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1.
圣彼得堡土地利用格局现状特征及形成机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以圣彼得堡市为例,依据1948、1987和2016年土地利用数据计算居住、工业和商业用地的区位熵值并分析其变化,基于统计小区、圈层式及扇形分布3个视角,运用GIS分析计划与市场经济影响下的城市用地空间分布特征。研究结果表明,居住、工业和商业用地的空间分布规律不同：① 3类用地在城市整体空间分布中均表现出一定的分散特征,其中,居住用地空间分布表现最为分散,工业用地呈现出分区域性布局特征,相比而言商业用地空间聚集程度最高;② 商业用地在核心圈层处于主导地位,工业用地在老城区圈层为主导地位,居住用地在近郊区圈层为主导地位,远郊区圈层仍处于初步发展阶段,城市景观发展尚未成熟;③ 对比圈层式和象限式结构各类用地区位熵值分布结果,提出圣彼得堡市3类用地空间分布扇形结构特征明显,说明沿主要交通线路是现代城市用地空间扩展主要方式,其中工业用地在城市空间分布中占据更为有利的交通区位优势,居住用地次之,商业用地在城市中心区域中分布不足。圣彼得堡城市用地空间分布形成主要机制总结为以下5个方面：前苏联时期城市用地空间结构主要框架的保持;行政区划调整为城市用地结构改善提供了路径;市场经济下住房体制改革推进了城市居住郊区化;土地市场对土地功能置换进程作用较弱;产业转型缓慢导致老城区仍主要为生产中心。 相似文献
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徐州城市建设用地空间格局特征及其演化 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
基于1979年、1994年、2003年、2008年徐州城市土地利用现状图,构建研究区居住、工业和商业及公共服务（商服）用地图层,在此基础上运用基于矢量单元的圈层分析、扇形分析和基于栅格单元的空间韵律分析技术,分别从距离、方位和空间格局关系等方面分析了徐州城市建设功能用地空间格局。研究表明：（1）工业和居住用地的波峰位置... 相似文献
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作为恢复力的重要内容之一,承灾体的防灾减灾能力是评估灾害经济损失的重要参考因素。根据在里下河地区李中镇调研所得数据,绘制初始灾损率散点图,构建了初始灾损率曲线;然后考虑防灾减灾能力因素,绘制实际的灾损率散点图和拟合曲线。结果显示：①在0.05的显著性水平下,住宅区、工业区、商业区、公共设施区和农业区五类承灾体财产的淹没水深与灾损率均存在乘幂函数关系。②考虑防灾减灾能力因素后,洪涝灾害对不同承灾体的经济损失有所减少。住宅区财产在淹没水深3 m时经济损失减少了34%,工业区在2 m时经济损失减少了17%,商业区在3 m时经济损失减少了24%,公共设施部门在2 m时经济损失减少了11%。防灾减灾能力因素对住宅区洪涝灾害经济损失的影响更加明显。本文作为有关灾损率曲线研究的有益补充,结果可为类似地区城镇的防灾减灾决策及灾害风险管理提供参考。 相似文献
4.
