共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
为了探究潮上带盐沼系统地层盐分分布规律及其形成机制,本研究以江苏盐城近岸盐沼湿地为例,采用电阻率测量和土壤样品分析的方法,得出土壤孔隙水盐度空间分布,并分析其与生态地貌类型的关系。结果表明,盐沼平台10 m深度以下地下水盐分较高且空间分布均匀,5 m深度以上浅层孔隙水存在显著淡化,其程度与条带状生态地貌特征相关;近潮沟区域浅层土壤孔隙水盐度接近海水,而螃蟹孔洞和互花米草区域下方地层均存在低盐区,且前者规模更大;短期潮汐过程仅影响近潮沟区域的局部地层盐分,螃蟹孔洞明显促进了降水的下渗和脱盐作用,并有助于地表蒸发和盐分集结,增大了浅层土壤水盐度的垂向差异,而植被生长引起的根系优势流和蒸发抑制作用,有效降低了表层土壤的盐度水平。 相似文献
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华北平原地下水浅埋区水循环主要以垂直方向上的入渗、蒸发和蒸腾的方式存在,同位素可以作为一种有效"示踪剂"揭示降水入渗补给地下水的过程。选择华北平原中、东部地下水浅埋区的衡水和沧州为典型实验点,研究不同降水特征、土壤质地和植被条件下入渗过程的差异性。结果表明,土壤非均质条件下(沧州),降水入渗补给过程中伴随着蒸发、植被蒸腾作用以及与土壤前期水分的强烈混合作用,活塞流入渗的同时土壤100 cm深度可能还存在大孔隙优先流;土壤均质条件下(衡水),降水向下均匀入渗,入渗速度较快,土壤水运动以新水基本代替老水的活塞流为主要形式,并经过强烈的蒸发浓缩作用补给地下水。 相似文献
3.
一维土壤水分运动模拟在土壤水分特征研究中的应用——以华北平原衡水实验站为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
受地形特征以及人类活动的影响,华北平原地下水浅埋区水循环主要以垂直方向上的入渗和蒸发为主,其中,非饱和带对降水和地下水之间的转化具有重要作用。本文选择衡水作为华北平原地下水浅埋区的典型代表点,利用HYDRUS-1D建立了一维数值模型,以平水年2005年夏季作为模拟期,通过计算降水入渗量、蒸散发量、土壤水储存量的变化及地下水补给量等,揭示了该实验点的土壤水分运动特征以及土壤水在降水和地下水转化之间的作用。结果表明降水后土壤水和地下水都得到补给,土壤水储量增加,但由于强烈的蒸发和蒸腾作用(分别占降水补给量的63%和12%),水分消耗较快,因此总的入渗补给量为25%,土壤总储量增加不大;此外,土壤水和地下水联系密切,土壤深层水分在饱和和非饱和状态之间频繁转换,其间没有明确的界面分割,由此说明土壤水在"三水转化"过程中的重要性。 相似文献
4.
干旱区植被盖度增加对降水入渗补给地下水的影响——试验研究与数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着西北旱区生态恢复工程的实施,该区生态环境持续改善,植被盖度不断增加。但植被冠层截留与蒸腾耗水加剧了包气带水分的亏空程度,减小了降雨对地下水的补给。采用原位试验方法,分析了植被覆盖区和裸土区不同深度土壤水势的变化规律。结果表明,受蒸发和蒸腾的共同作用,植被覆盖区平均土壤水势(-74k Pa)远低于裸土区(-16k Pa),且变化剧烈,土壤水以向上运动为主。而裸土区土壤水势高,变化小,40cm以下土壤水向下运移,因此可以持续补给地下水。采用Hydrus-1D软件进行了长序列土壤水数值模拟,定量分析了植被盖度增加与地下水补给的关系。数值模拟结果表明,在裸土条件下,降雨对地下水的补给量介于82~333mm/a之间,平均值为197mm/a,平均降水入渗补给系数为0.53。而在植被覆盖的情况下,地下水的补给量几乎为0。最后,从植被蒸腾耗水和冠层降水截留2个方面讨论了旱区植被盖度增加对降雨入渗补给地下水的影响,提出了旱区水与生态和谐发展的建议。 相似文献
5.
