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1.
N. A. Timofeev 《Physical Oceanography》2011,20(6):451-469
The temperature of waters in the upper layer of the ocean and effective cloudiness (cloudiness with simultaneous indication
of its amount and optical density) are important characteristics of the natural environments. They determine the greenhouse
effects and the energy of the ocean and atmosphere, and regulate climate. The satellite data on these characteristics enable
one to reconstruct all components of the radiation, heat, and water budgets in the ocean–atmosphere system and study their
intra- and interannual variations. We describe the procedures of evaluation of the effective cloudiness according to the sea-surface
temperature and the radiation temperature in the spectral range 10.3–11.3 μm. The development of these investigations is connected
with the advances in satellite hydrophysics: the satellite data become more and more accurate, regular, and global. 相似文献
2.
Using the air-sea data set of January, 1983 (the mature phase of the 1982/83 El Nino event), the net radiation on the sea surface, the fluxes of the latent and the sensible heat from ocean to the atmosphere and the net heat gain of the sea surface are calculated over the Indian and the Pacific Oceans for the domain of 35°N-35°S and 45°E-75°W. The results indicate that the upward transfer of the latent and the sensible heat fluxes over the winter hemisphere is larger than that over the summer hemisphere. The sensible heat over the tropical mid Pacific in the Southern Hemisphere is transported from the atmosphere to the ocean, though its magnitude is rather small. The latent heat flux gained by the air over the eastern Pacific is less than the mean value of the normal year. The net radiation, on which the cloud amount has considerable impact, is essentially zonally distributed. Moreover, the sea surface temperature (SST) has a very good correlation with the net radiation, the region of warm SST coinci 相似文献
3.
基于第三版本HOAPs (Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data)海表面温度、潜热通量、感热通量、海表面空气比湿以及海表面风场5个参量的18 a(1988～2005年)逐月平均资料,利用经验正交函数和奇异值分解方法分析了异常潜热和感热通量场在西北太平洋的时空分布特征及造成这种分布的主要影响因素.EOF的分析结果表明,异常潜热通量场主要体现为第一第二两个模态的变化,第一模态显示整个海域呈同相变化且在时间上呈准年周期变化,第二模态则描述了分别位于10°N,25°N和40°N的3个极值中心并伴随多年振荡,由因子载荷分布可知热带太平洋是第二模态的行为中心,因此该模态可能与ENSO事件相关.异常感热通量场则主要表现为第一模态的变化,在时间上呈准年周期变化并伴随有多年时间尺度的振荡.奇异值分解方法的分析结果表明异常海表面风场是异常潜热和感热通量场时空变化的重要影响因素. 相似文献
4.
The long-wave outgoing radiation, effective cloudiness equal to the product of the total cloud amount by their optical density,
and the sea-surface temperature determined from the satellites are used to determine the annual course of the components of
external heat balance on the sea surface whose climatic anomalies, parallel with the meridional heat and water transfer in
the ocean-atmosphere system, specify the intraannual and interannual large-scale variations of weather in different regions
of the Earth. The development of these studies is connected with the progress of satellite hydrophysics because the data obtained
from the space become sufficiently exact, regular, and global. The increase in the existing data array on the external heat
balance of the oceans from ∼15–20 to 100 yr and more would promote the solution of the problem of oscillations of Earth's
climate. We present examples of coordinated numerical analysis of the heat balance of the upper (0–100 m ) layer of the Black
Sea performed on the basis of the shipborne and satellite data.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, pp. 59–75, November–December, 2007. 相似文献
5.
I~IOXThe bulk tranSfer method, direct measurement or gradient measurement method are usuallyused for the flux observation and calculation. These methods provide the flux values only in thelOCation where the measurements are carried out. In recent years scientists began to use medelcombined with remote sensing data for the calculation of heat flux. Its main poverty is tO obtainthe flux distribution over the wide ocean area simultaneously. Li Shiming et al. (1997) analyzedthe sensible and la… 相似文献
6.
太平洋海域海气热通量地理分布和时间变化的研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
应用美国宇航局Goddard地球观测系统四维资料同化系统计算和分析了太平洋海域感热通量和潜热通量随时间的变化规律和地理分布特征.研究结果表明,太平洋西北部海域热通量有明显的季节性变化,其余海域这种现象不明显.在太平洋海域总是存在潜热通量最高值区域,而感热通量除冬季20°N以北海域数值稍高外,其余海域数值都很小,没有出现最高值区域.纬度不同热通量随经度的变化规律不同,经度不同,热通量随纬度的分布规律也不同,同时各断面热通量随纬度的分布趋势随季节而改变. 相似文献
7.
