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1.
Bathymetric segregation of sea urchins on reefs of the Canarian Archipelago: Role of flow-induced forces 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
F. Tuya J. Cisneros-Aguirre L. Ortega-Borges R.J. Haroun 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,73(3-4):481-488
We examined whether adults of three species of sea urchins species (Diadema antillarum, Arbacia lixula, and Paracentrotus lividus) exhibit a consistent depth-dependent partitioning pattern on rocky reefs of the Canarian Archipelago (eastern Atlantic). Hydrodynamic experiments were carried out to quantify the resistance to flow-induced dislodgement in these three species. We tested the model that different morphology can result in habitat partitioning among these sea urchins. Abundances of D. antillarum increased with depth. In contrast, A. lixula and P. lividus showed the opposite zonation pattern, coexisting in high abundances in the shallowest depths (<5 m), and occurring in low densities in the deepest part of reefs (>7 m). Both A. lixula and P. lividus had greater adhesion-surface to body-height ratios than D. antillarum. Similarly, A. lixula and P. lividus showed a greater ability to resist flow-induced dislodgement compared with D. antillarum. The mean “velocity of dislodgement” was 300% and 50% greater for A. lixula and P. lividus, respectively, relative to D. antillarum, for any particular size. As a result, A. lixula and P. lividus are better fitted to life in high-flow environments than D. antillarum. We conclude that the risk of dislodgement by water motion likely play a relevant role in the vertical distribution patterns of these sea urchins in the eastern Atlantic. 相似文献
2.
A study is carried out to evaluate dynamic response of an elastic circular cylindrical tank having a rigid base under a vertical excitation taking into consideration the interaction with the foundation soil. At first, the soil is represented by frequency-independent parameters. Two coupled differential equations, governing the motion of the shell and the base, are solved using a step by step integration technique. The hydrodynamic pressures, acting on the shell and on the base, are derived from a velocity potential function which satisfies the Laplace equation and the appropriate boundary conditions. The response of the simplified model of a tank having a rigid base on a stiff foundation soil is compated to that obtained elsewhere to check the accuracy of the present model. Reasonable agreement is found between the maximum wall displacement and the associated stresses with those found by a more elaborate model. The interaction of the tank and the soil reduces the response than that calculated under the assumption of a rigid foundation soil. A parametric study to examine the effects of the height-to-radius ratio of the tank, and the effects of the shear wave velocity of the soil on the response is conducted. Varieties of foundation models are used to assess the sensitivity of the response to the variation in the soil parameters. Finally, a more representative solution for the problem in the frequency domain is obtained where the soil is appropriately modelled by frequency-dependent parameters. The transfer functions of the response of the tank wall and of the relative base motion are evaluated, and a comparison between the frequency-dependent and the frequency-independent solutions is made. 相似文献
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4.
A “simple” geomatics-based approach for assessing water erosion hazard at montane areas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil erosion by water is recognised as a worldwide land degradation issue, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The aim of this study is to apply the powerful capabilities of advanced remote sensing and geographic information system techniques to identify the areas at risk to water erosion. This study presents the assessment of water erosion in mountainous areas (eastern Aures, Algeria) based on three main factors: the friability of the bedrock, degree of slope and density of vegetation cover. Alsat1 image was used to produce land use and vegetation (NDVI) maps. Digital elevation model was used in constructing the slope gradient map. The erosion risk map was obtained by the combination of indices assigned to thematic layers following multicriteria decision rules. Water erosion was generally not concerning in the eastern Aures (slight risk = 33 %, moderate risk = 44 % of the area). This simple–qualitative approach gave good results for assessing soil erosion equally to quantitative methods since 89.55 % of field verifications were accurate. The non-alarming state and the low rate of severe and extremely severe risk to erosion are due to (1) the low steep slopes, (2) the good quality of vegetation (forests with thick undergrowth), and which are occurring on (3) resistant materials of the substratum, and (4) the low human pressure. Results of this study, which may be conducted with reasonable costs and accuracy over large areas, are of significant help in prioritising areas in decision making and sustainable planning. 相似文献
5.
A method for analyzing the earthquake response of elastic, cylindrical liquid storage tanks under vertical excitations is presented. The method is based on superposition of the free axisymmetrical vibrational modes obtained numerically by the finite element method. The validity of these modes has been checked analytically and the formulation of the load vector has been confirmed by a static analysis. Two forms of ground excitations have been used: step functions and recorded seismic components. The radial and axial displacements are computed and the corresponding stresses are presented. Both fixed and partly fixed tanks are considered to evaluate the effect of base fixation on tank behaviour. Finally, tank response under the simultaneous action of both vertical and lateral excitations is calculated to evaluate the relative importance of the vertical component of ground acceleration on the overall seismic behaviour of liquid storage tanks. 相似文献
6.
Prof. Dr. Haroun Tazieff 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1968,57(3):955-966
A basaltic eruption occurring in relatively shallow waters looks drastically different from the same occurring on land.
- Explosive phenomena are exceptionally violent (height several times the height reached in subaerial basaltic eruptions); 2) frequency of explosions very much higher (20 to 90 explosions per minute vs 0.1 to 10); 3) proportion of pyroclasts much higher too, reaching up to 99% of the total outpour; 4) pyroclasts much finer than that of land basaltic eruptions, having a granulometry similar to that of acid pyroclasts.
7.