包气带土壤水运移过程是黄土高原生态修复中亟需回答的关键科学问题。环境同位素方法可获取其他方法难以获取的水文过程信息。通过对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区羊圈沟小流域降水、包气带0~150 cm土壤水和绣线菊（Spiraea salicifolia）木质部水等样品的同位素δD和δ18O进行测定。结果表明:羊圈沟小流域降水同位素组成受蒸发作用影响较大,呈现明显分馏效应。包气带土壤水、降水与木质部水同位素组成存在明显月份变化特征。降水是土壤水的主要补给来源,灌丛的水分利用来源主要为降水和土壤水,符合降水-土壤水-植被水的运移特征。灌丛木质部水和20~40 cm土壤水δD和δ18O最为接近,20~40 cm土壤水是灌丛水分利用的主要来源。研究揭示了包气带土壤水运移过程及植物水分利用来源,为土壤水运移过程、模型结构与参数识别等提供科学依据。 相似文献
6.
长江源区不同植被覆盖下土壤水分对降水的响应 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
土壤水分是连接气候变化和植被覆盖动态的关键因子,以长江源区北麓河一级支流左冒西孔曲典型小流域为研究对象,通过观测降水特征、植被覆盖情况、土壤特性、土壤水分变化、入渗过程以及蒸散发和凝结,分析了不同植被覆盖下土壤水分变化与降水之间的响应关系.结果表明:研究区内高寒草甸土壤水分对降水的响应存在十分明显的滞后现象,滞后时间较长;当植被退化较为严重时,20 cm深度范围内土壤水分对降水有一定响应,深层土壤比较干燥,对降水的响应微弱;在保持其原有植物建群和较高覆盖度时,土壤持水能力增强,深层土壤含水量明显提高,土壤水分变化剧烈,对降水的响应深度达到40 cm以下.较高的植被覆盖能有效改善土壤物理结构、提高土壤有机质含量,促进降水入渗.植物根系导致的较大孔隙优先流运动以及根系吸水作用影响了土壤水分对降水的响应和土壤水分的空间分布.不同植被覆盖度下,土壤水分的蒸散发与凝结具有明显差异,高覆盖度的高寒草甸土壤,蒸散发量较小,凝结水量较大. 相似文献
7.
地下水浅埋区土壤水的矿化度变化规律及其影响因素浅析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
土壤水的研究对农田水利、水文地质、生态与环境等都具有很重要的意义 ,本文概略介绍了在黄河三角洲地区开展包气带水分运移试验研究过程中 ,野外获取土壤水的方法及设备。在对水样分析结果进行总结的基础上 ,对试验点土壤水的矿化度变化规律及其影响因素进行了初步的分析。主要结论为 ,在地下水浅埋区 ,地下水与土壤水矿化度变化关系密切 ;蒸发作用与蒸腾作用对土壤水矿化度的影响效果是不同的 ,蒸发作用使上层土壤水的矿化度加大 ,而植被在其生长期降低土壤水的矿化度 ;地下水、植被和土壤性质是影响土壤水矿化度的重要因素 相似文献
8.
北京西山鹫峰地区氢氧稳定同位素特征分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以北京西山鹫峰低山区为研究对象,通过对降水、土壤水、泉水氢氧同位素的变化特征分析,研究低山区的降水-土壤水-泉水的转化关系。研究结果表明:该地区的雨季降水线与北京地区的地区降水线有明显区别,斜率和截距偏小;随降雨的进行氢氧同位素特征有时程变化和降雨量效应,而降雨的时程变化也对土壤水的同位素特征产生了影响;土壤水分同位素分布特征相对集中,蒸发线方程的斜率和截距相对于当地大气降水线和雨季降水线都偏小,栓皮栎混交林土壤水对于小雨量次降雨事件反应不敏感,而侧柏林的土壤水分运动较栓皮栎混交林快,说明林分类型和土壤特性对不同水体之间的转化有影响;泉水的同位素特征比较稳定,主要分布在地区降水线的右下方与雨季降水线的交点附近;不同水体中降雨的δD、δ18O变化范围较大,土壤水次之,泉水变化最小;而沿着大气降水-土壤水-地下水(泉水)这一水循环路径,水体中的δD、δ18O值总体上呈下降趋势。 相似文献
9.
10.
