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1.
《Limnologica》2017
The abiotic typology of Polish lakes, compliant with the requirements of the EU Directive 2000/60/EC (Water Framework Directive), was developed in 2004 under the commission of the Ministry of the Environment. Based on the combination of the obligatory typological criteria from Annex II of the WFD and one additional factor, all Polish lakes larger than 0.5 km2 were assigned to 13 abiotic types. This typology reflected the diversity of abiotic conditions and was assumed to be tested and validated for its ecological relevance on the basis of biological data obtained thereafter. The first ten years of its application proved the high usability of this typology for lake classification of ecological status on the one hand, while on the other hand, it allowed to gather experiences and to detect deficiencies and errors considered in the verification process. In 2015, the abiotic typology of Polish lakes was verified. Above all, verification involved an analysis of the justification of lake eco-regional division and refinement of water stratification criteria, as these two issues have been questioned in the current typology. Data on physicochemical properties, phytoplankton, macrophytes and benthic diatoms obtained from the state lake monitoring conducted in the years 2007–2013 were used to verify the ecological relevance of the typological criteria. Typological criteria used in the verified lake typological scheme were essentially the same as those used in 2004. However, the number of lake types has been reduced from the previous 13 to seven, mainly due to the withdrawal from the lake division based on eco-regions. Moreover, the more specific criteria for determining the water mixing type were established. The new lake typology is expected to be implemented in routine monitoring and water management in Poland in the forthcoming River Basin Management Plan 2021–2027. 相似文献
2.
This study presents the 26 major surface water types established in Austria in accordance with the draft of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). These types are made up of so‐called aquatic landscape units and large rivers. The 17 aquatic landscape units were defined using a database in which all Austrian running waters with a catchment area greater than 10 km[2] were described according to the following typological features: size of catchment area, altitude of catchment area and confluences, stream order, geology, zoogeographical regions (ecoregions), and subregions. At running waters with gauges, a classification according to flow regimes was carried out. Large rivers were defined as running waters with a stream order ⩾7 and/or a catchment area > 2500 km2 and/or with an average flow >50 m3/s. These major types represent, inter alia, the basis for the establishment of a surveillance monitoring network as required by the WFD. 相似文献
3.
A central aspect of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC addressed to Member Countries is to proceed to type-specific ecological assessment and classification by establishing typology systems. Sixty-four permanent stream sites distributed throughout mainland Greece and islands were assessed with macroinvertebrate indicators to evaluate their ecological quality. Local and catchment scale parameters were determined and recorded to obtain an integrated assessment of the main factors affecting stream integrity and macroinvertebrate communities. Twenty-three sites were classified as reference or good status in terms of biological, chemical and hydromorphological quality with the use of various metrics. Multivariate statistical techniques were performed (MDS, BIOENV, correlation analysis and PCA) to investigate the main environmental factors structuring benthic macroinvertebrate communities and to select candidate environmental variables for establishing a biotic typology for Hellenic rivers. The results revealed relatively distinct macroinvertebrate communities within defined abiotic zones of the country. Assemblages of macroinvertebrate fauna were most strongly associated to differences in geographical position, altitude, slope, catchment area, current velocity, conductivity and water temperature. In view of the lack of sufficient data at the country level on the three last variables and after considering cause-effect relationships between large scale variables and the latter, it has been demonstrated that a number of catchment scale variables could be used as robust surrogates. 相似文献
4.
Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders (MMIF) for biological assessment of rivers and lakes in Flanders (Belgium) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The European Water Framework Directive requires that member states assess all their surface waters based on a number of biological elements, including macroinvertebrates. Since 1989, the Flemish Environment Agency has been using the Belgian Biotic Index for assessing river water quality based on macroinvertebrates. Throughout the years, the Belgian Biotic Index has proven to be a reliable and robust method providing a good indication of general degradation of river water and habitat quality. Since the Belgian Biotic Index does not meet all the requirements of the Water Framework Directive, a new index, the Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders (MMIF) for evaluating rivers and lakes was developed and tested. This index was developed in order to provide a general assessment of ecological deterioration caused by any kind of stressor, such as water pollution and habitat quality degradation. The MMIF is based on macroinvertebrate samples that are taken using the same sampling and identification procedure as the Belgian Biotic Index. The index calculation is a type-specific multimetric system based on five equally weighted metrics, which are taxa richness, number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera taxa, number of other sensitive taxa, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the mean tolerance score. The final index value is expressed as an Ecological Quality Ratio ranging from zero for very bad ecological quality to one for very good ecological quality. The MMIF correlates positively with dissolved oxygen and negatively with Kjeldahl nitrogen, total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrite, total phosphorous, orthophosphate and biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. This new index is now being used by the Flemish Environment Agency as a standard method to report about the status of macroinvertebrates in rivers and lakes in Flanders within the context of the European Water Framework Directive. 相似文献
5.
We propose and validate a new sampling method to assess the presence, abundance and distribution of macrophytes in circular-shaped lakes according to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD2000/60/EC). The results of the macrophyte survey, and in particular of macrophyte diversity, obtained using this method are also discussed.The sampling is based on randomly selected transects homogeneously distributed around the perimeter of the lake. The number of transects is proportional to the lake's size. The method was validated on six Italian volcanic lakes using computational resampling procedures on a total of 126 transects.Using resampling procedures, we show that the proposed approach identifies more than 75% of the overall species richness through a moderate sampling effort. According to our results, Charophytes dominate aquatic vegetation in Italian volcanic lakes. Species diversity is highest at shallow depths, whereas the most abundant species, such as Chara polyacantha, are located at an intermediate depth between the shoreline and the maximum growing depth. 相似文献
6.
The Water Framework Directive requires the assessment of the ecological status of transitional waters considering the fish component. An original methodology, based on a pressure-impact approach, was established to develop a multimetric fish-based index to characterize the ecological quality of French estuaries. An index of contamination, based on the chemical pollution affecting aquatic systems, was used as a proxy of anthropogenic pressure. The fish metric selection was based on their response to disturbances tested via statistical models (generalized linear models) taking into account sampling strategy and estuarine features. Four metrics, for which discriminating responses to level of pressure were demonstrated, were retained to constitute the estuarine multimetric fish index. This new tool appeared particularly relevant to detect the contamination effects on fish communities in estuaries. It could help managers to take decisions in order to maintain or reach the good status required by the Water Framework Directive for 2015. 相似文献
7.
Implications of EU-Water Framework Directive for the East German Postmining Landscape Lausitz: Coping with a sparse knowledge of the underground 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Bastian Johannes Graupner Friedrich-Carl Benthaus Stephan Bürger Florian Werner 《Limnologica》2005,35(3):199-205
Mining dumps are major sources of pollutants within the mining area of Lausitz, especially sulphate and iron. Their existence in catchment areas comprising groundwater bodies or lakes often imposes negative effects on the water quality. The European Union Water Framework Directive [EU-WFD, 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. The European Parliament and Council, L327/1, p. 72] aims to achieve ‘good quality’ status for all water bodies across Europe by 2015. Consequently, predicting the development of ground and lake water quality is necessary and must be based on the geochemical composition of the mining dumps. Therefore, the dumps need to be quantified as pollutant sources.A method to calculate the amount of sulphate in mine dumps is presented. It is based on historic geological and geochemical data characterising the pre-mining situation. Additional information on the dump body, derived from the vertical extension of mining activities and the current Digital Elevation Model (DEM), allows the composition of the dump to be determined. This procedure is demonstrated for the Bärwalde site. An average total sulphur content of 0.62% (5.9 million tonnes) was calculated for the Bärwalde dump. About 40% of it is estimated to be pyrite sulphur. Applying an average pyrite oxidation rate for the whole dump body of 7% led to an additional water-soluble mass of 0.18 million tonnes of sulphate sulphur.Applying this technique to all mine dumps managed by the postmining administration company LMBV, will improve our knowledge of the catchment area for the different lakes of Lausitz and will form an essential basis for reactive transport calculations. 相似文献
8.
