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1.
Sinkhole development along the western shore of the Dead Sea became a major concern in 1990 with the appearance of a series
of holes 2–15 m diameter and up to 7 m deep in the Newe Zohar area. One of these sinkholes, below the asphalt surface of the
main road along the western shore of the Dead Sea, was opened by a passing bus. Repeated infilling and collapse of these holes
indicated the extent of this ongoing process and the significance of this developing hazard. Since then sinkholes have developed
in other areas including Qalia, Ein Samar, Ein Gedi and Mineral Beach.
Three main types of sinkholes have been recognized. Gravel holes occurring in alluvial fans, mud holes occurring in the intervening
bays of clay deposits between fans and a combination of both types at the front of young alluvial fans where they overlap
mud flats. Fossil, relict sinkholes have been observed in the channels of some old alluvial fans.
Sinkhole development is directly related to the regression of the Dead Sea and the corresponding lowering of the regional
water table. Continuation of this process widens the neritic zone enveloping the sea and increases the sinkhole hazard of
the region.
Received: 4 February 1999 · Accepted: 8 April 1999 相似文献
2.
Sieron K. Ferrés D. Siebe C. Constantinescu R. Capra L. Connor C. Connor L. Groppelli G. González Zuccolotto K. 《Natural Hazards》2019,96(2):893-933
Natural Hazards - Ceboruco volcano in the western Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt is one of the eleven most active stratovolcanoes in Mexico. Due to its recent eruptive history including a large... 相似文献
3.
A sound, evidence-based hazard mapping requires the analysis of stochastic processes taking place at critical configurations
(e.g., bridges, levees) in order to reliably determine the spatial patterns of flood intensities and probabilities. Here,
we discuss an approach aiming to support an enhanced determination of flood hazard patterns by identifying within alluvial
fans and river corridors two main types of spatial domains based on the predictability of their dynamics, i.e., stochastic
and quasi-deterministic domains. The former represents critical configurations whose dynamic evolution (e.g., clogging by
large wood, failure due to breaching) cannot be realistically specified by deterministic models, whereas the latter refers
to the part of the system where the flood propagation can be computed with sufficient precision and accuracy by hydrodynamic
models. The applicability of the proposed approach is discussed on the basis of a case study in the Autonomous Province of
Bolzano (Italy). 相似文献
4.
Natural Hazards - Urban flooding is a reoccurring disaster, and its frequency and intensity are likely to increase in the future due to the increasing frequency of storm events. Up-to-date... 相似文献
5.
Alejandro Dussaillant Wouter Buytaert Paul Carling Claudio Meier Fabián Espinoza 《Natural Hazards》2010,54(2):469-481
Five similar glacial-lake outburst floods (GLOFs) occurred in April, October, December 2008, March and September 2009 in the Northern Patagonia Icefield. On each occasion, Cachet 2 Lake, dammed by the Colonia Glacier, released circa 200-million m3 water into the Colonia River. Refilling has occurred rapidly, such that further outbreak floods can be expected. Pipeflow calculations of the subglacial tunnel drainage and 1D hydraulic models of the river flood give consistent results, with an estimated peak discharge surpassing 3,000 m3 s?1. These floods were larger in magnitude than any flood on record, according to gauged data since 1963. However, geomorphological analysis of the Colonia valley shows physical evidence of former catastrophic outburst floods from a larger glacial-lake, with flood discharges possibly as high as 16,000 m3 s?1. Due to potential impacts of climate change on glacier dynamics in the area, jökulhlaups may increase future flood risks for infrastructure and population. This is particularly relevant in view of the current development of hydropower projects in Chilean Patagonia. 相似文献
6.
