共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
对潜在气象风险源的公众支付意愿评估 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以高影响天气事件作为潜在气象风险源,综合应用12121气象电话拨打数据和气象信息,结合条件价值评估方法(CVM),评估社会公众对高影响天气事件发生时的支付意愿(WTP).以西安市为例,分类分析2004-2007年、与公众生活关系密切的高温、热浪、"桑拿天"、小雨、中雨、大到暴雨、雷暴、雪、雾(霾)和连阴雨等10类高影响天气事件,评估其风险超越概率、公众风险关注和支付意愿.结果表明,当降水类、高温类、雷暴和雾(霾)等潜在气象风险源发生时,西安老百姓意愿支付所产生的社会效益年平均值分别约为4973.394万元/年、1174.854万元/年、311.269万元/年和471.637万元/年.结论有利于定量判断公共气象服务的社会影响力. 相似文献
2.
基于条件价值法,分析风云卫星数据和服务的分类支付意愿,利用二元Logistic模型,对影响用户支付意愿的因素进行研究.结果表明:(1)40％的受访公众对风云卫星数据和服务有支付意愿,人均年支付意愿额为31元;(2)风云卫星的数据和服务对十省市民众的年总价值为189亿元;(3)本人或家属是否在气象部门工作以及对风云卫星数... 相似文献
3.
基于条件价值法的气象服务效益评估研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
近年来极端灾害性天气频发,日益引起人们对气象服务的重视,而如何评估气象服务效益的价值一直是个难题。＂气象服务效益评估的技术与方法研究＂课题组以条件价值法为基础,设计了问卷,针对＂中国天气网＂的网民、南京信息工程大学的教师和学生共获取了近5万个数据。首先对数据进行了描述性统计,得到了一系列富有启示意义的结论;采用条件价值法计算得知,我国网络民众每年的支付意愿值为73.6亿元到205.8亿元之间。多元回归分析还显示,与支付意愿直接正相关的因素包括受访者的受教育年限、户外工作时间、月收入、年龄和居住地等;如果受访者本人或其家属在气象部门工作时,对气象服务的支付意愿也呈现增加的趋势。而性别、本地居住时间等变量并不显著。最后还提出了几点建议。 相似文献
4.
采用审查回归模型,分别选取了中国东、中、西部的三个典型城市无锡、武汉和西安,计算了三城市受访者的支付意愿值,并对其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）支付意愿值与地区经济发展水平直接相关。无锡、武汉和西安受访者的支付意愿分别为21.68,17.15和10.07元/年;（2）年龄越长者,由于其天气知识更丰富、日常消费较节俭,对气象服务的支付意愿越低;（3）文化程度越高者,更能理解和支持气象服务事业,对气象服务的支付意愿越高;（4）月收入变量对气象服务的支付意愿有显著影响,但就不同城市的受访者而言,影响的方向并不一致。 相似文献
5.
6.
利用1960~2014年夏季(6~8月)湖南省77个气象站逐日最高气温资料,对该地区高温热浪的时空分布特征进行分析研究。研究结果表明:湖南省大部分地区常年遭受高温热浪袭击,年均发生1.53次,部分地区年均出现2次以上。高频次、高强度的高温热浪主要集中于湘中偏东(衡阳盆地一带)地区,株洲、长沙、益阳等地为次大值区,湘西地区高温热浪的发生频次及强度则低于全省平均值。近年来,湖南高温热浪的影响范围不断扩大,炎热程度不断增强。近55年高温热浪频次及强度具有显著的阶段性特征,20世纪80年代以前呈减少(减弱)趋势,此后呈增多(增强)趋势,21世纪以来高温热浪增多增强尤其明显。对一次持续时间长、影响范围广的极端高温热浪过程研究发现:南亚高压东伸扩展,西太副高异常偏西、偏北且稳定少动,下沉运动强盛等条件的配合有利于湖南省持续性高温的发生。 相似文献
7.
利用非市场价值评估的方法——条件价值法,通过估算公众对CO2减排政策的支付意愿,评估中国减缓气候变化政策的价值。利用从北京、上海、山东、福建4个省市收集的1653份有效调查问卷,建立支付意愿模型。结果表明,绝大部分参与者对CO2减排政策持明显的支持态度,平均每人每年愿意支付201.86元人民币以支持减排行动。其中,北京地区的参与者CO2减排的支付意愿最高,其次为福建和山东,上海参与者的支付意愿最低。模型显示,年轻、男性和中共党员参与者愿意支付较高的额度支持CO2减排行动,收入水平高、对目前的生活状况满意、对气候变化问题有较好理解的参与者支付意愿也高。这一研究的政策启示是：中国低碳发展需要将公众对气候政策的支持意愿转化为切实的低碳行动,在设计碳税等减排机制时还要关注不同地区和收入群体在支付意愿和能力上的差异。 相似文献
8.
