共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
夹卷混合过程作为影响云雾的主要物理过程之一,对云雾的生命周期、云雾降水的形成过程、辐射传输过程和气溶胶间接效应等都有着重要影响。本文从微物理和动力两个方面探讨辐射雾中的夹卷混合机制,既促进对夹卷混合机制的理论认识,又从新的角度来讨论辐射雾的发展消亡过程。利用2006年和2007年冬季在南京进行的雾综合观测的资料,研究了9个个例中的夹卷混合机制。首先,针对2007年12月10～11日这一次辐射雾过程进行详细分析,探讨了不同阶段微物理量的变化和夹卷混合机制。结果表明:成熟阶段主要为极端非均匀夹卷混合机制,数浓度和含水量同时减小,体积平均半径却基本保持不变;快速消散阶段主要为均匀夹卷混合机制,各微物理量同时减小,互为正相关关系。除了微物理,本文也分析了夹卷混合机制的动力特征,计算了过渡尺度数,发现在成熟（快速消散）阶段,过渡尺度数小（大）,有利于极端非均匀（均匀）夹卷混合机制的发生。其次,分析了其他8个个例中微物理量之间的相关关系,发现体积平均半径和含水量之间主要呈正相关关系,以均匀夹卷混合为主。所得结果有助于夹卷混合机制参数化方案的开发,同时为辐射雾的模拟预报提供参考。 相似文献
2.
辐射雾中振荡现象的数值研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用一维二阶矩闭合边界层土壤藕合模式模拟了夜间边界层中辐射雾的形成、发展和消亡过程。结果表明:湍流场和辐射场的相互作用对辐射雾的形成和发展有重要的影响。雾中液态水含量以及一些特征参量呈现准周期振荡变化，这种振荡和雾中湍涡的涨落有关。模拟结果和观测基本符合。 相似文献
3.
Zhou Binbin 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1988,2(2):223-233
The formation and development of radiation fog are studied by using a one-dimensional model.Theresults are as follows:(1)The fog can change the ambient wind and temperature fields,on the contrary,theambient fields may also influence the fog;(2)The modeling fog forms initially at a certain level above thesurface,which is detailedly explained in the paper;(3)Turbulence delays the formation of fog but promotesits development;(4)Whether fog liquid water content exchange coefficient equals momentum exchangecoefficient has no influence on the numerical results.In addition,wind,temperature,exchange coefficient,and net radiative flux before and after the formation of radiation fog,are also studied. 相似文献
4.
对流层气溶胶和云的大气辐射加热特征 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
本文利用建立的辐射模式研究了在一般天气和沙尘暴天气条件下,有云气溶胶大气的辐射加热特征。结果表明:在不同的天气条件下,云和气溶胶对大气的辐射加热的影响是不同的,它依赖于云的状况(云高、云厚和云内含水量)以及气溶胶浓度的大小、气溶胶的垂直分布和气溶胶的光学性质。 相似文献
5.
K. V. S. Badarinath Shailesh Kumar Kharol T. R. Kiran Chand K. Madhavi Latha 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2011,111(1-2):65-73
Every year during winter months (December?CJanuary) fog formation over Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of Indian region is believed to create numerous hazards. The present study addresses variations in aerosol optical properties, aerosol mass concentration and their impact on solar irradiance for pre-during-post fog conditions of December 2004 over IGP, India. Continuous measurements on aerosol optical depth (AOD), total aerosol mass concentration, black carbon (BC) aerosols, UVery and UVA were carried out for pre, during and post fog periods over study site of Allahabad, India, during December 2004 as a part of Aerosol Land Campaign-II conducted by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). High aerosol mass concentrations were observed during fog and post-fog periods. Accumulation mode particle loading was found to be high during pre-fog period and coarse mode particle loading was observed to be high during fog and post-fog periods. Considerable reduction in UVery and UVA irradiance was observed during fog period compared with pre and post-fog periods. Analysis of NOAA-HYSPLIT model runs suggested that enhanced biomass burning episodes down-wind to the study area increased the concentration of AOD and BC. 相似文献
6.