Multiscale interaction between monsoonal circulation and the local topography causes the southern front of the Darjeeling–Bhutan Himalaya to receive one of the highest annual rainfalls (3000–6000 mm) and most frequent heavy rains (up to 800 mm day?1) along the whole southern Himalayan margin. An examination of the patterns of annual rainfall, rainfall concentration, overland flow generation and slope instability indices in the Darjeeling–Bhutan Himalaya for 1986–2015 indicates that the mountain front disturbs rainfall gradient between the Bay of Bengal and the Tibetan Plateau. The results show that the precipitation concentration indices are lowest at the Himalayan front where the annual rainfall and the number of rainy days are highest. The Himalayan front has the highest predisposition to produce overland flow compared to adjacent foreland and the mountain interior. The average probability of the rainfall initialising the shallow landslides increases from 0.6% for a 1-day rainfall threshold of 144 mm to 6.1% for a 4-day rainfall threshold of 193 mm in the study area. The highest probability (up to 10%) of 2-day and longer low-intensity storms at the mountain front indicate that its area is threatened with particularly larger and deeper landslides. The multivariate regression analysis reveals statistically significant linear relationships of rainfall hazard indices with elevation and the distance to the mountain front in the mountain foreland and Himalaya, respectively. Regionally, the Darjeeling Himalaya reveals lower values of rainfall hazard indices, in comparison to the Bhutan Himalaya. 相似文献
7.
Ahmad Abbasnejad 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(5):214
A reply essay is presented on the rebuttal article by Parise (Environ Earth Sci 75(23):1476, 2016) suggesting that qanat is not a hazard. It is presented as a refutation on the paper by Abbasnejad et al. (Environ Earth Sci 75:1306, 2016) in which the authors have explained the etiology, the impacts and remedies of a qanat hazard in Iranian urban areas. Since the majority of qanats in Iranian urban areas are abandoned, useless and threatening, according to definition and in comparison with similar features introduced as a hazard, they are considered as a hazard too. However, this does not mean, and Abbasnejad et al. (in Environ Earth Sci 75:1306, 2016) have not claimed, that all qanats are hazardous. In addition, the authors who have studied qanats in Iranian urban areas, before Abbasnejad et al. (in Environ Earth Sci 75:1306, 2016), have also considered qanats as a hazard. 相似文献
8.
This study reports the results of a national representative survey in Taiwan on the primary and secondary school teachers’
perceptions toward and knowledge of climatic hazard mitigation (CHM). Climatic Hazard Mitigation Inventory (CHMI) was developed
by the researchers and content validated by a panel of experts including three university professors and two high school teachers.
The CHMI instrument consisted of five subtests (80 items) and was pilot tested to a group of 28 pre-service earth science
teachers in a teacher education institute in Taiwan. It was thereafter revised and employed to survey 183 randomly selected
in-service primary and secondary school teachers in Taiwan. Every eligible science teacher in the target population had a
known, positive probability of being drawn into the sample. The CHMI instrument was found to be an appropriate measure to
examine teachers’ perceptions toward and knowledge of CHM. The results of the survey also suggested that both primary and
secondary school teachers possessed a reasonable level of CHM knowledge. However, significant differences existed in teachers’
CHM knowledge between primary and secondary school teachers. Overall, teachers held positive perceptions toward CHM. 相似文献
9.
Natural Hazards - The Andaman–Nicobar–Sumatra (ANS) region is a very hazardous area on the globe, which has witnessed a megathrust earthquake of Mw 9.2 on 26 December 2004 and several... 相似文献
10.
11.
High rates of urbanization, environmental degradation, and industrial development in disaster-prone areas have all served to increase the extent of damage following catastrophes. Recently, losses from environmental hazards have escalated, which has resulted in a noticeable change in policy, with more emphasis on loss reduction through mitigation, preparedness, and recovery programs. This study focuses on natural disaster management in which the direct risks are posed by the natural disasters themselves. This paper presents a review of issues surrounding natural disaster risk control and insurance in Taiwan. It proposes the use of background information concerning risk control strategies as well as earthquake, typhoon, and flood insurance in Taiwan. Finally, an insurance case study is utilized to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology. 相似文献
12.
