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1.
Latent lifestyle preferences and household location decisions 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Lifestyle, indicating preferences towards a particular way of living, is a key driver of the decision of where to live. We
employ latent class choice models to represent this behavior, where the latent classes are the lifestyles and the choice model
is the choice of residential location. Thus, we simultaneously estimate lifestyle groups and how lifestyle impacts location
decisions. Empirical results indicate three latent lifestyle segments: suburban dwellers, urban dwellers, and transit-riders.
The suggested lifestyle segments have intriguing policy implications. Lifecycle characteristics are used to predict lifestyle
preferences, although there remain significant aspects that cannot be explained by observable variables.
相似文献
| Jieping LiEmail: |
2.
Thomas Alan Morton 《国际地球制图》2013,28(2):143-163
The population dynamics from 1991 to 2006 for the seven-county Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (TCMA), Minnesota, USA, was analysed in this study. Per cent impervious surface areas (%ISA) for 1991, 1999 and 2006 were derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images and were modified using two different masking methods. The modified %ISA images of 1991 and 1999 were correlated with 1990 and 2000 census block group data of the ‘two highly developed counties’, ‘five suburban counties’ and ‘all seven counties.’ Populations of both years were then modelled, assessed and compared. Next, the statistical models based on the 1999 %ISA and 2000 census data were applied to the 2006 residential %ISA image to estimate the 2006 population. These 2006 estimates were compared with census county-level population projections for 2006. In comparison to Method A, which uses ‘adjusted %ISA images’ by masking out highway centrelines and areas that have greater than 75% imperviousness, Method B based on ‘pure residential %ISA image’ has higher coefficient of determination (R 2) and much lower, consistent mean absolute relative errors (MARE). For both methods, the strongest R 2 and lowest MARE values between modelled population density and true density were found in the five-county model, followed by the seven-county model. The two-county model ranks last in terms of model performance for both years. In general, populations for the two highly developed counties were underestimated whereas the opposite was true for the five suburban counties. Population was most accurately estimated based on data from counties with the same or similar characteristics. By comparing the 1990/1991 and 1999/2000 models, we also found that the rate of population density per unit of impervious surface declined from 1991 to 1999. High accuracy was achieved when applying the 1999/2000 model to predict the 2006 population, suggesting that the relationship between per cent imperviousness and population density were relatively stable between 1999 and 2006. 相似文献
3.
城市小区是城市人居环境的重要构成部分,与城市居民生活关系密切。面向城市小区环境综合分析模拟的需求,本文结合虚拟地理环境中虚拟场景和集成建模等概念,设计了可支撑分析模拟的城市小区场景数据组织方法。通过小区系统、小区系统要素和小区系统要素关系来对复杂小区环境信息进行对象化的描述,并按照层次化结构实现城市小区建模场景的组织。利用统一数据表达与交换模型UDX对小区系统-要素-关系中的数据内容进行统一的表达和存储,在此基础上设计了城市小区建模场景对象;利用可扩展接口的方式,实现从城市小区建模场景中抽取符合分析模型需求的数据内容,由此支撑将不同地理分析模型与城市小区建模场景集成。试验结果表明,本文所设计的方法能够有效组织多源异构的城市小区环境数据,并可以便捷地为不同研究方向的城市小区分析模型提供所需建模数据。 相似文献
4.
Residential location choice modeling is one of the substantial components of land use and transportation models. While numerous aggregated mathematical and statistical approaches have been developed to model the residence choice behavior of households, disaggregated approaches such as the agent‐based modeling have shown interesting capabilities. In this article, a novel agent‐based approach is developed to simulate the residential location choice of tenants in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Tenants are considered as agents who select their desired residential alternatives according to their characteristics and preferences for various criteria such as the rent, accessibility to different services and facilities, environmental pollution, and distance from their workplace and former residence. The choice set of agents is limited to their desired residential alternatives by applying a constrained NSGA‐II algorithm. Then, agents compete with each other to select their final residence among their alternatives. Results of the proposed approach are validated by comparing simulated and actual residences of a sample of tenants. Results show that the proposed approach is able to accurately simulate the residence of 59.3% of tenants at the traffic analysis zone level. 相似文献
5.
实时GNSS精密单点定位(PPP)技术必须使用实时的高精度卫星精密轨道和钟差。本文研究了精密卫星钟差融合解算模型及策略,并利用滤波算法实现了北斗/GPS实时精密卫星钟差融合估计算法。仿真实时试验结果显示:获得的北斗/GPS实时钟差与GFZ事后多GNSS精密钟差(GBM)的标准差在0.15 ns左右;使用该钟差进行GPS动态PPP试验,收敛后水平精度优于5 cm,高程精度优于10 cm;使用仿真实时钟差进行的北斗动态PPP与使用GFZ事后多GNSS精密钟差开展的试验相比精度相当,可实现分米级定位。 相似文献
6.