植被退化对高寒土壤水文特征的影响 总被引：11，自引：6，他引：5
在黄河源冻土严重退化地区,采用选择典型区域和样地进行实验和模型模拟的方法,对不同植被退化特征条件下高寒土壤的水分特征曲线、土壤饱和导水率、土壤入渗及土壤水分进行研究.结果表明:Gradner和Visser提出的经验方程θ=AS-B对该地区土壤水分特征曲线有良好的模拟性;不同植被盖度条件下土壤的饱和导水率和土壤入渗有明显的区别,表层0～10cm范围内,黑土滩的饱和导水率和入渗强度最强,30cm以下土层中土壤饱和导水率、入渗强度以及土壤含水量几乎不受植被的影响.随植被退化表层土壤含水量出现明显降低,退化越严重,水分流失越多,最多时能达到38.6%,植被根系最发达的10～20cm范围的土壤含水量流失对高寒草甸土壤环境影响最大,水分流失导致退化草甸恢复难度较大.通过比较研究,在黄河源地区考斯加科夫(Kostiakov)入渗公式f(t)=at-b更适用于该研究区域高寒草甸土壤水分入渗过程的研究. 相似文献
11.
Soil salinisation determines the distribution pattern of crop processes in irrigation districts. The research presented here was conducted in the Luohui Canal Irrigation District, which is located in the loess area of Shaanxi Province, China. A back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) for the soil water-salt state was established to predict soil salinity and alkalinity. The degree of influence of numerous factors on the dynamics was quantitatively determined using the default factor testing method and verified with grey relational analysis. The results show that the BPANN prediction accuracy is very high, and it can efficiently depict the comprehensive relationships between the influential factors and dynamic states. The influence of soil moisture, evaporation, groundwater salt and groundwater depth on the dynamics is significant in the region. The current irrigation method, used for many years, cannot meet the water necessities for the vegetation, causing the groundwater levels to decline and a lowering of the soil moisture zone, leading to the occurrence of serious soil salinisation. Under the action of evaporation, more salt accumulates in the upper part of the soil, resulting in extensive soil salinisation. The higher the groundwater salt content, the more salt is carried by rising capillary water, and the more the soil is salinised. If groundwater depth was to exceed the critical water table, then groundwater and salt would move to the soil surface by moisture evaporation, and salt would build up on the soil surface in this irrigation district. The interactions between each factor forms a complex coupling relationship state. 相似文献
12.
为了解环渤海低平原微咸水灌溉的土壤容盐能力问题,对大量野外监测和采样测试数据进行了研究。结果表明,该平原的土壤盐分剖面分布特征具有表聚型、中聚型和底聚型3种类型,其与蒸发、降水或灌溉入渗影响和潜水位埋深变化相关。不同聚型剖面形成的水动力特征各不相同：表聚型土壤盐分剖面的水势梯度指向地表,其绝对值远大于1.0 cmH2O/cm;中聚型土壤盐分剖面上部的水势梯度指向地下水面,剖面下部的水势梯度指向地表;底聚型土壤盐分剖面的水势梯度指向地下水面,水势梯度大于1.0 cmH2O/cm。表聚型土壤盐分剖面不利于微咸水灌溉农田和作物生长。 相似文献
13.
Assessment of soil salinization based on a low-cost method and its influencing factors in a semi-arid agricultural area,northwest China 总被引：13，自引：9，他引：4
