共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
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在地面气象观测业务中通常采用人工观测的方式来判断结露、结霜现象的发生,人工观测主观性强,观测频次少,工作效率低,不能全面、连续反映结露、结霜过程的特征。本文介绍了一种结露、结霜自动化观测装置,装置工作原理是电容传感器在高湿和低湿情况下电容变化较大,通过测量电容变化引起的频率变化,然后由识别软件来判断结露现象的发生,再结合温度信息以及结冰信息就可以判断结霜现象的发生,从而实现了结露、结霜的自动化观测。通过大量的结露、结霜的对比试验表明露、霜自动化观测装置能够比较准确地识别结露、结霜过程的发生,能够推广到台站业务使用。 相似文献
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利用全天空可见光图像反演天空辐亮度 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由中国科学院大气物理研究所LAGEO实验室研制和开发的地基全天空成像仪,可实现地基全天空自动化观测,文中首先对全天空成像仪仪器及性能进行介绍.辐亮度是气象科学研究中基础而重要的气象要素,而全天空成像仪记录的是可见光红、绿、蓝三波段辐射信息的灰度值图像,因而无法直接应用到气象研究中.为能够从灰度值图像中获取天空辐亮度信息,文中详细介绍了与亮度反演密切相关的几个重要标定实验,包括儿何标定、光学标定,以标定参数为基础并结合全天空仪器成像原理提出了一个由可见光灰度图像反演相对天空辐亮度分布的算式算法.文中还利用大气物理研究所香河观测站(39.75°N,116.96°E)同时观测的全天空成像仪以及CIMEL光度计所观测的天空辐亮度数据(440 nm波长),对该反演算式进行检验和比对,结果表明,所提出的算法进行天空辐亮度分布反演可行,该算法将灰度图像与天空辐亮度建立了联系,有利于观测图像数据与数值模式模拟工作的相互对比和验证,有利于观测图像数据在模式研究中的应用. 相似文献
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天气现象自动化观测系统,通过图像自动化识别技术,能自动观测地表结露天气现象,并能记录结露发生的时间。北京市平谷气象站安装了土壤湿度仪和天气现象自动化观测系统,通过统计分析平谷气象站2011年4—9月天气现象自动化观测系统得到的结露时间资料与浅层土壤湿度资料,得到结露时间与土壤湿度具有一定的相关关系,即0~10cm层土壤湿度越大结露时间越早。相反,0~10cm土壤湿度越小,结露时间越晚,当0~10cm土壤湿度小于一定值后就不发生结露现象。为了进一步验证结露时间与土壤湿度具有一定的相关关系,分析了北京市怀柔、门头沟、朝阳、大兴和延庆等站结露时间与降水后日数的关系。 相似文献
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草温与露点温度对结露和结霜指示性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用密云国家基准气候站和电白国家基准气候站2009—2010年自动站的观测记录和人工结露、结霜观测资料,以及平谷国家一般气象站2010年12月至2011年5月自动站的观测记录和天气现象自动化观测资料,分析了结露、结霜与地面气象要素关系。结果表明:诸多气象要素中,草温和草温与露点温度差对露或霜结成具有指示性作用;电白站95.0%结露发生在日最小草温与露点温度差<1.1℃时,密云站95.0%结露发生在日最小草温与露点温度差<1.2℃时,密云站95.0%结霜发生在日最小草温与露点温度差<1.3℃时;结露主要发生在最低草温0.5℃以上,从平谷站自动天气现象观测资料分析可以看出结露发生在0℃以上,结霜发生在0℃以下;很多情况,百叶箱高度上的空气中的水汽含量并未达到饱和,而贴地(或贴近地物)的空气中的水汽含量达到饱和;日最小草温与露点温度差<3.1℃时,电白、密云站不出现露、霜的比率分别是16.8%和11.7%;因土壤湿度南方比北方大,草温与露点温度差为正的比例南方较北方大。 相似文献
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通过2010年不同天气条件下铂电阻地温传感器与玻璃液体地温表对比观测获取数据分析,不同典型天气条件下（无云、降水、低温阴天等）,观测差值的变化情况。结果表明：观测结果差值大小,主要受太阳辐射和下垫面状况影响。无云时两者受太阳辐射影响较大,观测值在早上（或夜间）至12时之前较小,12时至16时较大,低温阴天覆盖时两者的观测差值日变化较小。降雨时下垫面状况发生变化,不受太阳辐射影响,两者的观测差值会逐渐减小。 相似文献
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霜露天气现象是气象观测中的重要观测内容,目前对霜露的观测多采用人工观测的方法,存在诸多弊端。本文在对电容式霜露传感器自动化观测原理进行简单介绍的基础上,重点对2014年9月至2014年12月4个月的设备试验数据进行了分析,把设备识别结果、人工观测结果以及标准器识别结果进行比对,结合设备安装地点周围的实际情况和温湿度信息,深入探讨了设备识别率、漏报率、错报率的变化情况以及导致设备识别率波动的原因。试验结果表明,电容式霜露传感器在一般自然环境中对霜露天气现象具有较好的识别率,在未来研究改进的基础上,具有应用于气象业务自动化观测的可能。 相似文献
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通过对陕西省7个国家气象站2014年新、旧双套自动站逐小时地面温度对比差值进行分析,发现利用现有观测方法和观测设备,地面温度观测值误差较大,数据一致率仅有93.67%,而超差率高达35.70%,且白天误差更为明显。通过对可能影响地面温度观测值的因素进行深入分析,并结合试验结果,得出太阳辐射强度对地面温度观测差值的影响不大,而观测场土质、观测方法、传感器维护以及设备型号与其有密切关系。建议采用采样面积更大的观测设备或观测方法替代现有单支铂电阻直埋观测法。 相似文献
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利用室内地板温度、气温、露点、湿度,以及NCEP 1°×1°分析数据等资料,对2012年广东2—3月冬春过渡季节"回南天"(高湿天气)的5次个例的天气形势、气象要素特征和物理变化过程进行了分析。结果表明:冷空气影响结束后,广东上空迅速转受暖湿空气控制,当室外空气露点高于室内物体温度时"回南天"现象就会产生;"回南天"是出现在冷暖急转的天气背景下的;冬春季节当持续控制广东的冷高压脊快速减弱,同时925hPa上有明显的偏南气流时,预报员就要考虑是否会出现"回南天"现象;气温快速回升,露点高于室内物体温度是"回南天"出现的必要条件,要重点分析未来露点的变化;"回南天"有两种结束方式,即冷性结束和暖性结束。 相似文献
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Passive dew collection in a grassland area, The Netherlands 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Passive dew collection experiments were initiated in late 2003 in the centre of The Netherlands within a grassland area. A specially designed 1 m2 insulated planar dew collector, set at a 30° angle from horizontal, was covered with a thin (0.39 mm) polyethylene foil and subsequently replaced with 4 mm polyvinyl chloride. A second dew collector, in the shape of an inverted pyramid, was constructed to reduce the view angle to only the nighttime sky. A simple surface energy-budget model and an aerodynamic model were used to simulate the dew collected by both collectors. The planar collector collected about 90% of the dew at the grass cover while the pyramid collector collected about 1.20% of the grass cover. The aerodynamic model was able to predict the amount of collector data to within 50% for the planar collector and 60% for the inverted pyramid collector. The pyramid collector design was able to collect about 20% more dew than the inclined planar collector. 相似文献