实景三维模型为数字孪生提供了统一的数字空间底座。在城市场景中,贴近地面及在空中视角下被遮挡的地物是实景三维重建的难点。针对城市复杂空间环境和无人机飞行局限的问题,本文基于倾斜摄影与空地一体融合建模的基础理论,考虑POS信息对空地一体空三融合的影响,提出了一种顾及地面POS信息的城市实景三维重建方法,并使用此方法对佛山市历史文化街区进行了精细化建模。试验表明,与常规方法相比,该方法的模型效果好、效率高,对实景三维产品的生产与空间数据多尺度表达具有重要意义,可为数字孪生应用提供更精细的地理场景表现形式。 相似文献
7.
基于纹理边缘与感知编组的居民地外轮廓提取 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
提出了一种在高分辨率遥感影像上提取居民地外轮廓的方法。该方法通过计算边缘点的角度提取居民地外轮廓,并利用感知编组连接提取轮廓点,形成闭合外轮廓。实验证明,本方法提取居民地外轮廓位置准确且完整闭合。 相似文献
8.
Kieran P. Donaghy 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2011,13(1):17-30
In the literatures of regional science, urban economics, and urban development planning, a working assumption is that individuals
respond to incentives and regulations, given their preferences. Models for planning and policy analyses are used to consider
what might occur if the incentives or regulations were different. In these models, however, preferences are usually assumed
to be given and stable, and agents are usually assumed to be homogeneous. This paper focuses on the implications of making
preferences in models of policy implementation endogenously determined and time varying heterogeneous agents. We consider
first the recent literature on intertemporal choice and preference change, which cuts across many disciplines, and more briefly
the literature on norm-regarding behavior. We then elaborate a simple model of transportation demand—from a static to a dynamic
orientation, from fixed and exogenously given preferences of strictly self-regarding agents to endogenously determined and
policy-induced preferences of heterogeneous agents—and illustrate its characteristics with simple numerical examples. 相似文献
9.
Stochastic estimation of tropospheric path delays in global positioning system geodetic measurements 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
Water vapor radiometric (WVR) and surface meteorological (SM) measurements taken during three Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic experiments are used to calculate process noise levels for random walk and first-order Gauss-Markov temporal models
of tropospheric path delays. Entire wet and combined wet and dry zenith delays at each network site then are estimated simultaneously
with the geodetic parameters without prior calibration. The path delays and corresponding baseline estimates are compared
to those obtained with calibrated data and stochastic residual delays. In this manner, the marginal utility of a priori tropospheric
calibration is assessed given the ability to estimate the path delays directly using only theGPS data. Estimation of total zenith path delays with appropriate random walk or Gauss-Markov models yields baseline repeatabilities
of a few parts in 108. This level of geodetic precision, and accuracy as suggested by analyses on collocated baselines estimated independently
by very long baseline interferometry, is comparable to or better than that obtained after path delay calibration usingWVR and/orSM measurements. Results suggest thatGPS data alone have sufficient strength to resolve centimeter-level zenith path delay fluctuations over periods of a few minutes. 相似文献
10.
André de Oliveira Bastos Emanuele Santos Darniton Viana Luciano Barbosa 《Transactions in GIS》2023,27(2):364-387
The development and widespread use of statistical learning models have brought the need for tools that help analysts diagnose, build, and refine those models. In this work, in particular, we focus on interpolation models, which spatially predict the value of a variable based on the values of its neighborhood. Investigating these results spatially or comparing them with other models at different levels of granularity is still a challenge for the analysts trying to understand and refine their models. To deal with that, we propose a visual analytics model-agnostic tool for facilitating the comparison and refinement of spatial models at different levels of granularity using interactive visualization techniques. The tool was built in collaboration with specialists who used it to diagnose and improve a spatial model for predicting residential real estate prices. 相似文献
11.
To what degree does the built environment of cities shape the social environment? In this article we use a Schelling‐like agent‐based model to consider how changes to the built environment of cities relate to changes in residential segregation by income and ethnicity. To develop this model we exploit insights from a high resolution historical GIS which maps 100% of the population of Newark, NJ in 1880. Newark in 1880 had a complex social landscape characterized by areas of significant social and economic segregation and areas of relative integration. We develop a Schelling model capable of reproducing these residential patterns. We use this model to explore the decentralization of housing, a specific phenomenon associated with the demise of the walking city in the late 19th century. Holding agent preferences constant, but allowing the landscape of the Schelling model to evolve in ways that reflect historical changes to the built environment, produces changes to the social landscape that are also consistent with history. Our work suggests that changes in residential segregation do not necessarily imply changes to individual attitudes and preferences. Changes in residential segregation can be generated by changes to the built environment, specifically the geographic distribution of housing. 相似文献
12.