Designation and Assessment of Artificial and Heavily Modified Water Bodies under the EC Water Framework Directive The EC Water Framework Directive allows the Member States to designate artificial and heavily modified water bodies under specific conditions. For those water bodies the ecological assessment and the resulting programmes of measures will be based on the “maximum ecological potential” as reference conditions and not on the “high ecological status”, which has to be used for natural water bodies. Such designation is possible only, if the hydromorphology of the water bodies concerned has been substantially changed in character to maintain specified uses. The criteria for the designation are fulfilled, if restoration measures needed to meet the high ecological status would have significant adverse effects on the uses and if no other better environmental options would exist to maintain the specified uses. In late 1999 the EC‐Working Group on Heavily Modified Water Bodies (HMWB) has been established to develop criteria for the designation of artificial and heavily modified water bodies as well as for the determination of the maximum ecological potential. The working group has produced the guidance document “Identification and Designation of Artificial and Heavily Modified Water Bodies” in November 2002, which has been agreed by the European Water Directors on 21 November 2002 in Copenhagen. The guidance document is focusing on two time borders, the provisional identification of heavily modified water bodies until 2004 and the legally binding designation as artificial and heavily modified in the first river basin management plan in 2009 at the latest. The guidance document considered the main findings of 34 case studies for rivers, lakes, transitional and coastal waters carried out in 11 European countries. The results of the case studies as well as a summarizing synthesis were used as a fundamental basis to produce the guidance document. The practical examples given by the case studies were compiled as a toolbox which supplements the guidance for the purpose of its better application. 相似文献
9.
Jochen Schaumburg Christine Schranz Gabriele Hofmann Doris Stelzer Susanne Schneider Ursula Schmedtje 《Limnologica》2004,34(4):302-314
A new assessment system for macrophytes and phytobenthos in German lakes according to the Water Framework Directive of the European Community is described. Based on biological, chemical and hydromorphological data from about 100 lake sites covering the main ecoregions, hydromorphological lake types and degradation forms, biocoenotic types could be defined. For developing a classification system the quality element macrophytes and phytobenthos was divided into two components: macrophytes and benthic diatoms. For macrophytes 4 and for benthic diatoms 4 lake types were identified. The benthic vegetation at reference conditions is described and degradation is characterised as deviation in benthic vegetation species composition and abundance from the reference biocoenosis. For classification in five ecological status classes, several metrics were developed and used in combination with existing indices. For a few of the described lake types further investigations are necessary before a classification can be developed. 相似文献
10.
The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the ecological assessment of water bodies. Since the littoral zones and the lakeshores are part of lakes as water bodies as defined by the WFD, a new scheme for ecological quality assessment of lakeshores should be established. It is proposed that this scheme should go beyond the formal requirements of the WFD, as it includes aspects of nature conservancy, landscape protection, and regional planning and development. Some of these aspects are subject to other EU legislation (e.g. Habitats Directive) and some are subject to national legislation. Ten general Quality Elements (QEs) are proposed, which can be refined and reified through several levels of detail, depending on the specific aims of a study. A list of eleven topics, which should be discussed in the establishment of the lakeshore quality assessment scheme, is given. The more complex ones are the implementation of other EU legislation, the definition of lakeshore types and reference conditions, the stipulation of best aggregation procedures, and a better understanding of the significance of hydrological and morphological impacts on the biota. 相似文献
11.
12.