Qiao Hu Zhenghong Tang Lei Zhang Yuanyuan Xu Xiaolin Wu Ligang Zhang 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(2):783-804
Climate change brings uncertain risks of climate-related natural hazards. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA in Climate change: long-term trends and their implications for emergency management, 2011. https://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/programs/oppa/climate_change_paper.pdf) has issued a policy directive to integrate climate change adaptation actions into hazard mitigation programs, policies, and plans. However, to date there has been no comprehensive empirical study to examine the extent to which climate change issues are integrated into state hazard mitigation plans (SHMPs). This study develops 18 indicators to examine the extent of climate change considerations in the 50 SHMPs. The results demonstrate that these SHMPs treat climate change issues in an uneven fashion, with large variations present among the 50 states. The overall plan quality for climate change considerations was sustained at an intermediate level with regard to climate change-related awareness, analysis, and actions. The findings confirm that climate change concepts and historic extreme events have been well recognized by the majority of SHMPs. Even though they are not specific to climate change, mitigation and adaptation strategies that can help reduce climate change risks have been adopted in these plans. However, the plans still lack a detailed assessment of climate change and more incentives for collaboration strategies beyond working with emergency management agencies. 相似文献
13.
Stakeholders’ perception in identification of river bank erosion hazard: a case study 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Bela Das 《Natural Hazards》2011,58(3):905-928
Hazards due to riverbank erosion, despite being considered usually as a natural phenomenon, have become a critical problem
in recent times as introduction of new technology and one-sided engineering-based solution approach to combat natural hazards
without taking into account of opinions of all categories of stakeholders, particularly of the hazard victims and policy makers,
has aggravated the problem in many cases. The riverbank erosion hazard aggravated as a direct consequence of construction
of Farakka Barrage on its upstream and downstream on the river Ganga has seriously affected the lifestyles of the people in
the districts of Malda and Murshidabad in the state of West Bengal in India. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study
the perceptions of different groups of stakeholders, particularly hazard victims and authority responsible for monetary investment,
about causes of riverbank erosion and possible preventive and remedial measures required to solve such a complex and multi-dimensional
problem. A questionnaire-based household survey has been conducted on a number of important issues of the problem among the
directly affected hazard victims at a highly erosion-prone area in the Malda district. Different perceptions and their impacts
on selection and implementation of anti-erosion measures are critically studied. Analysis of data as obtained from the representative
sample of erosion victims as well as the secondary sources of data clearly indicates that the hazard victims are to face bad
effects because of existence of perception gap and that a holistic approach considering the perception of erosion victims
needs to be undertaken for a permanent solution of the problem. 相似文献
14.
A “simple” geomatics-based approach for assessing water erosion hazard at montane areas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil erosion by water is recognised as a worldwide land degradation issue, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The aim of this study is to apply the powerful capabilities of advanced remote sensing and geographic information system techniques to identify the areas at risk to water erosion. This study presents the assessment of water erosion in mountainous areas (eastern Aures, Algeria) based on three main factors: the friability of the bedrock, degree of slope and density of vegetation cover. Alsat1 image was used to produce land use and vegetation (NDVI) maps. Digital elevation model was used in constructing the slope gradient map. The erosion risk map was obtained by the combination of indices assigned to thematic layers following multicriteria decision rules. Water erosion was generally not concerning in the eastern Aures (slight risk = 33 %, moderate risk = 44 % of the area). This simple–qualitative approach gave good results for assessing soil erosion equally to quantitative methods since 89.55 % of field verifications were accurate. The non-alarming state and the low rate of severe and extremely severe risk to erosion are due to (1) the low steep slopes, (2) the good quality of vegetation (forests with thick undergrowth), and which are occurring on (3) resistant materials of the substratum, and (4) the low human pressure. Results of this study, which may be conducted with reasonable costs and accuracy over large areas, are of significant help in prioritising areas in decision making and sustainable planning. 相似文献
15.
Natural Hazards - The Lanzhou–Wulumuqi high-speed railway is the first high-speed railway in China which extends through vast strong wind areas in Gobi Desert. To ensure the safety of train... 相似文献
16.