基于华北雾-霾综合观测试验资料,分析了2011年12月4日河北涿州一次浓雾过程爆发性增强的微物理特征及形成机理。结果表明:此次浓雾过程除具有均压场、地面辐射降温、逆温层、静稳天气等特征外,还具有雾微物理过程出现爆发性增强的特征,10 min内,小雾滴浓度显著增加,含水量增大了3个量级,雾滴谱由15 μm拓宽到35 μm,能见度由500 m骤降至70 m。夜间地面长波辐射冷却效应导致近地层雾的形成,而近地层雾的形成反过来快速地增强了地面长波辐射冷却效应,促使大量小雾滴的形成和碰并过程的产生,这是一种正反馈效应;大量雾滴形成释放的潜热,促使雾体抬升和向下长波辐射增强,又使地面长波辐射冷却效应减弱,产生负反馈效应。相对于南京辐射雾过程,此次涿州浓雾的小雾滴粒子数浓度高,液态水含量明显偏小,这与华北高浓度气溶胶和弱水汽输送有关。 相似文献
7.
2016年11月13日在北京地区上空存在持续稳定的层状云天气背景下,利用飞机开展气溶胶粒径谱、化学组成、云滴谱等参量的垂直观测,研究该个例云底气溶胶的活化能力。结果表明:探测期间北京地区为轻度污染天气,地面气溶胶浓度(0.11~3 μm)达到4600 cm-3。云层高度为800~1200 m,云底气溶胶数浓度相对于近地面大幅度降低,有效粒径显著增大(0.3~0.6 μm)。同时,近地面气溶胶中疏水性的一次有机气溶胶贡献显著,而云底气溶胶中一次有机气溶胶的贡献大幅降低,无机组分和二次有机气溶胶的贡献明显增大,造成吸湿性参数κ由0.25(地面)增大至0.32(云底)。云中气溶胶和云滴的谱分布衔接较好,且两者的数浓度之和与云底气溶胶浓度一致,可分别代表未活化和已活化的粒子。基于云底气溶胶粒径谱和吸湿性参数计算得到不同过饱和比下云凝结核的活化率,通过与云中观测结果对比,反推得到云底过饱和度约为0.048%。 相似文献
8.
Edward H. Barker 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1977,11(3):267-294
A two-dimensional boundary-layer model is described. The model is designed to predict and study the effects of meteorological changes on the formation and dissipation of fog and stratus. Radiational heat loss along with the transport of static energy, moisture and momentum are treated. Cloud droplet distributions are parameterized using a gamma distribution from which radiative properties and droplet fall velocities are computed. Turbulent exchange coefficients are calculated using the Monin-Obukhov theory of similitude which accounts for variations in atmospheric stability. Although the boundary-layer depth depends only on turbulent intensity during stable atmospheric conditions, its growth during unstable conditions is determined from the capping inversion's intensity and the amount of turbulence generated at the surface.Several experiments are presented which demonstrate the effects of various meteorological parameters on the formation and duration of stratus and fog. Energy-budget analyses show the importance of each of the physical processes being modeled.Although not new, radiative transfer processes are shown to be extremely important in the transfer of heat from the boundary layer and in the process of fog formation. Fog formation location is highly sensitive to the moisture content upstream, whereas changes in wind speed had much less effect in the variance of fog location.Numerical experiments with other processes such as back radiation from the atmosphere, haze and cloud droplet population, are described and shown to have smaller effects. 相似文献
9.
辐射雾的数值模拟 总被引：24，自引：4，他引：24
本文通过数值模拟的方法,研究了辐射雾的形成和发展过程。模式较详细地考虑了湍流交换、长波辐射传输、重力沉降等过程。计算结果表明,辐射雾形成后会改变环境风、温场,反之,风、温场的改变又影响了辐射雾的发展。计算结果还表明,辐射雾最初是在离地面一定的高度上形成的,文中作了详细解释;辐射雾的发展是在湍流场和辐射场的相互作用下引起的。湍流作用是决定辐射雾形成、发展的重要因子,它一方面阻碍了辐射雾的形成,另一方面,它又能促进已形成的雾的发展。本文还研究了辐射雾形成前后的风、温变化以及长波辐射通量的变化。研究了含水量交换系数对模式的影响,结果表明,含水量交换系数的取值与动量交换系数是否相等,对模拟结果没有明显的影响。 相似文献
10.