21世纪初期南京城市用地类型与用地强度演变关系 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
城市三维空间扩展已成为21世纪初期中国城市空间扩展的重要特征。利用南京市2000年和2012年两期三维城市数字重建成果,将地类变化转移矩阵的应用方法进行拓展,研究城市建成区用地类型变化引致的用地强度的演变。主要结论为：① 21世纪以来南京建成区处于高速扩张之中,12年间工业用地增长幅度最大,其增加的来源主要是农用地,其次为住宅用地,农用地和水域面积减少较为明显;② 在城市内部5种主要地类的转化过程中,除住宅用地转为其他建设用地的类型容积率有所降低外,其余转换类型容积率均有明显增长,城市内部用地类型未发生变化的地块,容积率也处在不断的提高中;③ 在城市扩展区各地类的容积率保持在较好的水平,新增住宅、教育和其他建设用地的容积率超过了老城区相应地类的容积率,新建工业用地容积率与老工业用地容积率持平,新建商业用地容积率是老商业用地容积率的65.67%。 相似文献
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以淮南市、淮北市4次城市规划中土地利用现状图为基础,运用ArcGIS软件对案例城市空间结构演化进程进行可视化表达和计量分析,揭示了煤炭资源型城市空间结构演化的过程、特征。通过对不同时点、不同用地类型的叠置分析,基于城市主要用地类型间的置换规模、频度、广度、强度及空间邻近关系,总结出商—居置换重构、商—工置换重构、居—工置换重构、工—居置换重构4种空间重构模式。当前,煤炭资源型城市以商—居置换重构和居—工置换重构为主,其空间置换面积大、频率高。最后,分析了经济发展、产业演替、体制改革、城市化、环境保护以及城市规划6个因素对煤炭资源型城市空间重构的影响,认为煤炭资源型城市内部空间重构是一种自我修复过程。 相似文献
6.
广州市消费者行为与商业业态空间及居住空间分析 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
商业业态空间和居住空间是城市空间结构研究中的两个重要领域, 通过分析居民微观行为解释实体空间是近年来城市商业业态空间和居住空间研究领域中越来越多被使用的研究 方法。以联系商业业态空间与居住空间的纽带-消费者行为作为切入点, 选择广州市8 个街 区的1428 位居民为调查对象, 研究二者的特征及关系。通过典型街区的问卷调查分析表明: ①居民购物出行方式选择、出行距离和多目的出行与所处街区的类型、区位、周边服务配套 和城市商业业态空间等存在密切的关系。②商业空间的等级体系清晰存在, 老城区传统商业中心仍存在较强的吸引力; 20 世纪80 年代以后形成的新商业中心区次之, 二者在吸引人群 的类型上存在差异; 次一级商业中心区和日常生活服务配套区在为居民提供日常消费服务方 面扮演着重要的角色。③城市新商业中心和外围商业次中心的在服务能力和提供的业态类型 上还存在不足, 使其服务供给与周边居民的购物需求之间存在某种程度的不匹配, 引发对老 城区的过度依赖。④外围商品房小区和政府规划建设的经济适用房小区周边的商业配套不足, 增加了居民日常生活成本。通过对居民出行空间的分析, 可以从另一侧面剖析城市的空间结 构及其发展演变的动力机制。 相似文献
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本文运用生态足迹的理论和方法,以2009年开封市3个不同收入居民消费水平生活小区为例,采用居民生物资源和能源消费调查问卷数据,定量分析了2009年开封市不同收入水平小区居民的生活消费生态足迹。根据板桥小区、康平小区、龙成花园3 个小区的调查资料,分别计算了3个小区的生物资源消费和能源消费的生态足迹。结果表明:① 从3个小区人均生态足迹来看,总体上能源消耗的生态足迹较大;② 从3个小区居民生物消费的生态足迹来看,猪肉的人均生态足迹最大,奶制品次之,肉类食品和奶制品的生产需要较多的土地面积;③ 通过分析3个小区不同类型的人均生态足迹,板桥小区化石燃料用地和建筑用地所占的比重最大,其次是耕地和草地;收入消费水平越高的居民,生态足迹越大,收入消费水平越低的居民,生态足迹越小。证实了高收入水平居民对生态以及资源的占用程度要远远大于低收入水平居民,造成居民生态占用以及碳排放的不公。最后,提出了有针对性的对策建议。 相似文献
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基于计划行为理论的城市居住分异对居民健康活动的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
虽然国内外大量研究探讨了居住环境与健康关系,但较少将城市地理学与社会心理学结合,从理性行为角度分析居住环境对居民身体活动的影响机制。论文引入计划行为理论的分析框架,以中国居住空间分异的特殊性为切入点,以南京为实证对象,运用结构方程模型解析居民态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制和行为意向对居民身体活动的影响路径。结果表明：传统社区、单位社区、保障房社区、城中村和商品房小区的居民社会经济特征和健康活动存在明显差异。影响居民健身意向和健身活动的最重要因素为知觉健身行为控制强度感知。消减居民健身的主观限制,包括为其提供健身设备、公共健身资源和对健身进行补贴,可提升其健身活动水平。研究结果可为通过改善建成环境进行健康行为的主动干预提供对策建议。 相似文献
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为探究不同类型建成区能源消耗与城市热环境特征的关系,本文利用中尺度天气预报模式(Weather Research & Forecasting,WRF)对2010年7月2日-7月6日发生在广州地区的一次高温热浪过程进行数值模拟试验,定量分析了逐日平均气温及逐日气温日较差对人为热排放的时空敏感性。结果表明：①WRF模型能够较好地实现2010年7月2日-7月6日高温热浪期间气温的模拟,模拟结果与气象观测结果的相关系数均大于0.80,均方根误差均小于2.27;②逐日平均气温空间分布特征为：高密度住宅区>商业区>低密度住宅区;逐日气温日较差空间分布特征为：低密度住宅区>高密度住宅区>商业区;③人为热排放使得3种类型建成区平均气温升高,且人为热的增温效应与高密度住宅区、低密度住宅区及商业区的建筑密度的空间关联度分别为0.17、0.13和0.16;④人为热排放使得三种类型建成区的气温日较差降低,且气温日较差减少程度与高密度住宅区、低密度住宅区及商业区建筑密度的空间关联度分别为0.14、0.15及0.19;⑤当人为热排放为正常排放的两倍时,人为热的增温效应、人为热对气温日较差的减小作用与不同类型建成区的建筑密度空间关联度均有增强趋势。 相似文献
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Flooding in the business district of Kempsey, New South Wales, Australia, in 2001 allowed the collection and analysis of commercial flood damage data. Analysis indicated that direct losses were significant, totalling A$2.5 million. Data were variable owing to differences in the vulnerability of businesses to flood damage, differences in the impacts of the hazard upon businesses and survey uncertainty. Little direct relationship was found between direct commercial damage and over-floor water depth. Simple averaging and stage-damage curve loss estimation methods ignore the large variability present and result in inaccurate estimation of direct commercial damage. Probability loss estimation methods account for the variability present by assessing the chance of loss values occurring at specified depths of over-floor flooding. 相似文献