Hervé Piégay Adrien Alber Louise Slater Laurent Bourdin 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2009,71(3):371-388
Following the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the need to reach a “good ecological status”
for rivers, key-questions are being raised about braided rivers. Before any environmental policy can be drawn up, these rivers
need to be located, long term changes must be evaluated, and the regional diversity of such systems must be understood, as
their inner complexity has not yet been well studied. Therefore, the aim of this work is to carry out a census of the braided
channels of the French Alps and to establish a typology based on basic geomorphic indicators. A minimum estimate of the cumulative
length of braided rivers prior to major infrastructure construction amounted to 1214 km. Around 53% of these rivers have disappeared
during the last two centuries in relation to embankment or channelization, but a loss of 17% is still unexplained. The range
in catchment size, mean slope and active channel width has been determined for the Western Alpine braided channels as well
as the range in changes due to narrowing, widening and shifting. Seven types of braided rivers have been distinguished based
on geographical settings (climate conditions and geology) and differences in terms of adjustment to human pressure on peak
flow and sediment delivery. The percentage area of islands in the active channel and the relative length of banks also show
a regional difference. Maximum and minimum thresholds of braided activity have been established taking into account the active
channel width and the catchment area. The position of the studied reaches between these two thresholds are discussed in relation
to position of rivers known in the literature, considering both long-term trends and short-term fluctuations in channel width. 相似文献
13.
The Austrian blackfly fauna were analysed with regard to spatial (ecoregions, bioregions), vertical (altitude classes) and longitudinal zonation characteristics [stream order, biocoenotic (= fish) regions] on the basis of 2600 investigation sites. Of a total of 45 species recorded, Simulium ornatum, S. variegatum, S. argyreatum and S. reptans are the most common and most frequently distributed species, occurring in 60% of the investigated sites. Although the Austrian blackfly fauna seem to be quite well documented (on average one investigation site per 32 km2) the jackknife analyses indicates that there are still some fauna deficits. Whereas the species diversity of the main ecoregions is quite similar, the number of species differs clearly between the bioregions. Within the typological context of the Water Framework Directive, the Austrian Simuliidae confirm the bioregions as the most useful spatial units for river typology. A further optimisation in predicting a target list of blackfly species of a site can be achieved by subdividing the bioregions into either catchment area and altitude classes or into longitudinal zonation types (biocoenotic regions). 相似文献
14.
With the Water Framework Directive (WFD) the European Commission (EC) is requested to define environmental quality standards for pollutants to protect aquatic life in surface waters. Quality standards have to be derived by a scientific risk assessment and should not be exceeded. The recommended quality standards are mainly based on long term toxicological tests with algae, crustaceans and fish. The lowest effect concentration is divided by an assessment factor between 10 and 1000, which considers the data quality and quantity. In this work funded by the German Länder Working Party on Water (Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser – LAWA) environmental quality standards for 40 considered relevant substances were derived for aquatic ecosystems. The data sheets cover the identification of the compounds, their behaviour in the environment (physical‐chemical properties, biotic and abiotic degradation, sorption, bioaccumulation), information about mode of action, uses, analytical determination and available quality criteria. Ecotoxicological effect concentrations for bacteria, algae, protozoa, aquatic plants, crustaceans, fish, amphibians, insects and molluscs are listed. For 17 of the 40 hazardous substances investigated, quality objectives above 1 μg/L were derived. For 12 substances the values were between 0.1 μg/L and 1 μg/L and for 5 substances lower than 0.1 μg/L. Incomplete ecotoxicological data sets of the remaining compounds do not allow the derivation of quality standards. Especially for drugs further ecotoxicological test results are needed. 相似文献
15.