An investigation of soil salinization was carried out in the Nanshantaizi area (Northwest China) with WET Sensor. This device can measure such soil parameters as bulk soil electrical conductivity, water content, and the pore water electrical conductivity that are important for soil salinization assessments. A distribution map of soil salinization was produced, and the factors influencing soil salinization and its processes were discussed in detail. The study shows that moderately salinized to salt soils are mainly observed in the alluvial plain, where groundwater level is high and lateral recharge water contains high salinity. Nanshantaizi is covered by slightly salinized soils. The soil salinization distribution estimated by WET Sensor is generally consistent with the actual levels of salinization. Soil salinity in Nanshantaizi is mostly of natural origin and accumulated salts could leach to deeper soils or aquifers by water percolation during irrigation. Groundwater evaporation, groundwater level depth and quality of recharge water are important factors influencing soil salinization in the alluvial plain. 相似文献
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根据冻土中未冻水成因的本质——带负电黏土颗粒表面的扩散层中阳离子溶液特殊分布,依据基于静电场泊松方程与静电荷玻尔兹曼分布的双电层理论,推演出了未冻水含量理论公式,比较分析未冻水含量观测值拟合的经验公式,发现两者形式非常一致,经验公式实质为理论公式的简化。依据此理论,清晰地描述了冻土颗粒表面未冻水的结构特征及成因,定量分析了土壤类型、含盐度、温度对未冻水含量的影响;得出当土壤盐溶液浓度小于某一阈值时,盐渍度变化对未冻水含量的影响可以忽略,即不同类型常规（低含盐度）冻土,双电层结构几近相同,指数形式公式适用于所有常规冻土的未冻水含量;土壤类型通过比表面积影响着未冻水含量,在同等温度下,土壤中黏土颗粒越多,比表面积越大,未冻水含量越多;结合实测资料给出适用于不同类型冻土未冻水含量理论计算的参数值,随后通过两种已有的经验公式对计算结果进行了验证,证实了该理论公式的可行性。 相似文献
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林火会造成火烧迹地土壤斥水性增强及渗透性降低,导致降雨期间流域内地表产流率激增。在一定条件下,尤其是地形陡峭的高海拔山区,地表产流激增一般是泥石流灾害发生的重要诱因。然而,对于高海拔山区火烧迹地土壤斥水性和渗透性变化特征的研究相对缺乏。以海拔高程3029~4474 m的四川省雅江县恶古乡火烧迹地为研究对象,通过现场水滴入渗试验和圆盘入渗试验,探究斥水性强度分布及其与土壤入渗参数之间的内在联系。结果显示:土壤斥水性强度分布具备较大的空间异质性,林火对斥水性的影响深度在轻度火烧区为2 cm,在中度和严重火烧区为3 cm;研究区土壤渗透能力与斥水性强度呈反比,饱和导水率和吸渗率与水滴入渗时间之间遵循幂函数分布,其变异系数与火烈度呈正比,且严重火烧区部分土壤由于斥水性被高温破坏造成饱和导水率增大;斥水性土壤相较于亲水性土壤出现明显的入渗延迟现象。研究结果丰富了高海拔山区火烧迹地水文特征的研究,为揭示火烧迹地泥石流坡面物源起动机理提供理论依据。 相似文献
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在综合分析大量实测资料和参考资料的基础上,阐明了渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲地下水不同埋深的分布面积、盐化特征、化学类型、补排量、含盐量的时空变化及成因.结果显示:(1)在绿洲平原区,地下水埋深3～6m范围最大,占总面积的39.68%;在灌区地下水埋深1～3m范围最大,占53.03%.在绿洲平原区,地下水矿化度小于1g/L范围最大,占总面积的91.98%;在灌区地下水矿化度小于1g/L的范围最大,占94.81%.从pH值来看,pH值7.5～8.0范围之间的面积最大,占总面积的90.25%.(2)冲积洪积扇北部属于淡水带,水化学类型为HCO_3-Cl-SO_4-Ca-Na;冲积洪积扇中部属于上成下淡水带,水化学类型为SO_4-Cl-Na-Mg;冲积洪积扇南部属于上成下淡水带,水化学类型为Cl-SO_4-Na-Mg.从水质上看,Ⅲ级地下水分布面积最大,占总面积的84.77%,其地下水资源量占61.89%.(3)地下水含盐量在时间尺度上,波动较大,1997、2000、2001年含盐量较高,均为3.7g/L以上,而1998、1999、2006年较低,为3.4g/L左右;在空间尺度上,研究区东部的地下水含盐量高于西部,南部高于北部,东南部高于西北部.(4)可溶性矿物的溶解、地下水水位抬升、强烈的蒸发、降水量的稀少、农业灌溉、化肥的使用是渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲地下水含盐的主要原因. 相似文献
17.
电磁感应仪EM38用于土壤盐渍剖面分类与评价研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
结合电磁感应仪EM38测量与田间采样,文章分析了黄河三角洲典型区域土壤电导率的剖面分布特征,建立了磁感式表观电导率与土壤电导率间的(多元)回归解译模型,探讨了不同分类方法对土壤盐渍剖面分类结果的准确性,并对典型盐渍剖面类型进行了评价。结果表明:研究区土壤盐分具有较强的表聚性与变异强度;土壤电导率与磁感表观电导率EMh、EMv间呈极显著的相关关系,EMh对浅层土壤电导率的解译精度较高,而EMv对深层土壤电导率的解译精度较高;EMv/EMh法和理论函数法对土壤盐渍剖面的分类结果均具有较高的精度,且理论函数法分类结果的准确性明显优于EMv/EMh法;研究区土壤盐渍剖面可划分为表聚型、底聚型与均匀型,在数量上以表聚型及底聚型为主,其中表聚型与均匀型属于积盐型剖面,底聚型属于脱盐型剖面。该结果对研究黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生、机理、预测与评估该地区土壤盐渍化的发生、发展具有重要意义。 相似文献
18.