华北-华东地区高温热浪与土壤湿度的关系研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用观测站点的日最高气温、土壤湿度旬观测资料以及土壤湿度再分析资料等,分析了华北-华东地区高温热浪次数的时空变化特征及其与土壤湿度的关系。结果表明:1960s以及1990-2010年为高温热浪次数的高值期,1970s-1980s为低值期。利用旋转经验正交函数分解得到土壤湿度的3个气候分区,分区内前期(3-5月)和同期(6-7月)的土壤湿度与6、7月份高温热浪次数基本呈负相关关系,并且同期相关性更显著。在华北-华东北部与中部,5月下旬土壤湿度与6月高温热浪次数、6月上、中旬平均土壤湿度与6月高温热浪次数、7月平均土壤湿度与7月高温热浪次数的相关性均显著。 相似文献
9.
近138年上海地区高温热浪事件分析 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
深入了解特大城市高温热浪的变化特征和发生条件对于科学防御其引发的灾害具有重要的实际意义.根据中国气象局高温日和高温预警信号阈值定义了上海地区高温热浪三级标准,并引入高温有效积温,基于1873-2010年上海市徐家汇站日最高气温资料分析了上海地区高温热浪的多尺度时频特征;基于环流指数和NCEP再分析资料,探讨了上海地区高温热浪异常偏强年的大气环流异常特征.结果表明:(1)将高温有效积温与高温热浪发生频次结合,可更合理地表征高温热浪的炎热程度.(2)近138年来上海共发生214次高温热浪事件,其平均高温有效积温为8.3℃,7月高温热浪发生频次和高温有效积温均多于8月.(3)近138年来上海地区高温热浪有三段持续偏多与偏强期:19世纪90年代初至19世纪末、20世纪20年代末至50年代初、80年代末尤其是21世纪初以来;最强的高温热浪事件出现在1934年;而21世纪初的10年,其炎热程度正呈明显上升趋势.(4)上海地区高湿热浪异常偏强年的主要环流特征是夏季北半球副热带高压异常偏强、西太平洋副热带高压异常偏西和印缅槽异常偏弱,如高温热浪异常偏强年夏季平均的西太平洋副热带高压西伸脊点伸展至我国东南沿海约122°E附近,而低纬地区印度半岛至孟加拉湾的低槽区基本消失. 相似文献
10.
利用98个测站逐日最高气温资料和ERA-interim再分析数据集,对1979~2018年西南地区夏季高温热浪的时空分布特征及其年际变化异常成因进行研究。结果表明:(1)气候平均西南地区夏季高温热浪频次从东南向西北减少,空间差异显著。近几十年来,西南地区高温热浪总体上显著增多,并表现出明显的年际和年代际变化特征。(2)EOF分解第1模态主要表现为全区一致型,可以反映西南地区夏季高温热浪变化的主要特征。第2模态空间分布大致呈现出南正北负的反相变化特征。(3)西南地区高温热浪偏多可能与对流层中层青藏高原以东至朝鲜半岛的明显高压异常相联系。在这个高压异常的控制下,西太平洋副热带高压向西移动,这有利于西南地区降水减少,云量减少,到达地表的太阳短波辐射增加。同时,东亚西风急流位置北移,可以阻止来自中高纬的冷空气入侵西南地区,引起这里降水减少干旱频发。最终,异常干燥和炎热的地表条件,与有利的大气环流背景相配合,从而造成西南地区夏季高温热浪事件的发生。 相似文献
11.
Michael Grubb 《Climate Policy》2013,13(1):1-2
Despite the increasing interest in climate change policy in the US, little systematic research has been conducted on the willingness of individuals to change their behaviour to mitigate the problem. Understanding behavioural change is critical if federal and local governments intend to implement programmes requiring actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This understudied aspect of climate change policy is addressed by quantitatively examining the degree to which residents living in the US are willing to alter their behaviour to mitigate climate change impacts, and by identifying the major factors contributing to this willingness. Based on a national survey, the reported willingness of individuals to alter behaviours is explained, using the components of risk, individual stress, capacity and ecological values. The findings indicate that specific personal traits and contextual characteristics trigger a significantly greater willingness to change longstanding behavioural patterns. These insights into the factors motivating behavioural change can provide guidance to decision makers at both federal and local levels on how best to implement climate change policies. 相似文献
12.