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南京地铁对城市公共交通网络通达性的影响及地价增值响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以南京地铁1、2 号线为例,通过多个指标测度地铁建成前后的交通通达性及其格局变化,探讨不同类型用地对地铁通达性的增值响应模式。研究结果表明：地铁从时间成本、影响范围等方面增益了研究区交通通达性;外围绝对通达性增幅高于中心区,而“半径陷阱”作用使得中心区的相对通达性高于外围,产生“中心膨胀-外围坍缩”的通达性格局变化;地价格局变化与通达性格局变化类似,不同类型用地对地铁的增值响应模式不同,商业用地增值为对数响应模式、住宅用地为指数响应模式、工业用地为线性响应模式;地铁对城市土地升值的贡献占到总量的1/3,其中地铁对商业用地外部性作用大于住宅和工业用地。研究结果可为评估地铁对城市土地利用影响、城市经济外部性以及制订征收差别化的土地房屋税收政策提供依据。 相似文献
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Aristide Yemmafouo Chrétien Ngouanet Romeo Keumo Songong Nicodème Djikeng Teufack Sophie Ariane Djuidje 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2017,117(2):105-116
AbstractThis study examines how migrant households relocate their homes in two Cameroonian cities over the course of lifetimes or even generations. The central claim is that homeownership is the ultimate sign of integration into city life. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods (218 interviews, 30 focus groups and a household survey, sample size 686), the study argues that three key factors explain why people move: the quality of housing they can affords, the proximity to a workplace and the potential for homeownership. Three residential model trajectories are identified. The first describes a journey from being a new migrant who is a guest of family or friends in the city centre to being a married family with kids owning a home in the urban periphery. The second model continues that journey by returning back to the city centre in pursuit of more convenient, high-status home location (if finances permit). A third model describes moves to sites all over the city later in life as older individuals seek to maximize family income in the way they use multiple properties. Understanding residential mobility patterns has the potential to lead to a better public policies and more effective private investments in the housing sector. 相似文献
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The reform of global production mode and social system accelerate the process of urbanization, and the urban-rural factors accelerate rural space diversification. Based on the space production theory and game theory, this paper analyzed the space diversification process and its influence on Beicun village. The results show that:(1) In the past 30 years, the development of Beicun has experienced three stages: agricultural development, industrial development, and service industrial development. The industrial structure has changed from single to diverse. The transformation of agricultural decentralization to rural community has been realized.(2) Accompanying the rural economic development transformation, the land use type and structure of Beicun has diversified. The spatial relationship of various types of land use was complicated and gave rise to new characteristics of mixed land for commercial and residential use, and industrial and commercial use, gradually forming a circular spatial layout structure model of public service facilities, traditional residential areas and modern residential areas, commercial areas, agricultural and industrial areas.