly because of the interference of water vapor (present at a higher concentration in the exhaust gases of these vehicles) on measurements by the NDIR method.  相似文献   

14.
利用1971-2016年青藏高原81个气象站逐月积雪日数和45个测站第一冻结层下界观测资料,分析了青藏高原积雪冻土的时空变化特征及其与高原植被指数（NDVI）的关系,探讨了积雪冻土下垫面变化对高原植被及沙漠化的可能影响。结果表明：1）青藏高原积雪日数分布极不均匀,巴颜喀拉山和唐古拉山为高原积雪日数的大值区,且年际变率较大。2）青藏高原积雪日数总体上呈现减少趋势,平均以3.5 d/（10 a）的速率减少,且在1998年前后发生突变,减少速率进一步加快,达到5.1 d/（10 a）。3）青藏高原第一冻结层下界呈上升趋势,达到-3.7 cm/（10 a）,与青藏高原增暖紧密相关。4）青藏高原NDVI呈缓慢增加趋势,与高原气温、降水的增加趋势相一致,积雪冻土的变化对不同区域植被NDVI的影响有显著差异。在气候变暖背景下,形成的暖湿环境促进积雪消融、冻土下界提升,使土壤浅层含水量增加,有利于植被恢复和生长,其结果对高原土地沙漠化防治有一定参考作用。  相似文献   

15.
The kinetics of the S(IV) oxidation by oxygen in the presence of Mn(II) ions and acetic acid has been studied. Experiments were carried out at 25°C, 3.5?≤?pH?≤?5.0, [S(IV)]≈1?×?10?3 mol/dm3, 1?×?10?6 mol/dm3?≤?[Mn(II)]?≤?1?×?10?5 mol/dm3, 1?×?10?6 mol/dm3?≤?[CH3COOH]?≤?1?×?10?4 mol/dm3. Based on the experimental results, rate constants and orders of the reactions were determined. Depending on the reaction conditions, the observed rate constants for the Mn(II)-catalysed S(IV) oxidation ranged between 3.91?×?10?8 and 8.89?×?10?7 (mol/dm3) s?1, and in the presence of acetic acid they ranged between 2.95?×?10?8 and 7.45?×?10?7 (mol/dm3) s?1. The reaction order in S(IV) was zero for both reactions. The effect of Mn(II) ion and acetic acid concentrations as well as an initial pH of the solution on the S(IV) oxidation rate was discussed. It was found that the rate of the S(IV) oxidation depends on the initial pH of the solution but it is independent of the pH change during the reaction. Acetic acid has a weak inhibiting effect on the Mn(II)-catalysed S(IV) oxidation. Under the experimental conditions the S(IV) oxidation rate decreased no more than twice.  相似文献   

16.
The radiative forcing and climate response due to black carbon(BC) in snow and/or ice were investigated by integrating observed effects of BC on snow/ice albedo into an atmospheric general circulation model(BCC AGCM2.0.1) developed by the National Climate Center(NCC) of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA).The results show that the global annual mean surface radiative forcing due to BC in snow/ice is +0.042 W m 2,with maximum forcing found over the Tibetan Plateau and regional mean forcing exceeding +2.8 W m 2.The global annual mean surface temperature increased 0.071 C due to BC in snow/ice.Positive surface radiative forcing was clearly shown in winter and spring and increased the surface temperature of snow/ice in the Northern Hemisphere.The surface temperatures of snow-covered areas of Eurasia and North America in winter(spring) increased by 0.83 C(0.6 C) and 0.83 C(0.46 C),respectively.Snowmelt rates also increased greatly,leading to earlier snowmelt and peak runoff times.With the rise of surface temperatures in the Arctic,more water vapor could be released into the atmosphere,allowing easier cloud formation,which could lead to higher thermal emittance in the Arctic.However,the total cloud forcing could decrease due to increasing cloud cover,which will offset some of the positive feedback mechanism of the clouds.  相似文献   