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M. G. Alishaev 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2013,38(8):522-530
Presented are the computations of condensation and precipitation of atmospheric moisture at night depending on the diurnal variations of air temperature and air humidity. Used are the meteorological data for northern Dagestan. Determined is the contribution of the dew to the moistening of the soil. The examples of the exponential and lognormal distribution of droplets revealed that the use of the velocity of medium-size droplet underestimates the value of the moisture mass precipitated on the soil. A concept of the mean mass precipitation velocity is introduced, and the formulae are provided for determining the average mass of deposited condensate depending on humidity, the temperature drop, and size distribution of droplets. Posed is a new problem of diurnal condensate precipitation in the soil in summer and of technology of its increase. 相似文献
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A traditional mulching technique used in Lanzarote, Canary Islands, allows dry farming as well as pronounced water savings in irrigation. It is known to reduce evaporational losses, but is also supposed to enhance the nocturnal condensation of water vapour from the atmosphere. The mulch layer consists of porous volcanic rock fragments abundantly available on the island. The mulched surface is believed to cool rapidly and to be more hygroscopic than a bare soil surface. This was investigated during a field experiment conducted over 68 nights during different seasons in 2001 and 2002, as well as some simple laboratory measurements. It was found that nocturnal condensation on the mulch surface (max 0.33 mm) was lower than on the bare soil surface (max 0.57 mm) or any one of three alternative mulch substrates. However, a slightly stronger nocturnal cooling of the mulched as compared to the bare surface was present. It is shown that these contrary findings can be explained by the higher hygroscopicity of the dry loam soil, resulting in condensation gains beyond the strict definition of dew. Differences in plant-availability of non-hygroscopic dew water and hygroscopic water uptakes are discussed, and conditions under which mulching would show positive condensation effects are defined. This includes a theoretical section demonstrating that non-hygroscopic mulch layers of a proper thickness can provide small amounts of dew to plant roots at the mulch–soil interface. This condensation could also happen during the day and would be favoured by a high amplitude of the diurnal atmospheric moisture cycle. 相似文献
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Urban and rural dewfall,surface moisture,and associated canopy-level air temperature and humidity measurements for vancouver,canada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Canopy-level humidity is often less at night during fine weather in a mid-latitude city, compared to its rural surroundings. This feature has been attributed, in part, to reduced urban dew, but links are largely unproven, because urban dew data are rare. In this study, surface moisture (i.e., dew + guttation by blotting) and dewfall (by mini-lysimeter) were measured at rural and urban residential sites in Vancouver, Canada, during the summer of 1996. Air temperature and humidity were measured at both sites, and on rural-to-urban vehicle traverses. Weather and location effects were evident. Humidity data suggested the small (< 1 g m–3) urban moisture excess observed on fine nights was linked to reduced urban dew. For grass, the frequency of moisture events, and surface moisture amounts, were similar for both sites. However, on grass, rural dewfall (mean=0.10 mm per night) was more than urban dewfall (mean=0.07 mm per night). On the other hand, data for a roof lysimeter (mean dewfall=0.12 mm per night) showed that an urban roof could rival rural grass as a favoured location for dewfall in Vancouver. 相似文献