(3) Rural space diversification was mainly due to the intervention of new industries and the transformation of leading industries. The endogenous land transferring mechanism and exogenous urban capital jointly promoted the industrialization process, and the market power promoted the transformation of industry into the service industry.(4) The industrialization process promoted the functional replacement of historical buildings by village organizations. It changed the social relations of the village with the blood clan and geography oriented, and produced the occupational relation between migrant workers and urban low-income groups.(5) The multi-differentiation of suburban rural space followed the game logic of capital and land interests. The rural community played a key mediation in the competition for space and the game of interests among local villagers, farmers, economic cooperation, industrial operators, and service owners. 相似文献
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1947- 2000 年上海中心城区居住空间结构演变 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
基于1947-2000 年9 个时相的上海土地利用遥感调查GIS 数据集, 从土地利用层面对 50 多年来上海中心城区居住空间结构演变进行实证研究。首先分析居住用地扩展与构成的数 量变化特征, 然后采用地理形态分析法划分各时期居住区类型, 并分别从街区与城市两个尺 度对居住区演变进行分析: 在街区尺度下, 以聚类特征表研究居住区的类型变化以及内部土 地利用构成变化; 在城市区域尺度下, 分析不同时期居住区的空间格局变化以及工业用地、 市政商服用地对居住区空间格局演进的影响。研究发现上海中心城区居住空间结构由简单的 组团加圈层结构向复杂的扇形、圈层和组团综合模式演变。其中以1988 年土地有偿使用制度 改革为界, 前期以外围住宅新村圈层扩展与和内部居住区不断被非居住用地侵入形成用地混 合居住区为特征, 后期以外围商品住宅指状扩展和内部旧城更新相结合为特征。 相似文献
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The southern part of France near the Mediterranean Sea is subject to flash floods generated by heavy rainfalls typical of the Mediterranean climate. In November 1999 (the 12th and 13th) and in September 2002 (the 8th and 9th), 5000 km2 were touched by rainfalls superior to 200 mm in the departments of Aude and Gard. In both cases, maximum precipitation exceeded 500 mm within 24 h. The damage amounted in the hundreds of millions of euros, and there were numerous fatalities: 35 in 1999, and 23 in 2002. Following a survey of available data, this article details the cost of the damage for both flash flood events. The distribution of the damage is quantified by sector of activity (e.g., industry, agriculture). The average ratio “euros of loss per inhabitant” is quite similar in both cases, but this average hides some geographical discrepancies. Losses in industry can locally worsen the overall toll. The mapping of damage on a local scale and the amount of losses per inhabitant demonstrate that rural areas underwent heavy losses. This was mostly due to the destruction of the public infrastructures (e.g., roads, bridges) that represented more than half of the overall loss. In some rural areas, the cost of flash floods can exceed 15,000 euros per inhabitant. Such flood prevention issues as flood warning systems and land use planning must not focus only on the cities. Death, injury and heavy material losses also disadvantage the rural and mountainous areas where populations and activities are concentrated near rivers. 相似文献