17.
The kinetics of hydrogen atom abstraction reactions of HFE-227pc by OH and Cl was studied by ab initio method. The structural optimization and frequency calculation of the titled compound and the species formed during the abstraction reactions were performed with density functional theory using hybrid meta density functional MPWB1K with 6–31?+?G(d,p) basis set. The energy of the species was further refined by making a single point energy calculation at G3B3 level of theory. The standard enthalpies of formation of reactant and the radical formed after H-atom abstraction was calculated using isodesmic method. The rate constants of abstraction reactions were calculated using Conventional Transition State Theory (CTST) and were found to be 1.5?×?10?15 and 0.53?×?10?16 cm3molecule?1 s?1 for OH and Cl respectively. The calculated value for the abstraction by OH is close to the experimental value of 2.26?×?10?15 cm3molecule?1 s?1 whereas the same for Cl is found to be about five times lower than that of 2.70?×?10?16 cm3molecule?1 s?1. The theoretical studies yielded the enthalpies of formation and the rate constants that are vital in determining the lifetime of HFE-227pc.  相似文献   

18.
The variation in the precipitation phase in polar regions represents an important indicator of climate change and variability.We studied the precipitation phase at the Great Wall Station and Antarctic Peninsula(AP)region,based on daily precipitation,synoptic records and ERA-Interim data during the austral summers of 1985?2014.Overall,there was no trend in the total precipitation amount or days,but the phase of summer precipitation(rainfall days versus snowfall days)showed opposite trends before and after 2001 at the AP.The total summer rain days/snow days increased/decreased during 1985?2001 and significantly decreased at a rate of?14.13 d(10 yr)?1/increased at a rate of 14.31 d(10 yr)?1 during 2001?2014,agreeing well with corresponding variations in the surface air temperature.Further,we found that the longitudinal location of the Amundsen Sea low(ASL)should account for the change in the precipitation phase since 2001,as it has shown a westward drift after 2001[?41.1°(10 yr)?1],leading to stronger cold southerly winds,colder water vapor flux,and more snow over the AP region during summertime.This study points out a supplementary factor for the climate variation on the AP.  相似文献   

19.
土壤热传导方程解析解和那曲地区土壤热扩散率研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  
文中用Laplace变换推导了土壤热传导方程的解析解和包含热对流项的土壤热传导方程的解析解。用青藏高原 8个土壤湿度、温度廓线观测站 1998年 9月 4日到 10日实测资料基础上 ,根据谐波方法和Laplace变换方法得到了土壤热传导方程的解析解 ,计算了这些站的总体土壤热扩散率 ;用包含热对流项的土壤热传导方程的解析解计算了土壤热扩散率。结果表明 :对于一个深度从 0 .0 4～ 0 .2 0m的浅薄土壤层 ,总体土壤热扩散率的值为 0 .30×10 -6～ 0 .98× 10 -6m2 /s,土壤热扩散率的值为 0 .15× 10 -6～ 0 .72× 10 -6m2 /s。由谐波方法得到的总体土壤热扩散率比由Laplace变换的值稍大 ;总体土壤热扩散率总是比土壤热扩散率大  相似文献   

20.
中国西部雪冰中的黑碳及其辐射强迫   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
 在中国西部的青藏高原和新疆地区的若干条冰川区域采集雪和冰芯样品,分析了雪冰样品中的黑碳,并模拟了雪冰黑碳产生的辐射强迫。我国西部雪冰黑碳的平均浓度为63 ng/g,高于北半球其他地区的实测结果。影响雪样黑碳浓度空间分布格局的主因是周边的排放源。模拟结果显示,黑碳在中国西部冰川雪表的沉降产生的平均辐射强迫为（+4.0±2.0) W/m2。喜马拉雅山中段的东绒布冰芯记录揭示黑碳主要来源于南亚,经印度夏季风输送;1951年以来黑碳的平均浓度为16 ng/g,产生的月平均辐射强迫在2001年夏季超过了+4.5 W/m2。南亚排放的黑碳可能抵达青藏高原南部腹地,对青藏高原的冰川表面能量平衡有一定影响。  相似文献   

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