气候变化导致全球热浪灾害事件频发。湿球黑球温度综合考虑了温度和湿度协同作用,相较于单独的温度指标更能表征热浪对人类社会的影响。基于该指数定义热浪,利用CMIP5多模式温度和相对湿度模拟数据以及SSP3人口数据,量化并分析了未来全球及区域尺度热浪的人口暴露度变化以及造成暴露度变化的各因素的贡献率。结果表明：(1)过去(1986—2005年)暴露度的分布主要受人口分布的影响,印度次大陆以及中国东部、东南沿海地区是暴露度高值区,未来(2081—2100年)热带地区暴露度的增加尤为明显;(2)全球区域间暴露度变化差异显著,未来南亚地区平均暴露度的增幅最大,接近3×104万人·d,而澳大利亚北部、亚洲北部、加拿大地区平均暴露度的增幅不足100万人·d;(3)气候和人口因素共同作用是造成绝大多数热带地区暴露度变化的最主要原因,而对于中高纬度地区来说,气候要素的贡献率最大;(4)气候和人口因素共同作用对全球暴露度变化的贡献占据主导地位。 相似文献
13.
Research on air travellers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for climate change mitigation has focussed on voluntary emissions offsetting so far. This approach overlooks policy relevant knowledge as it does not consider that people may value public goods higher if they are certain that others also contribute. To account for potential differences, this study investigates Swedish adults’ WTP for a mandatory air ticket surcharge both for short- and long-distance flights. Additionally, policy relevant factors influencing WTP for air travel emissions reductions were investigated. The results suggest that mean WTP is higher in the low-cost setting associated with short-distance flights (495 SEK/ tCO2; 50 EUR/ tCO2) than for long-distance flights (295 SEK/ tCO2; 30 EUR/t CO2). The respondents were more likely to be willing to pay the air ticket tax if they were not frequent flyers, if they were women, had a left political view, if they had a sense of responsibility for their emissions and if they preferred earmarking revenues from the tax for climate change mitigation and sustainable transport projects.
Key policy insights
A mandatory air ticket tax is a viable policy option that might receive majority support among the population.
While a carbon-based air ticket tax promises to be an effective tool to generate revenues, its potential steering effect appears to be lower for low cost contexts (short-distance flights) than for high cost contexts (long-distance flights).
Policy consistency regarding the tax base and its revenue use may increase public acceptability of (higher) air ticket taxes. Earmarking revenues is clearly preferred to tax recycling or general budget use.
Insights about the personal drivers behind WTP for emissions reductions from air travel can help to inform targeting and segmentation of policy interventions.
14.
The potential impacts of progressing climate change are alarming. Some adverse consequences are now unavoidable and adaptation measures are increasingly needful. This poses enormous challenges for emerging megacities in the Global South, which barely manage in current weather conditions. This paper introduces Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping as a new tool for structured, semi-quantitative assessments of climate change impacts and adaptation measures.Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping is used to evaluate differences in sensitivities to heatwaves and rainstorms across socio-economic groups and for the ranking of useful adaptation options, based on 188 individual interviews to the impacts of extreme weather events in Hyderabad, India. The results of this multi-stakeholder assessment indicate that rainstorms affect low-income residents more than heatwaves, while the opposite is true for medium-income respondents. The latter are also less seriously affected by extreme weather in general. Profession, though, not income determines the kind of impact that people feel most affected by. Individual characteristics like age and gender do not significantly explain differences in the data, but religion does. This is because, in Hyderabad, Muslims live in the older, less serviced and more affected parts of the city. However, semi-quantitative scenario analyses suggest that, under future climate change, many parts of the city will become increasingly exposed to the effects of extreme weather. Planned investments in urban infrastructure will be seriously challenged by climate change and preventive adaptation measures are urgently needed to at least maintain the current level of quality of life. Investments in the health infrastructure appear to be most effective in reducing the impact of heatwaves and investments in the traffic infrastructure most effective in reducing the impact of rainstorms. However, looking at heat and rain events together—which is realistic as they are both projected to increase and often occur in the same year—reveals that investments in water infrastructure and management have greatest potential to reduce impacts across all localities and on all social groups, particularly the lower-income classes. This is because first-order impacts caused by inadequate water infrastructure often give rise to second- or third-order impacts. Addressing the root cause is the most effective way to break cause-and-effect chains and prevent proliferation of negative consequences. Similar studies are suggested in other cities in order to support adaptation mainstreaming in complex urban environments. Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping proved a useful, semi-quantitative tool for climate change impact and adaptation assessments. 相似文献
15.