D. A. Yarovaya V. V. Efimov M. V. Shokurov S. V. Stanichnyi V. S. Barabanov 《Physical Oceanography》2008,18(3):154-167
A long-living mesoscale cyclone observed over the Black Sea in September 2005 was characterized by a high wind velocity (25
m/sec) and induced an abnormal lowering of the sea-surface temperature (by more than 10°C). We performed the numerical simulation
of this cyclone by using the MM5 model and the data of global operative analysis. The evolution of the cyclone and its structure
similar to the structure of a tropical cyclone are reproduced. The primary azimuthal and secondary radial circulations, the
clear-sky eye with warm core at medium levels, and the eyewall with strong air updraft and intense convection and precipitation
are well visible. The fluxes of sensible and latent heat on the sea surface played the key role in the initiation and development
of this cyclone.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 3, pp. 41–55, May–June, 2008. 相似文献
8.
New satellite-derived latent and sensible heat fluxes are performed by using Wind Sat wind speed, Wind Sat sea surface temperature, the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasting(ECMWF) air humidity, and ECMWF air temperature from 2004 to 2014. The 55 moored buoys are used to validate them by using the 30 min and 25 km collocation window. Furthermore, the objectively analyzed air-sea heat fluxes(OAFlux) products and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis 2(NCEP2) products are also used for global comparisons. The mean biases of sensible and latent heat fluxes between Wind Sat flux results and buoy flux data are –0.39 and –8.09 W/m~2, respectively. In addition, the rootmean-square(RMS) errors of the sensible and latent heat fluxes between them are 5.53 and 24.69 W/m~2,respectively. The RMS errors of sensible and latent heat fluxes are observed to gradually increase with an increasing buoy wind speed. The difference shows different characteristics with an increasing sea surface temperature, air humidity, and air temperature. The zonal average latent fluxes have some high regions which are mainly located in the trade wind zones where strong winds carry dry air in January, and the maximum value centers are found in the eastern waters of Japan and on the US east coast. Overall, the seasonal variability is pronounced in the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. The three sensible and latent heat fluxes have similar latitudinal dependencies; however, some differences are found in some local regions. 相似文献
9.
2008年南海季风爆发前后西沙海域海气通量变化特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
基于2008年4至5月在南海西沙永兴岛进行的海气通量观测试验资料和NCEP资料,应用COARE3.0通量算法计算了海气通量,分析了季风爆发前后西沙海域天气变化特点和海气通量对南海季风爆发的响应。结果表明:2008年南海季风首先于5月第1候在南海南部爆发,受热带气旋等因素的影响,北部海区季风爆发推迟到5月18日。季风爆发和热带气旋活动对西沙海域的风速和海气通量影响较大,其中热带气旋的影响更强烈。热带气旋来临之前,潜热通量、感热通量以及动量通量均较小;在气旋活动及此后的季风爆发时期,大风使潜热通量和动量通量显著增强,感热通量则在降水期间变化明显;动量通量的最大值出现在热带气旋活动期间,其在此过程中的均值是观测初期均值的3倍以上。在整个观测过程中,潜热通量明显大于感热通量,后者是前者的16∶1。不同类型天气过程中,潜热通量的日变化相似,而感热通量的日变化有差异。湍流交换系数与风速有较好的相关关系。 相似文献
10.
Effects of surface waves and sea spray on air–sea fluxes during the passage of Typhoon Hagupit 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Air–sea exchange plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of tropical cyclones(TCs). Although studies have suggested the dependence of air–sea fluxes on surface waves and sea spray, how these processes modify those fluxes under TC conditions have not been sufficiently investigated based on in-situ observations.Using continuous meteorological and surface wave data from a moored buoy in the northern South China Sea,this study examines the effects of surface waves and sea spray on air–sea fluxes during the passage of Typhoon Hagupit. The mooring was within about 40 km of the center of Hagupit. Surface waves could increase momentum flux to the ocean by about 15%, and sea spray enhanced both sensible and latent heat fluxes to the atmosphere,causing Hagupit to absorb 500 W/m~2 more heat flux from the ocean. These results have powerful implications for understanding TC–ocean interaction and improving TC intensity forecasting. 相似文献
11.
1997年冬季南海南部海区不同天气过程下的湍流通量输送 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
利用“九五”南沙群岛及其邻近海区综合科学考察 1 997年 1 1月 3— 2 6日期间的走航和定点连续观测获得的大气和海洋资料 ,探讨了调查海区的气象特征 ;使用考虑风速和大气稳定性影响并经高度订正的整体通量输送动力学公式 ,计算了动量、感热和潜热的湍流通量。结果表明 ,与其它天气过程相比 ,降水过程期间无论是大气向海洋输送的动量通量 ,还是海洋向大气输送的感热和潜热通量 ,其值都是最大的。 相似文献
12.