O. P. Mishra D. Zhao Chandan Ghosh Z. Wang O. P. Singh Biman Ghosh K. K. Mukherjee D. K. Saha G. K. Chakrabortty S. G. Gaonkar 《Natural Hazards》2011,57(1):51-64
The Andaman–Nicobar (A–N) Islands region has attracted many geo-scientists because of its unique location and complex geotectonic
settings. The recent occurrence of tsunamis due to the megathrust tsunamigenic north Sumatra earthquake (Mw 9.3) with a series
of aftershocks in the A–N region caused severe damage to the coastal regions of India and Indonesia. Several pieces of evidence
suggest that the occurrence of earthquakes in the A–N region is related to its complex geodynamical processes. In this study,
it has been inferred that deep-seated structural heterogeneities related to dehydration of the subducting Indian plate beneath
the Island could have induced the process of brittle failure through crustal weakening to contribute immensely to the coastal
hazard in the region. The present study based on 3-D P-wave tomography of the entire rupture zone of the A–N region using
the aftershocks of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake (Mw 9.3) clearly demonstrates the role of crustal heterogeneity in
seismogenesis and in causing the strong shakings and tsunamis. The nature and extent of the imaged crustal heterogeneity beneath
the A–N region may have facilitated the degree of damage and extent of coastal hazards in the region. The 3-D velocity heterogeneities
reflect asperities that manifest what type of seismogenic layers exist beneath the region to dictate the size of earthquakes
and thereby they help to assess the extent of earthquake vulnerability in the coastal regions. The inference of this study
may be used as one of the potential inputs for assessment of seismic vulnerability to the region, which may be considered
for evolving earthquake hazard mitigation model for the coastal areas of the Andaman–Nicobar Islands region. 相似文献
17.
This paper reviews historical methods for estimating surge hazards and concludes that the class of solutions produced with
Joint Probability Method (JPM) solutions provides a much more stable estimate of hazard levels than alternative methods. We
proceed to describe changes in our understanding of the winds in hurricanes approaching a coast and the physics of surge generation
that have required recent modifications to procedures utilized in earlier JPM studies. Of critical importance to the accuracy
of hazard estimates is the ability to maintain a high level of fidelity in the numerical simulations while allowing for a
sufficient number of simulations to populate the joint probability matrices for the surges. To accomplish this, it is important
to maximize the information content in the sample storm set to be simulated. This paper introduces the fundamentals of a method
based on the functional specification of the surge response for this purpose, along with an example of its application in
the New Orleans area. A companion paper in this special issue (Irish et al. 2009) provides details of the portion of this new method related to interpolating/extrapolating along spatial dimensions. 相似文献
18.
19.
A catastrophic landslide dam breach induced debris flow initiated in Da-Cu-Keng stream, Ruifang town, when typhoon Xangsane hit Taiwan on November 1, 2000. Different available methodologies were used to model the natural dam breach induced debris flow and using field topography the hazard zones affected by debris mixtures were delineated. The numerical finite element or finite difference method is time consuming for the simulation of debris flow inundation areas and hence a rules-based GIS (Geographic Information System) analysis is proposed in this study. The model emphasizes the downstream inundated fan-shaped areas covered by debris mixtures through the overflow point. Topography and gradient are assumed to dominate the debris masses deposition mechanism in the GIS analysis. The approach considers the parameters effects, such as the runout distance, the debris masses magnitude and the inundated areas. The results of this study reveal that the GIS process using the rule-based approach speeds up the processing of delineating the hazard zones and assessment, which can be applied to early-warning and preliminary inundation hazardous mapping. 相似文献
20.
Xie Wei Nie Wen Saffari Pooya Robledo Luis F. Descote Pierre-Yves Jian Wenbin 《Natural Hazards》2021,109(1):931-948
Natural Hazards - Landslide hazard assessment is critical for preventing and mitigating landslide disasters. The tuning of hyperparameters is of great importance to achieve better accuracy in a... 相似文献