共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
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用双剪法对济南辉长岩和点苍山大理岩进行了摩擦滑动实验.实验中的应力变化方式有两种.A 型实验:先使断层面上的正应力增加到一定值,然后保持正应力不变,并增加剪应力使断层发生粘滑;B 型实验:先使断层面上的正应力增加到一定的值,保持正应力不变,并增加剪应力到断层发生粘滑前的某一应力状态,再保持剪应力不变,减小正应力直到粘滑发生.实验表明,B 型实验中岩石的摩擦强度高于 A 型实验.A 型实验中粘滑发生前有声发射率增加的前兆,B 型实验中粘滑发生前看不到声发射率的明显增加.由实验得到一个启示,即闭锁断层的开锁可能采取两种形式:一种是冲开闭锁,即以剪应力的增加使断层发生错动;另一种是解开闭锁,即以正应力的减小使断层发生错动.断层的粘滑采取哪种形式,由断层带的应力变化途径决定. 相似文献
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众所周知.岩石的摩擦滑动有两种方式,一种是粘滑,另外一种是稳滑.当发生粘滑时,应力突然下降并伴随有急剧的能量释放.从1966年 Brace 等人指出粘滑可能是导致浅源地震的原因以来,粘滑作为一种震源机制已引起地震学家的普遍关注.但是,粘滑的研究还有许多问题,如粘滑发生的条件,围压对粘滑及其应力降的影响,特别是室内粘滑实验应力降远高于天然地震应力降这一问题,到目前还没有解决(陈顒,1988).本文建立了一个岩石摩擦的自锁模型,这一模型能够反映围压与粘滑之间的关系.分析结果表明,天然地震应力降低于室内粘滑实验应力降是由围压刚度引起的. 相似文献
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在与主压应力方向斜交的断层上,正应力与剪应力之间存在线性相关关系,以此为基础导出了小扰动条件下决定稳定性的临界刚度与滑动速率的关系。由于这一关系具有临界刚度随滑动速率增加而减小的特点,因此速率增加可能导致周期性粘滑向稳定滑动转化,而速率减小可能使本来稳定的滑动转化为周期性粘滑过程。在这种斜交断层中,速率增加虽然可能抑制周期性粘滑,但是稳滑时超过一定限度的速率增加会导致一次性不稳定滑动。三轴摩擦实验提供了关于粘滑与稳滑可相互转化的支持证据 相似文献
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利用双向伺服控制装置,对含有与最大主压应力σ1呈45°夹角的预切面的花岗闪长岩标本进行了摩擦实验,结果表明,在σ1方向位移速率恒定、侧向应力σ2恒定的条件下,粘滑间隔随滑动面上正应力的增加而增加,粘滑应力降也随滑动面上正应力的增加而呈线性增加。但当σ2叠加了高频小振幅的正弦波扰动时,这种相关性发生了明显的变化,应力降大小和粘滑间隔的离散度均显著提高,特别是应力降可能会大幅度增加。与σ1扰动的实验结果相比,σ2扰动对断层粘滑的影响更为显著,这主要归因于正应力变化使滑动面的非均匀性加剧 相似文献
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利用双轴伺服控制加载装置,采用3块花岗闪长岩标本组成的含有2个滑动面的直剪结构,开展了摩擦滑动实验。实验中通过在剪切方向上叠加正弦波状的位移扰动,研究了剪应力扰动对断层粘滑失稳的影响。研究表明,在恒定的正应力和位移速率下,标本表现出较为规则的粘滑;当在剪切方向叠加位移扰动后,随扰动振幅的增加,粘滑发生时间与扰动的相关性增大,粘滑的应力降和时间间隔的分布趋于离散,其中扰动能产生明显影响的临界振幅大致为0.05MPa;粘滑应力降和时间间隔随扰动振幅增大而逐渐离散的现象在较高正应力下更为明显,而相同扰动振幅下粘滑失稳发生时间与扰动的相关性也随正应力增加而增大;扰动周期对摩擦性状的影响不明显。研究结果意味着,地震引起的同震剪应力的变化不仅会引起邻近断层上地震发生时间的变化,也可能引起地震强度的变化 相似文献
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采用断层位错模式,考虑了具有一定宽度的断层在其粘滑过程中,断层摩擦应力和滑动速度随粘滑过程的变化情况,由此计算了粘滑所产生的摩擦增温,并将结果与不考虑摩擦应力变化、不考虑滑动速度变化或忽略断层宽度时的情况作了比较。结果表明:断层滑动时,摩擦应力和滑动速度随时间的改变及断层的宽度将对断层摩擦增温产生较大影响。由于岩石中孔隙和孔隙流体的存在,摩擦应力在断层粘滑过程中有较大变化。取断层滑动速度为Brune 震源时间函数形式,考虑摩擦应力的变化及一定的断层宽度,计算得到的摩擦增温值较以往的计算结果偏小。这个结论对测定断层活动年代的热释光(TL)和电子自旋共振(ESR) 法具有一定的理论指导意义 相似文献