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Quantitative Evaluation of Water Deposited By Dew on Monuments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Samples of White and Green Carrara marble, and three types oflimestone and brick exposed in the field vertically and horizontally were used to evaluate condensationon monuments during clear sky nights. Experiments in a simulation chamber under controlledconditions led to a general equation for the actual amount of water deposited on a surface by dew.This is determined by: How much and for how long the surface temperature falls below the dew point,the moisture content in the air and the ventilation. On clear nights, the condensation on buildingstructures facing the sky may reach some 0.2 kg m-2 (or 0.2 mm), whereas condensation on verticalsurfaces is very small. Computation of the seasonal trend of night-time condensationshowed that the maximum amount of water condensed per night occurs in the autumn, with the moreabundant concentration of moisture in the air. The total amount of water condensed per month isfound to be a maximum in the summer-autumn period. Morning condensationfor the thermal inertia of monuments is also relevant, and has been calculated to reach the same order of magnitude as thenocturnal dew. A detailed analysis of the temperature and mixing ratio profiles near a condensingsurface has shown two different situations. In still air, the two profiles follow an exponentiallaw and the thermal and the concentration layers lie within a few tens of millimetres. Inthe presence of turbulence, the thickness of these two layers is dramatically reduced. In still air, infront of a vertical, chilly surface, the deposition rate of air pollutants by thermophoresis and/orStefan flow is increased by 3 or 4 times in comparison with a horizontal surface. In the presence ofturbulence, the thickness of the thermal and concentration layers was dramatically reduced, makingthese two kinds of deposition much faster. 相似文献
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回顾了湿空气热动力学的研究进展,对未饱和湿大气、饱和湿大气及非均匀饱和湿大气的动热力方程、能量方程、连续方程等进行了梳理,指出饱和湿空气动量方程与非均匀饱和湿空气动量方程的最大区别在于对凝结过程的处理不同。饱和湿大气中,由于大气均是饱和的,由饱和造成的水凝物可处处出现,不能区分真正发生水汽凝结的区域。而非均匀饱和湿空气中,凝结发生与相对湿度的幂次方有关(即与凝结概率函数的分布有关),在相对湿度较小的区域不会出现水汽凝结,凝结区与非凝结区可自动区别,其描述的凝结过程与实际大气更接近。同时,总结了湿大气水汽凝结饱和非均匀分布的动热力物理量在高影响天气分析中的应用,最后讨论了未来推进湿空气动力学研究需重点考虑的一个内容。 相似文献
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《Atmospheric Research》2005,73(1-2):1-22
We compare the characteristics of dew at nearly the same latitude (42–45°N) for the Mediterranean island of Corsica (Ajaccio, France) and two continental locations (Bordeaux, France, Atlantic coastal area; Grenoble, France, alpine valley). Dew amount was measured on a horizontal reference plate made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and placed at 1 m above the ground. Data are correlated with plate and air temperature, air relative humidity, wind speed and cloud cover during the period from 14-08-1999 to 15-01-2003.General features as well as particularities of the sampling sites are discussed. The average daily dew yield is higher for the island station at Ajaccio (0.070 mm) than the Bordeaux coastal area (0.046 mm) or the Grenoble valley (0.036 mm). However, the accumulated dew yield was highest for the coastal station (9.8 mm/year) as compared to the island (8.4 mm/year), and much larger than in the alpine valley (4 mm/year). The difference between cumulated and average dew yield stems from the greater number of dew days in the coastal area (58%) versus 33% for the island and 30% in the valley. The higher wind speeds at the island station (average wind during dew is 2 m/s) and lower relative humidity explain the smaller number of dew days. The dew rate seasonal variation is negligible in Bordeaux and exhibits during summer a maximum in Ajaccio and a minimum in Grenoble.A computer model that includes simple meteorological data (air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed, cloud cover) is used to determine the thermal balance and fit to dew mass evolution. Two parameters that account for heat and mass exchange can be adjusted. It was found that, within the uncertainties, these two numbers are the same for the two continental sites, thus allowing dew formation on plates to be evaluated from only simple meteorological measurements. Somewhat larger values are found for the island, due to limitations in the model, which are discussed. 相似文献