中国近海海气界面热通量的反演 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
应用卫星SSM/I(Special Sensor Microwave/Imager)和AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)遥感资料,使用先进的海气通量计算方法(COARE3.0),计算了中国近海海气界面的感热和潜热通量.计算结果与南海西沙(2002年5月)和文昌(2000年10~11月)实测结果进行比较发现,应用遥感资料获得的海气界面热通量与实测结果非常一致.遥感获得的感热通量和潜热通量与西沙实测结果的均方根误差分别为2.9和29.9 W/m2,与文昌实测结果的均方根误差:2000年10月分别为4.42和43.05 W/m2,2000年11月分别为4.19和40.8 W/m2.与GSSTF2的结果相比,其时空分布变化特征基本一致.根据中国近海遥感资料(1988~2000年)的感热通量的分析,其均方根误差在10.1~12.4 W/m2之间,多年平均均方根误差为11.7 W/m2.潜热通量的均方根误差在34.8~49.7 W/m2之间,多年平均均方根误差为43.2 W/m2.由此可以说明,利用遥感获得的热通量可以用来进行中国近海海气相互作用的研究以及作为我国气候预测研究的重要依据. 相似文献
13.
The impact of spatiotemporal variability of the ice-covered area in the Arctic on the value and interannual dynamics of turbulent heat fluxes on the ocean–atmosphere border is considered. An expected inverse dependence of the heat fluxes integrated over the Arctic area and the area of ice is not detected. The largest interannual oscillations of heat fluxes from the ocean to the atmosphere are timed to the varying position of the ice edge and, to a lesser extent, are connected with total area of ice. The role of the marginal ice zone in oceanic heat transfer is analyzed. In particular, it is shown that while moving along the marginal zone from the ice-free surface to the surface with an ice concentration of 0.8, latent and sensible heat fluxes are reduced by a factor of 2.5–3. 相似文献
14.
海冰消融背景下北极增温的季节差异及其原因探讨 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
运用哈德莱中心第一套海冰覆盖率(HadISST1)、欧洲中心(ERA_Interim)的温度以及NCEP第一套地表感热通量、潜热通量等资料,研究了1979—2011年33a来北极海冰消融的季节特点和空间特征,并从反照率——温度正反馈与地表感热通量、潜热通量等方面分析了海冰减少对北极增温影响的季节差异。结果表明,北极海冰在秋季和夏季的减少范围明显大于冬季和春季,而北极地表升温却在秋季和冬季最显著,夏季最为微弱,且夏季的增温趋势廓线也与秋冬季显著不同。这主要是因为夏季是融冰季,海冰融化将吸收潜热。且此时北极低空大气温度高于海表温度,海水相当于大气的冷源。随着海冰的消融,更多的热量由大气传入海洋用于融冰和加热上层海水,这使得夏季的低空大气不能显著升温。而在秋冬季,海冰凝结释放潜热,且此时低空大气温度远低于海水温度,海冰的减少使得海水将更多热量释放到大气中导致低空大气显著增暖。海水对大气的这种延迟放热机制是北极低空在夏季增温不显著而在秋冬季增温显著的主要原因。此外,秋冬季的海冰减少与北极近地面升温具有非常一致的空间分布,北冰洋东南边缘和巴伦支海北部分别是秋季和冬季海气相互作用的关键区域。 相似文献
15.
N. A. Timofeev 《Physical Oceanography》2006,16(6):322-336
On the basis of the radiation-cloudiness model and the available long-term satellite data, we study the correlations of the
greenhouse effect with the surface temperature of air and effective cloudiness equal to the product of the cloud amount by
the conditional optical density of the clouds. We deduce the relations of satellite monitoring of the behavior of the anomalies
of global air temperature caused by the excess amounts of volcanic products and greenhouse gases (formed as a result combustion
of the fossil fuel) in the atmosphere. Realistic estimates of the processes of cooling and warming of the currently existing
climate are obtained. Under the condition of preservation of the existing linear trends in the behaviors of the short-and
long-wave flows of radiation into the outer space (observed according to satellite data for the last 20 yr), the global temperature
in the second part of the current century can increase by 1.6–2.0°C.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, pp. 13–28, November–December, 2006. 相似文献
16.