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In this paper, modelled hydrological data are used to quantify the effects of regulation on the flow regime of the lower Murrumbidgee River in the period 1970–1998. Although other studies report historical changes in flood frequency and duration, this study uses modelled natural daily flow data rather than pre-regulation records or aggregated modelled monthly data. The comparison of modelled natural and regulated daily flows shows the magnitude of changes to mean and seasonal flows, flood peaks and flow duration. At gauges upstream of major irrigation off-takes, mean flows have been increased by approximately 10 per cent, flood peaks have been reduced by 21–46 per cent, and there has been a seasonal redistribution such that flows in summer and autumn have been increased at the expense of those in winter and spring. At gauges downstream of the major irrigation off-takes, mean flows have been reduced by 8–46 per cent, flood peaks have been reduced by 16–61 per cent, and flows have been decreased in all seasons. 相似文献
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Knowledge on urban land-use change and its driving forces has vital significance in the practice of urban planning and management. However, the characteristics of historical, long-term changes and their quantitative relationships with the urban environment are still poorly understood. Based on multi-source data, including remote sensing imageries, large-scale topographic maps, historical maps, multi-temporal city maps, and other urban thematic maps, high-quality spatial information on urban land use in the built-up area of Changchun has been extracted for 1898, 1932, 1954, 1976, 1990, 2002, and 2012 by means of geographic information systems and remote sensing. We found that the land-use structure and spatial configuration has undergone tremendous alterations according to urban function in the 100-year history of Changchun city. The built-up area of Changchun expanded from 2.26 km2 in 1898 to 328.12 km2 in 2012, increasing about 144 times over the past century. Historically, the development of Changchun can be categorized into three stages: the initial forming stage, the old industrial development stage, and the modern metropolis development stage. Commercial and industrial land expanded rapidly following the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, with an increase from 1.74 km2 in 1954 to 15.91 km2 in 2012, and from 16.45 km2 in 1954 to 107.05 km2 in 2012, respectively. Although there was substantial growth in residential land use (from 1.81 km2 in 1898 to 113.95 km2 in 2012), the area percentage of residential land decreased continuously (from 80.09% in 1898 to 34.73% in 2012). Moreover, it was noted that the spatial configuration and structural percentage for commercial, industrial, and residential lands and others had tremendous divergences at different stages. These divergences of land-use structure occurred between the stages and were associated with social regimes and the functional orientation of urban society across the 100 years of historical development. Socio-economics, population growth, and planning policies from specific stages, especially after 1949, had strong effects on the divergence of urban structure. 相似文献
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通过有效解决建设用地子类划分,实现定量评价城市热环境的空间分异性,对改善城市生态环境、实现城市化的健康发展具有重要的意义和科学价值。论文以广州市为例,参考自然城市的概念,基于5类兴趣点(Point Of Interest,POI)开放数据,结合城市建设用地分类标准,构建5类自然区块;在Landsat 8遥感影像地表温度反演的基础上,计算分析自然区块下地表热场等级分布格局、热场平均值及热环境足迹范围,以对城市热环境空间分异性进行评价。研究表明：① 自然区块的构建,能准确地反映各类POI数据空间分布情况,能够实现对建设用地子类型的划分;② 5类自然区块内部地表热场等级均以高温像元为主,但等级分布具有显著差异。同时,自然区块的热场平均值由高到低的排序为：工业区块>商业服务业区块>交通与道路区块>居住区块>公共管理与服务区块;③ 自然区块形成的高温集聚区,存在热量扩散现象,实际影响范围大于其物理边界,5类自然区块的热环境足迹范围具有分异性。热环境足迹影响范围由大到小排序为：工业区块>商业服务业区块>居住区块>道路与交通区块>公共管理与服务区块。研究结果可为微观尺度上分析城市热环境、改善城市生态环境、实现城市化的健康发展提供科学依据。 相似文献