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利用双轴伺服控制加载装置, 在干燥和饱和水(浸在水中)条件下, 开展了砂岩、 大理岩和花岗岩的摩擦实验。 对比干湿条件下断层摩擦应力和声发射的演化特征, 讨论水对断层滑动性状的影响。 研究表明, 低正应力条件下, 砂岩和大理岩标本表现为稳滑, 而花岗岩则表现为粘滑; 岩体矿物成分、 孔隙率和以及滑动面的状况共同影响断层摩擦的稳定性; 干湿条件下摩擦强度的变化为水对断层滑动面和围岩抗剪强度影响的综合效应; 砂岩含有硬度较小的矿物, 初始粘结力低, 孔隙率高, 水对滑动面和围岩都起到弱化的作用; 方解石硬度和摩擦特性控制了大理岩的摩擦性状, 而标本含有穿晶和晶内微破裂增强了水对大理岩摩擦强度的弱化作用; 花岗岩组成矿物的硬度大且胶结紧密, 初始粘结力大, 孔隙率低, 因此摩擦性状对含水量的变化响应较小。 不同岩性的摩擦稳定性在干湿条件下均存在差异, 不同岩性断层摩擦性状对含水量的变化响应不同, 因此研究水库诱发地震时要考虑断层的岩性特征。 相似文献
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为更好地理解层状硅酸盐对断层强度、滑动速度依赖性及地震活动特征的影响,利用双轴摩擦实验对含白云母岩盐断层带在干燥及含水条件下摩擦的速度依赖性进行了实验研究,并观测了摩擦滑动过程中的声发射,分析了断层带的微观结构.实验结果表明,干燥条件下含白云母岩盐断层带在0.1 ～ 100μm/s的速度范围内表现为黏滑和速度弱化,增大σ2会使断层带从速度弱化向速度强化转化,速度依赖性转换出现在0.1 μm/s,其中断层滑动表现为稳滑或应力释放时间较长的黏滑事件;含水条件下含白云母岩盐断层带在0.05 ～0.01μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度强化,0.1 ～10μm/s的速度范围内表现为速度弱化,50～100μm/s的速度范围内又转换为速度强化行为.含白云母岩盐断层带在干燥条件下一次黏滑伴随一个或一丛声发射事件,而在含水条件下与稳滑相对应,滑动过程中并未记录到声发射事件.显微结构观察表明,速度弱化域的主要变形机制是岩盐颗粒的脆性破裂和局部化的滑动;干燥条件下,速度强化域的主要变形机制是岩盐颗粒的均匀破裂;含水条件下2个速度强化域对应不同的微观机制,高速域的速度强化受控于岩盐颗粒在白云母相互连结形成的网状结构上的滑动及其均匀碎裂作用,而低速域的速度强化还受岩盐的压溶作用控制.通过与岩盐断层带摩擦实验结果对比可知,白云母的存在对于燥岩盐断层带摩擦滑动方式和速度依赖性没有显著影响,而在含水条件下白云母的存在使得岩盐断层带滑动趋于稳定.实验结果为分析含层状硅酸盐断层的强度和稳定性提供了依据.此外,在速度依赖性转换域上观察到的应力缓慢释放的现象进一步证实了在岩盐断层带摩擦滑动过程中观察到的现象,这对慢地震机制研究具有参考意义. 相似文献
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通过对岩石样品进行变形及破坏试验，研究断裂形成过程中的声发射记录（ＡＥ），以找到能解释地震前兆现象的方法．另外，对试验过程中获得的大量数据及资料进行了数理统计处理． 相似文献
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This proposed model is based on geological, geophysical and geochemical data. Previous models suggested for the lower continental crust consisted of basalt, gabbro, or charnockitic rocks; however, experimental and field petrological data indicate that the bulk of crustal rocks are metamorphic. A lower crust of heterogeneous metamorphic rocks also agrees with seismic reflection results which show numerous reflections from “layering”. Geothermal conditions favor a “dry” charnockitic or gabbroic lower crust rather than an amphibolitic lower crust because heat production data imply that wet amphibolitic rocks would have a higher heat production than their dry metamorphic equivalents. Relatively high velocities from field and laboratory measurements in such low-density rocks as granite, syenite, anorthosite and granulitic rocks in general imply that the composition of the lower crust is more felsic than gabbro. Variation in seismic velocity and depths from crustal refraction studies