An approach to modeling the regional ionospheric total electron content (TEC) based on spherical cap harmonic analysis is
presented. This approach not only provides a better regional TEC mapping accuracy, but also the capability for ionospheric
model prediction based on spectrum analysis and least squares collocation. Unlike conventional approaches, which predict the
immediate TEC with models using current observations, the spherical cap harmonic approach utilizes models using past observations
to predict a model which will provide future TEC values. A significant advantage in comparison with conventional approaches
is that the spherical cap harmonic approach can be used to predict the long-term TEC with reasonable accuracy. This study
processes a set of GPS data with an observation time span of 1 year from two GPS networks in China. The TEC mapping accuracy
of the spherical cap harmonic model is compared with the polynomial model and the global ionosphere model from IGS. The results
show that the spherical cap harmonic model has a better TEC mapping accuracy with smoother residual distributions in both
temporal and spatial domains. The TEC prediction with the spherical cap harmonic model has been investigated for both short-
and long-term intervals. For the short-term interval, the prediction accuracies for the latencies of 1-day, 2-days, and 3-days
are 2.5 TECU, 3.5 TECU, and 4.5 TECU, respectively. For the long-term interval, the prediction accuracy is 4.5 TECU for a
2-month latency. 相似文献
13.
Impact of proximity-adjusted preferences on rank-order stability in geographical multicriteria decision analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper presents a new approach to deriving preferences assigned to evaluation criteria in geographical multicriteria decision
analysis. In this approach, the preferences, expressed by numeric weights, are adjusted by distance measures derived from
the explicit consideration of a locational structure. The structure is given by locations of decision options and high importance
reference objects. The approach is demonstrated on the example of a house selection case study in San Diego, California. The
results show that proximity-adjusted preferences for the evaluation criteria can alter significantly the rank order of decision
options. Consequently, the explicit modeling of spatial preference variability may be needed in order to better account for
decision-maker’s preferences. 相似文献
14.
Aloys Borgers Frank Hofman Maarten Ponjé Harry Timmermans 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2001,3(4):347-367
None of the currently developed activity-based models of transport demand explicitly models task allocation among household
members. To fill this gap, the present paper suggests to complement activity-based models of activity scheduling with a context-dependent
model of task allocation. That is, it is assumed that the allocation of tasks within households is partly based on such contextual
variables as the amount of time a member has to spend on mandatory activities and car availability. In particular, the paper
advocates a conjoint-based approach, based on an assignment task as opposed to the traditional ranking, rating or choice response
formats. By definition, an assignment task involves a combinatorial explosion of choice alternatives, implying that additional
operational decisions to estimate the context-dependent model are required. This study presents the results of various numerical
experiments, conducted to better understand the impacts of those decisions on the degree of bias in the parameter estimates
of the choice model. The results of these simulations indicate that under particular assumptions, the development and estimation
of a conjoint-based, context-dependent model of task allocation within households is feasible.
Received: March 1999 / Accepted: June 2001 相似文献
15.
16.
Geoffrey Caruso Gilles Vuidel Jean Cavailhès Pierre Frankhauser Dominique Peeters Isabelle Thomas 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2011,13(1):31-48
We present a model that simulates the growth of a metropolitan area on a 2D lattice. The model is dynamic and based on microeconomics.
Households show preferences for nearby open spaces and neighbourhood density. They compete on the land market. They travel
along a road network to access the CBD. A planner ensures the connectedness and maintenance of the road network. The spatial
pattern of houses, green spaces and road network self-organises, emerging from agents individualistic decisions. We perform
several simulations and vary residential preferences. Our results show morphologies and transition phases that are similar
to Dieletric Breakdown Models (DBM). Such similarities were observed earlier by other authors, but we show here that it can be deducted from the functioning
of the land market and thus explicitly connected to urban economic theory. 相似文献
17.