Assessing streams in Germany with benthic invertebrates: Development of a multimetric invertebrate based assessment system 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Jürgen Bhmer Claudia Rawer-Jost Armin Zenker Carolin Meier Christian K. Feld Regina Biss Daniel Hering 《Limnologica》2004,34(4):416-432
The main aim of the study was to develop a multimetric assessment system for macroinvertebrate communities of small and mid-sized streams in Germany in accordance with the Water Framework Directive of the European Union. The system should be applicable by water authorities, capable of distinguishing between different impacts, and specifically adapted to all types of small and mid-sized rivers in Germany. An assessment system has been developed consisting of two modules based on the established indices for saprobic degradation and acidity, and a third module covering general degradation. For the third module a new multimetric index (MMI) was developed and tested using preclassifications for stream hydromorphological degradation, land use and general impairment as impact measures. More information on sampling method, season and the type of dominating human impairment allowed to further analyse the index' capabilities and sensitivity. It performed well in all seasons and detected all types of impairment except acidity. The usefulness of the impact measures used in this study is discussed with regard to the development of a multimetric index. The comparison of the new index with other indices showed that it is especially sensitive in detecting macroinvertebrate community responses to hydromorphological degradation and pollution such as the German AQEM index, while IBI 12 and Renkonen's similarity more reflect general community shifts caused by any type of disturbance. The new assessment system will be proposed for future use by state agencies for nationwide monitoring in the context of the Water Framework Directive implementation. 相似文献
16.
Mangialajo L Ruggieri N Asnaghi V Chiantore M Povero P Cattaneo-Vietti R 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,55(1-6):30-41
The assessment of the ecological status, as required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD), plays an important role in coastal zone management, but only a small number of ecological indices are applicable on rocky bottoms. In this study, we apply a previously defined ecological quality index based on the cartography of littoral and upper-sublittoral rocky-shore communities (CARLIT), based on the sensitivity of algae dominated communities to anthropogenic impacts along a moderate urban gradient. We also apply this index in four Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), proposed as reference sites at a regional scale. After comparing the outputs with water variables and other quality indices, we can affirm that (1) the CARLIT index is suitable to detect different kinds of anthropogenic pressures, that (2) the choice of proper reference sites is a focal point in the fulfilment of the WFD (Water Framework Directive) and that (3) historical data are important to define reference conditions and the degradation of ecological status. 相似文献
17.
Water quality in several tributaries of the Dnepr in the southeastern part of its basin in the territory of the Republic of Belarus was estimated by six biotic indices and by the comparison with reference sites as accepted in the European Water Framework Directive. Water quality estimates obtained by different indices for the same sites are significantly different. The most adequate estimates were obtained from the British and Belgian indices for the assessment of the state of flowing waters. The comparative analysis of the two approaches showed that the method based on reference sites yields a more stringent estimate of river water quality than biotic indices. 相似文献
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19.
Implementation of the European water framework directive from the Basque country (northern Spain): a methodological approach 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Borja A Franco J Valencia V Bald J Muxika I Belzunce MJ Solaun O 《Marine pollution bulletin》2004,48(3-4):209-218
The European Water Framework Directive provides a challenge in the development of new and accurate methodologies. It addresses assessment of Ecological Quality Status within European rivers, lakes, groundwaters, estuaries and coasts. Although this directive is simple and flexible in its concept, it is necessary to develop an approach based upon scientific knowledge; however, at the same time it should be as simple as possible, in order to achieve both requirements and comparability of results throughout European waters. This contribution presents the first methodological approach to the problem, as used for estuaries and coasts of the Basque Country (northern Spain), in: selecting typologies and reference conditions; determining biological quality and ecological status; and identifying some problems in implementing the WFD. As such, the present paper could serve as the basis for a discussion document for other regions and countries, throughout Europe. 相似文献
20.
The European Water Framework Directive requires the development of new and accurate methodologies, addressing the assessment of the physico-chemical status of transitional and coastal waters; these are considered by the Directive as the supporting elements for the final evaluation of the Ecological Quality Status.
This contribution develops new approaches in the determination of the physico-chemical status, solving some problems detected in previous contributions, i.e.: (a) fitting the classification of water bodies and typologies, by means of the stretching of the typologies, according to the natural salinity gradient of types; (b) defining reference conditions, based upon the new approach to typologies, (c) proposing accurate multivariate methodologies, in determining the physico-chemical status of the transitional and coastal waters, based upon the defined typologies and references; and (d) discussion of the results obtained by reference to methodological aspects and water quality evolution in the Basque Country, Spain (as a case-study), during the last decade. 相似文献