and numerous seismic reflections all indicate a highly heterogeneous lower crust. The lower crust, which has traditionally been described as gabbroic or mafic, may consist of such diverse rocks as granite gneiss, syenite gneiss, anorthosite, pyroxene granulite, and amphibolite, interlayered on a small scale, deformed, and intruded by granite and gabbro. Interlayering of these rocks explains the presence and character of seismic reflections. Abrupt changes in dip, tight folding, disruption of layers, intrusion, and changes in layer thickness explain the characteristic discontinuity of deep reflections. Igneous intrusions may be floored by metamorphic rocks. The lower crust consists of a complex series of igneous and metamorphic rock of approximate intermediate composition. 相似文献
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利用双轴伺服控制加载装置,采用三块花岗闪长岩标本组成的含有两个滑动面的直剪结构,开展了摩擦滑动实验.实验中通过在垂直滑动面的载荷上叠加正弦波状和方波状的扰动,研究了正应力扰动对断层黏滑失稳的影响.研究表明,在恒定的正应力和位移速率下,标本表现为规则的黏滑,叠加正应力扰动后,随扰动振幅的增加黏滑发生时间与扰动的相关性增大,黏滑应力降和时间间隔的分布趋于离散.黏滑应力降和时间间隔的平均值随平均正应力的增加呈线性增长,扰动叠加后黏滑应力降的离散度随平均正应力的增加而增大;黏滑应力降和时间间隔主要受应力变化幅度的影响,而与应力变化的速率关系不大.剪应力和正应力扰动都会对断层黏滑失稳产生影响,而正应力扰动的影响更明显.这两种扰动对断层黏滑失稳影响的机制存在差异,剪应力扰动只是改变断层滑动的推动力,而正应力扰动则改变了断层面上凹凸体的接触状态. 相似文献
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Ultrasonic Velocities, Acoustic Emission Characteristics and Crack Damage of Basalt and Granite 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Acoustic emissions (AE), compressional (P), shear (S) wave velocities, and volumetric strain of Etna basalt and Aue granite were measured simultaneously during triaxial compression
tests. Deformation-induced AE activity and velocity changes were monitored using twelve P-wave sensors and eight orthogonally polarized S-wave piezoelectric sensors; volumetric strain was measured using two pairs of orthogonal strain gages glued directly to the
rock surface. P-wave velocity in basalt is about 3 km/s at atmospheric pressure, but increases by > 50% when the hydrostatic pressure is
increased to 120 MPa. In granite samples initial P-wave velocity is 5 km/s and increases with pressure by < 20%. The pressure-induced changes of elastic wave speed indicate
dominantly compliant low-aspect ratio pores in both materials, in addition Etna basalt also contains high-aspect ratio voids.