本文以2006年9月日本以南海域的台风YAGI为例,应用黑潮延伸体附近的KEO浮标观测资料,并结合卫星遥感等融合资料,分析海洋飞沫在台风不同发展阶段对海气界面间热量通量和动量通量的影响。首先,定量地分析台风期间海洋飞沫对海气热通量的影响。结果表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫能够显著地加剧海气界面间的热量交换,尤其是潜热交换。海洋飞沫增加的热通量随着风速的增强而增大,随着波龄的增大而减小。随后,通过动量分析表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫显著地增强了由大气向海洋的动量转移。当风速达到台风量级后,考虑海洋飞沫所增加的动量通量与界面动量通量大小相当,同时,在此风速条件下,海洋飞沫在海气界面形成极限饱和悬浮层,抑制风到海表面的动量转移,导致海气界面间总的动量通量的增长率随之减小。 相似文献
17.
On the basis of the satellite and ship data of many-year observations, we parametrize the albedo of the ocean-atmosphere system
both for the conditions of “fair weather” and for the maximum and climatic optical thicknesses of oceanic clouds. These results
are used to develop a procedure of practically exact reconstruction of the monthly average fluxes of integral solar radiation
and the radiation budget over the ice-free surface of the oceans according to the data of satellite measurements of albedo
(Nimbus NOAA satellite, 1974–1983) for arbitrary conditions of transparency of the atmosphere and cloudiness. We determine the current
and climatic monthly average values and the characteristics of interannual variability of all components of the radiation
mode of the ocean-atmosphere system with a spatial resolution of 500×500 km.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
18.
A. G. Grankov S. V. Marechek A. A. Milshin E. P. Novichikhin N. K. Shelobanova 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2014,50(1):85-91
We consider some peculiarities of the behavior of thermal and radio thermal (microwave radiation) characteristics of the atmosphere during prestorm situations in water areas monitored directly and remotely. The objects of research are (a) a region of the SMKF1 station (Sombrero Key) in the Florida Straight in August 2005 and (b) Golubaya Bay in the Black Sea (Gelendzhik, the territory of the Southern Branch of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences) in September 2010, several days before an intensive storm. Using meteorological and satellite microwave radiometric data, we have studied some common and specific features in the behavior of surface air temperature and humidity, surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat, total heat and water vapor content of the atmosphere, and microwave radiation characteristics of the “water surface-atmosphere” system during time periods preceding the approach of Hurricane Katrina to the region of SMKF1 and development of the sea storm near the Golubaya Bay. In both cases the effect of the accumulation of the latent heat of water vapor in the atmosphere was observed during the prestorm periods (of several days). 相似文献
19.
In this paper,by using the ECMWF objective analysed data as well as CAC and NOAA grid point data of 1981 and 1983,the sensible and latent heat fluxes at the air and sea boundary surface within the range of 45°E-75°W, 35°N-35°S over the Pacific and the Indian Ocean are calculated. The purpose is to analyse the different revealing features during the mature stage and at the end of the 1982 -1983 El Nino event and to compare the difference of the features between thd El Nino and the normal. The result shows that the air and sea heat exchange west of the dateline over the central tropical Pacific during the EJ Nino period is more intense than that of the normal. However,the fluxes of the sensible and latent heat on the sea surface with strong warming of SSTneat by and on the south side of the equator east of 170°W are low and even negative,and the patterns of the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the Indian Ocean during the year of 1983 are similer to that of normal. Spatial patterns of the sensible 相似文献
20.
利用卫星遥感资料反演出的海洋大气参数,应用目前世界较为先进的通量算法(CORAER 3.0),计算了西太平洋区域海-气热通量(感热通量和潜热通量)。首先分析了海-气热通量的多年平均场和气候场变化的基本特征,以及年际和年代际变化特征;进而对其与南海夏季风爆发之间的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,西太平洋海-气热通量具有明显的时空分布特征,感热通量的最大值出现在黑潮区域,潜热通量的最大值出现在北赤道流区和黑潮区域。在气候平均场中,黑潮区域的感热通量和潜热通量最大值均出现在冬季,最小值出现在夏季;暖池区域感热通量除了春季较小外,冬、夏和秋季基本相同,而潜热通量最大值出现在秋、冬季,最小值出现在春、夏季。另外,海-气热通量还具有显著的年际变化和年代际变化,感热通量和潜热通量均存在16 a周期,与南海夏季风爆发存在相同的周期。由相关分析可知,4月份暖池区域的海-气热通量与滞后3 a的南海夏季风爆发之间存在密切相关关系,这种时滞相关性,可以用于进行南海夏季风爆发的预测,为我国汛期降水预报提供科学依据。基于以上结论,建立多元回归方程对2012年的南海夏季风爆发进行了预测,预测2012年南海夏季风爆发将偏晚1～2候左右。 相似文献