Buildings, as impervious surfaces, are an important component of total impervious surface areas that drive urban stormwater response to intense rainfall events. Most stormwater models that use percent impervious area (PIA) are spatially lumped models and do not require precise locations of building roofs, as in other applications of building maps, but do require accurate estimates of total impervious areas within the geographic units of observation (e.g. city blocks or sub-watershed units). Two-dimensional mapping of buildings from aerial imagery requires laborious efforts from image analysts or elaborate image analysis techniques using high spatial resolution imagery. Moreover, large uncertainties exist where tall, dense vegetation obscures the structures. Analyzing LiDAR point-cloud data, however, can distinguish buildings from vegetation canopy and facilitate the mapping of buildings. This paper presents a new building extraction approach that is based on and optimized for estimating building impervious areas (BIA) for hydrologic purposes and can be used with standard GIS software to identify building roofs under tall, thick canopy. Accuracy assessment methods are presented that can optimize model performance for modeling BIA within the geographic units of observation for hydrologic applications. The Building Extraction from LiDAR Last Returns (BELLR) model, a 2.5D rule-based GIS model, uses a non-spatial, local vertical difference filter (VDF) on LiDAR point-cloud data to automatically identify and map building footprints. The model includes an absolute difference in elevation (AdE) parameter in the VDF that compares the difference between mean and modal elevations of last-returns in each cell.
The BELLR model is calibrated for an extensive inner-city, highly urbanized small watershed in Columbia, South Carolina, USA that is covered by tall, thick vegetation canopy that obscures many buildings. The calibration of BELLR used a set of building locations compiled by photo-analysts, and validation used independent building reference data. The model is applied to two residential neighborhoods, one of which is a residential area within the primary watershed and the other is a younger suburban neighborhood with a less-well developed tree canopy used as a validation site. Performance results indicate that the BELLR model is highly sensitive to concavity in the lasboundary tool of LAStools® and those settings are highly site specific. The model is also sensitive to cell size and the AdE threshold values. However, properly calibrated the BIA for the two residential sites could be estimated within 1% error for optimized experiments.
To examine results in a hydrologic application, the BELLR estimated BIAs were tested using two different types of hydrologic models to compare BELLR results with results using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2011 Percent Developed Imperviousness data. The BELLR BIA values provide more accurate results than the use of the 2011 NLCD PIA data in both models. The VDF developed in this study to map buildings could be applied to LiDAR point-cloud filtering algorithms for feature extraction in machine learning or mapping other planar surfaces in more broad-based land-cover classifications. 相似文献
18.
Deriving rules from activity diary data: A learning algorithm and results of computer experiments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Theo A. Arentze Frank Hofman Harry J.P. Timmermans 《Journal of Geographical Systems》2001,3(4):325-346
Activity-based models consider travel as a derived demand from the activities households need to conduct in space and time.
Over the last 15 years, computational or rule-based models of activity scheduling have gained increasing interest in time-geography
and transportation research. This paper argues that a lack of techniques for deriving rules from empirical data hinders the
further development of rule-based systems in this area. To overcome this problem, this paper develops and tests an algorithm
for inductively deriving rules from activity-diary data. The decision table formalism is used to exhaustively represent the
theoretically possible decision rules that individuals may use in sequencing a given set of activities. Actual activity patterns
of individuals are supplied to the system as examples. In an incremental learning process, the system progressively improves
on the selection of rules used for reproducing the examples. Computer experiments based on simulated data are performed to
fine-tune rule selection and rule value update functions. The results suggest that the system is effective and fairly robust
for parameter settings. It is concluded, therefore, that the proposed approach opens up possibilities to derive empirically
tested rule-based models of activity scheduling. Follow-up research will be concerned with testing the system on empirical
data.
Received: 31 January 2001 / Accepted: 13 September 2001 相似文献
19.
An integrated urban systems model with GIS 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The main purpose of this paper is to explore a possible integration for the entire transportation modeling procedure – from
data inventory to future demand forecasting – by implementing integrated land use and transportation models with a geographic
information system (GIS). In order to make an integrated, procedural modeling system possible, Land Use and Transportation
modeling system with GIS (LUTGIS) has been developed and presented in this paper.
There are four sub-systems in LUTGIS: (1) a data inventory system, (2) a traffic analysis zone generation system, (3) an
integrated land use and transportation modeling system, and (4) a graphic user interface (GUI) system. Since the main target
of this paper is to explore a possible way to create a viable system, LUTGIS integrates currently available and user-friendly
computing technologies. For both transportation planners and administrative decision-makers, such an operable system is very
desirable for sharing information so they may arrive at a consensus through the use of LUTGIS, an integrated land use and
transportation modeling system.
Received: 22 October 1998/Accepted 11 July 1999 相似文献
20.
顾及双差残差反演GPS信号方向的斜路径水汽含量 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
给出了顾及GPS双差残差反演斜路径水汽SWV的解算流程;然后详细给出了双差残差到非差残差的转化算法,并对算法进行了改进;最后利用并址的GPS和WVR实测数据对反演SWV算法进行了验证,结果证实改进的反演算法能以优于4 mm精度近实时估算SWV值,与目前国际研究精度在同一量级。 相似文献