In triaxial loading, stress-induced anisotropy of P-wave velocities was significantly higher for basalt than for granite, with vertical velocity components being faster than
horizontal velocities. However, with increasing axial load, horizontal velocities show a small increase for basalt but a significant
decrease for granite. Using first motion polarity we determined AE source types generated during triaxial loading of the samples.
With increasing differential stress AE activity in granite and basalt increased with a significant contribution of tensile
events. Close to failure the relative contribution of tensile events and horizontal wave velocities decreased significantly.
A concomitant increase of double-couple events indicating shear, suggests shear cracks linking previously formed tensile cracks. 相似文献
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Geology of the Grove Mountains in East Antarctica——New evidence for the final suture of Gondwana Land 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
As the core block of the East Gondwana Land, the East Antarctic Shield was traditionally thought, before 1992, as an amalgamation of a number of Archaean-Paleoproterozoic nuclei, be-ing welded by Grenville aged mobile belts during 1400—900 Ma, while the … 相似文献
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Geology of the Grove Mountains in East Antarctica 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Grove Mountains consists mainly of a series of high-grade (upper amphibolite to granulite facies) metamorphic rocks, including
felsic granulite, granitic gneiss, mafic granulite lenses and charnockite, intruded by late tectonic gneissic granite and
post-tectonic granodioritic veins. Geochemical analysis demonstrates that the charnockite, granitic gneiss and granite belonged
to aluminous A type plutonic rocks, whereas the felsic and mafic granulite were from supracrustal materials as island-arc,
oceanic island and middle oceanic ridge basalt. A few high-strained shear zones disperse in regional stable sub-horizontal
foliated metamorphic rocks. Three generations of ductile deformation were identified, in which D1 is related to the event before Pan-African age, D2 corresponds to the regional granulite peak metamorphism, whereas D3 reflects ductile extension in late Pan-African orogenic period. The metamorphic reactions from granitic gneiss indicate a
single granulite facies event, but 3 steps from mafic granulite, with P-T condition of M1 800°C, 9.3×105 Pa; M2 800–810°C, 6.4 × 105 Pa; and M3 650°C have been recognized. The U-Pb age data from representative granitic gneiss indicate (529±14) Ma of peak metamorphism,
(534±5) Ma of granite emplacement, and (501±7) Ma of post-tectonic granodioritic veins. All these evidences suggest that a
huge Pan-African aged mobile belt exists in the East Antarctic Shield extending from Prydz Bay via Grove Mountains to the
southern Prince Charles Mountains. This orogenic belt could be the final suture during the Gondwana Land assemblage. 相似文献
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Creep,stable sliding,and premonitory slip 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
John M. Logan 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):773-789
Summary The current status of laboratory investigations into creep, stable sliding and premonitory slip is reviewed and some new material is presented. It is postulated that pre-cut rocks and those with simulated gouge layers undergo a transition with increasing confining pressure from (1) stable sliding to stick-slip, to (2) sliding along the pre-cut with deformation of the country rock, to (3) homogeneous flow of the specimen without slip along the pre-cut. Stick-slip behavior is not always present. Decreasing displacement rates are found to enhance stick-slip. Mixtures of gouge are found to be significant in controlling the behavior of sliding with 10–20 percent of anhydrite mixed with quartz or clays mixed with anhydrite shifting the sliding mode from stable stick-slip or stick-slip to stable sliding, respectively. Premonitory slip may be one of the most significant short term precursors of earthquakes. Although widely recognized in the laboratory, little systematic work has been completed. Variations in pore pressure, resistivity and seismic velocities have been investigated. Clearly much work needs to be done into these topics before a clear understanding is achieved. 相似文献