The main objective of this study is to simulate household choice behavior under varying climate change scenarios using choice experiments. Economic welfare measures are derived for society’s willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce climate change induced flood risks through private insurance and willingness to accept compensation (WTAC) for controlled flooding under varying future risk exposure levels. Material flood damage and loss of life are covered in the insurance policy experiment, while the WTAC experiment also captures the economic value of immaterial flood damage such as feelings of discomfort, fear and social disruption. The results show that WTP and WTAC are substantial, suggesting a more prominent role of external social damage costs in cost-benefit analysis of climate change and flood mitigation policies. 相似文献
16.
Within the wide array of adaptive responses to flood hazards, planned relocation of residents at risk is usually only taken into account if other responses are ineffective or unavailable. Residents targeted by planned relocation are confronted with radical changes in their livelihood; therefore, relocation is highly contested within public risk discourse. The present paper assesses dynamic processes in the design and implementation of voluntary planned relocation in the Austrian Danube catchment over five decades. Using the Multiple Streams Approach, the emergence of policy windows is mapped to developments in the problem, political, policy and population streams. A mixed-methods design combines semi-structured interviews of 88 affected households and 21 decision-makers with archival research. Repeated flood events underscored that standard protection did not suffice for all riverside communities. In consequence, national authorities acted as policy entrepreneurs to advocate planned relocation and direct the discourse; by contrast, local stakeholders and residents played a mostly passive role. The relocation policy developed from ad-hoc informal arrangements towards a formalised procedure. Relocation governance evolved as incremental change over a long time span instead of immediate, radical disruption. Policy acceptance by residents depended crucially on social learning and on coincidence with personal circumstances and biographical stages. Policy windows opened for several years, when pre-signals from ongoing public debate accumulated and the different timescales in the decision-making of public administrators, elected representatives and residents aligned. Key factors were long-term perspective, flexibility, engagement and social capacity at a local level to deal with and manage planned relocation. 相似文献
17.
公众气象服务支付意愿影响因素研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于中国气象局2008年调查数据,运用二分Logistic回归、最优尺度回归和判定树CRT模型分析了公众气象服务支付意愿的影响因素。结果表明：个体因素中年龄与文化程度对公众气象服务支付意愿（包括是否支付与支付多少）有显著影响,而性别因素只对支付多少有显著影响,对是否支付没有显著影响;收入因素对公众气象服务支付意愿有显著影响;关注程度、天气预报准确性、天气预报及时性、气象服务总体满意度对公众气象服务支付数额多少有显著影响,但影响程度很小;个体因素与收入因素对公众气象服务支付意愿影响程度较高,而心理因素影响程度很小。 相似文献
18.
李晓川 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2013,7(5):35-39
摘要：焉耆盆地种植冬小麦关键在于越冬期气象条件能否保证冬麦安全越冬。通过对焉耆县近60a来冬季气候变化特征分析,年极端最低气温总体呈上升趋势,趋势变化率为0．67℃／10a;极端最低气温与积雪深度成明显的反相关,相关系数r=-0．62,即没有积雪的年份最低气温一般不会特别低;60a中积雪深度不到5cm且最低气温低于-24℃的概率只有14％,正常年份焉耆盆地种植强抗寒性冬麦品种可以安全越冬。2008、2009年冬季偏暖,无稳定积雪覆盖,极端最低气温分别为-17．9℃、-21℃,试种冬麦均获得成功。 相似文献
19.
In this paper, we examine for a sample of Los Angeles residents their willingness to pay to prevent significant climate change. We employ a fractional factorial design in which various climate change scenarios differing in ways consistent with existing variation in climate are presented to respondents. These are contrasted to respondents' current climate before willingness to pay is elicited. Thus, the focus is on climate change as it may be experienced locally. We also try to determine the kinds of value that are driving respondents' concerns. Among the key findings are that for these respondents, climate change leading to warmer local temperatures is a greater worry than climate change leading to colder local temperatures. In addition, climate change leading to less precipitation locally is of more concern that climate change leading to more precipitation locally. Finally, use value may be the most important kind of value, but a more cautious interpretation is that respondents are not yet able to clearly distinguish between different climate change consequences. 相似文献