Haroun Tazieff 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1972,61(2):470-480
Hyoclastites mainly result from underwater comminution of molten basalts initially explosively erupted out of the sea-floor and instantaneously pulverized by closely succeeding phreatic explosion (s).Many sea-mounts probably never were the alleged volcanic islands, later sea-level eroded into truncated cones and eventually drowned several km down, they are claimed to be. They are here considered as submarine polygenic volcanoes, the shape of which is congenital. Their building up probably started by accumulation of numberless flows of basalt, quietly poured out from a long-lived central vent; when this lava-volcano's crater, so progressively carried higher and higher, reached depths where explosive phenomena became possible because of lowered hydrostatic pressure, magmatic explosions occurred due to violent release of primitively dissolved (or combined) gases. Shattering of lava, 1) increases by several orders of magnitude lava's surface to volume ratios, so allowing huge quantities of super-heated steam to be engendered; 2) this super-heated steam trapped below the lava-lumps, as well as in their numberless holes, immediately explodes and comminutes the primary lavalumps; 3) so other super-heated steam is produced and further steam explosions are resumed in confined room until almost all the primitive heat content of the magma is transformed into kinetic energy and the lava is comminuted into glassy, ashy, hyaloclastites.This process also works above fissural eruptions. The difference is that fissural volcanoes, contrarily to large central ones, are usually monogenic (i. e. delivering one eruption only through the same vent instead of numberless ones for polygenic volcanoes). Linear effusive eruptions also produce quietly flowing basaltic flows but — because being monogenic — they cannot build up big, and eventually steep, reliefs as polygenic volcanoes do. When not poured over steep slopes where pillowlavas develop, submarine flows are characterized by 1) the lack of any scoriaceous, more or less thick, upper part (or jacket), and 2) a regular pavingstone-like surface, each polygon of which being the upper face of short prisms similar to ordinary columnar prismation, but one or two orders of magnitude shorter. As for central volcanoes, explosive activity along submarine fissures produces huge quantities of hyaloclastites, but these cannot be heaped up into steep ridges, as happens for subglacial eruptions, because sea-currents spread them far and wide.
Zusmmenfassung Die Hyaloclastiten entstehen hauptsächlich durch submarines Zerspratzen von Lava, die bei vulkanischen Explosionen im Meer ausgeworfen wurde.Zahlreiche sea-monts waren wahrscheinlich niemals vulkanische Inseln, die später abgestumpft und überschwemmt wurden, wie es allgemein angenommen wird. Wir sind überzeugt, daß ein großer Teil der Vulkane sich unter Wasser gebildet hat aus Laven, die aus einem langlebigen Zufuhrkanal gefördert wurden und die allmählich nach oben wuchsen.Die Bildungsart der Hyaloclastiten, die hier beschrieben wird, erklärt die Tafelformen und die aus Palagonit bestehenden zackigen Berggrate, die Islands Unter-Eis-Vulkanismus kennzeichnen.
Résumé Les hyaloclastites (palagonites) sont formées essentiellement par la fragmentation en milieu aqueux des lambeaux de lave lancés par explosions volcaniques sous-marines (ou sous-lacustres ou sous-glaciaires). Cette fragmentation résulte de l'explosion de la vapeur prisonnière dans et sous les dits lambeaux.Beaucoup de guyots (sea-mounts) n'ont probablement jamais été, comme on le croit généralement, des îles volcaniques ultérieurement tronquées par érosion et englouties. Nous sommes convaincus qu'une forte proportion de guyots sont des volcans sous-marins, faits de coulées interstratifiées avec des hyaloclastites, et que leur forme tronconique est congénitale.Le processus de formation des hyaloclastites que nous décrivons rend compte également des montagnes tabulaires et des crêtes dentelées, constituées de palagonites, caractéristiques du volcanisme sous-glaciaire d'Islande.Les coulées subaquatiques subhorizontales offrent une surface polygonale de « basaltes en pravés ».
, , , .- -monts, , , , , . , , , . - , . - , Guyots , , , , .相似文献
8.
Models of two-dimensional x-braced elevated tanks supported on isolated footings are analyzed to investigate the effects of dynamic interaction between the tower and the supporting soil-foundation system. Static, dynamic elastic, and dynamic inelastic responses of towers under horizontal ground motions are evaluated. Effects of soil properties, represented by the shear wave velocity, on joint displacements and on member end actions are studied. In general, soil-tower interaction reduces member end actions except near the base of tower. 相似文献
9.
Franois Le Guern Haroun Tazieff Camille Vavasseur Pierre Zettwoog 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1982,12(1-2)
During 1968–1969 the “Bocca Nuova”, a small vent, 7 m across, located in the northern part of Mt. Etna's summit crater showed a resonating-pipe phenomenon triggered by explosions at its bottom. The emitted gases were mixed with air. Temperatures, velocities, dynamic pressures and CO2 and N2 contents, were recorded. 相似文献
10.
Medhat A. Haroun 《地震工程与结构动力学》1983,11(2):179-206
Theoretical and experimental investigations of the dynamic behaviour of ground-supported, deformable, cylindrical liquid storage tanks were conducted. The study was carried out in three phases: (I) a detailed theoretical treatment of the coupled liquid-shell system for tanks rigidly anchored to their foundations; (II) an experimental investigation of the dynamic characteristics of full-scale tanks; and (III) a development of an improved seismic design procedure. 相似文献