Shallow groundwater dynamics and origin of salinity at two sites in salinated and water-deficient region of North China Plain,China 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
Shiqin Wang Xianfang Song Qinxue Wang Guoqiang Xiao Zhimin Wang Xin Liu Peng Wang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(3):729-739
Large salinated areas are distributed in the middle and east of the North China Plain (NCP), where the fresh water shortage is serious. In this study, two sites in Cangzhou (CZ) and Hengshui (HS) of Hebei Province were selected to study the dynamics of shallow groundwater level and salinity. Electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater was combined with the isotope compositions of δ18O and δ2H to identify the origin of salinity. Results showed that the dynamics of groundwater level at both sites were mainly controlled by precipitation and evaporation. Soil texture and structure played a significant role in the dynamics of salinity. The summer precipitation diluted the EC of groundwater at the HS site with homogeneous soil of sand loam, suggesting the larger infiltration rate; however, it did not dilute the EC at the CZ site with heterogeneous soil of sand loam and silt loam, suggesting that the summer precipitation could not recharge the groundwater directly. In winter, the EC decreased rapidly due to the temperature gradient underground if the groundwater was above the threshold level (at least 3 m below the ground surface) after the rainy season. Isotopes of δ18O and δ2H showed that precipitation was the major recharge source for the groundwater at the two sites. The salt mainly comes from the dissolution of soil or rock at the CZ site. While, the evaporation effect was strong at the HS site leading to the increase of the salt concentration. 相似文献
19.
The spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity in coastal zone of the Yellow River Delta 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Junbao Yu Yunzhao Li Guangxuan Han Di Zhou Yuqin Fu Bo Guan Guangmei Wang Kai Ning Huifeng Wu Jihong Wang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(2):589-599
In coastal area, salinization is a common and serious problem for crop cultivation and ecological restoration of degraded wetlands. Therefore, the soil salinity has attracted increasing attention from farmers, government and environmental scientists. The factors controlling the soil salinity distribution have become a hot point in saline soil studies. In this study, statistics and geostatistics were used to explore the distribution of soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) based on 150 soil samples that were collected in June 2010. Besides the experimental work, a geographical information system technique was adopted in this study. The results showed that the soil salinity ranged from 0.11 to 10.50 dS m?1 and the salinity in topsoil was higher than that in subsoil in the YRD, indicating that the salt in subsoil moved up and accumulated in topsoil as a function of evaporation. There was a significant difference among soil salinity spatial variances from different soil depths in the YRD. Generally, soil salinity of the topsoil was higher than that of the subsoil. Meanwhile, there were significant positive correlations in soil salinity between different soil depths. In addition, landforms, land uses, soil types and soil texture were important factors affecting soil salinity. The current distribution of soil salinity resulted from the comprehensive effects of anthropogenic activities and natural processes. The present study results suggest that the impacts of human activities were critical factors for salt redistribution in the coastal wetlands, which should be valuable for agricultural management and ecological restoration in the YRD. 相似文献
20.
Detection of soil salinity changes and mapping land cover types based upon remotely sensed data 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Hamid Reza Matinfar Sayed Kazem Alavi Panah Farhad Zand Kamal Khodaei 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(3):913-919
Soil salinity is a major environmental hazard. The global extent of primary and secondary salt affected soils is about 955 and 77 M?ha, respectively. Soil salinity tends to increase in spite of considerable effort dedicated to land reclamation. This requires careful monitoring of the soil salinity status. The objectives of this study were: (a) to evaluate the capability of thematic mapper (TM) and multispectral scanner (MSS) imagery for mapping land cover types, (b) to analyse the spectral features of sail crusts relative to bare soil and gravely soil surface conditions, and (c) to detect the soil salinity changes during the period 1975–2004 in the Ardakan area located in the central Iranian Deserts. The Landsat MSS and TM on two different dates of September 14, 1975 and September 11, 2004, respectively, were used. Due to great confusion between some classes, the TM 6 was included in the band combination. The result of the image classification based on the combination of TM bands 3, 4, 5, and 6 showed of the classification results. For multi-temporal analysis, both TM and MSS images were classified with the same method but with a different number of training classes. The TM-classified image was regrouped to make it comparable with MSS regrouped classified image. The comparison between the classified images showed about 39% of the total area had changed in 29 years. The result of this study revealed the possibility of detecting important soil salinity changes by using Landsat satellite data 相似文献