气候模式分辨率作为影响模式模拟结果的重要因素,其对气溶胶与云相互作用的影响尚未全面认识。利用公共大气模型CAM5.3在3种分辨率（2°、1°、0.5°）下,分别采用2000年和1850年气溶胶排放情景进行试验,检验提高分辨率是否能改进气候模式的模拟能力,分析不同分辨率下气溶胶气候效应的异同,探索模式分辨率对气溶胶气候效应数值模拟结果的影响。通过观测资料与模式结果对比发现,提高分辨率可以明显改进模式对总云量、云短波辐射强迫的模拟能力,0.5°分辨率下模拟结果与观测更接近,其他变量并无明显改善。在不同分辨率下,全球平均的气溶胶气候效应较为一致,总云量、云水路径均增加,云短波和长波辐射强迫均加强,而云顶的云滴有效半径和降水均减小,地面气温降低。不同分辨率下,气溶胶增加引起的气溶胶光学厚度、云水路径、地面温度、云短波和长波辐射强迫变化的纬向平均分布相似但大小存在差异;而降水和云量变化的纬向分布与大小均存在较大差异,在区域尺度上还存在较大的不确定性。全球平均而言, 0.5°分辨率下气溶胶的间接辐射强迫相比1°分辨率下的结果降低了2.5%,相比2°分辨率下的结果降低了6.4%。提高模式分辨率可以部分改进模式模拟能力,同时,气溶胶的间接效应随着模式分辨率的提高而减弱。但气溶胶引起的云量、降水的变化在不同分辨率下差异较大,存在较大的不确定性。 相似文献
11.
针对自然界中雾天气向霾天气转化的现象,提出建立和发展雾环境气溶胶颗粒物多效应的动力学模型。基于离散系统的颗粒群平衡方程和多重Monte Carlo算法,分别对雾形成阶段（凝并、冷凝和成核3个动力学事件占主导）、雾发展阶段（凝并、破碎、沉积和成核4个动力学事件占主导）和雾消散阶段（破碎、蒸发和沉积3个动力学事件占主导）气溶胶颗粒物平均体积、颗粒数目随时间的演变过程进行研究。结果表明：气溶胶颗粒物的初始体积尺度为1,经过雾的生命周期进入消散阶段时,尺度为0.0156的细小气溶胶颗粒数目迅速增加,1000 s时间已发展至初始值的8.12倍。研究结果解释了自然界中雾天气向霾天气转化的过程和物理机制。 相似文献
12.
K. YA. Kondratyev V. G. Bondarenko V. I. Khvorostyanov 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1992,61(3):265-285
A 3-D mesoscale numerical model of cloud formation, fog, and aerosol transport in an orographically inhomogeneous atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) has been considered. Streamlining of the flow around isolated obstacles in steady-state stratified flow has been studied. An account of radiation transfer in the ABL has made it possible to analyze the combined effect of orography and radiation on the formation of fog and cloud, to analyze the interaction between radiation and cloudiness, as well as their effect on the change of mesoscale circulation in the atmosphere and on variations in the optical characteristics of the atmosphere. The transport of aerosols from various sources has been modelled. The impact of orography, cloudiness and atmospheric stratification, governed by the radiative regime of the ABL, on the propagation of admixtures and surface deposition has been studied. The atmospheric aerosol turbidity in zones of intensive industrial pollution has been assessed. 相似文献
13.
H.-C. Hansson M. J. Rood S. Koloutsou-Vakakis K. Hämeri D. Orsini A. Wiedensohler 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1998,31(3):321-346
Organic compounds in the atmosphere can influence the activation, growth and lifetimes of haze, fog and cloud droplets by changing the condensation and evaporation rates of liquid water by these aqueous aerosol particles. Depending on the nature and properties of the organic compounds, the change can be to enhance or reduce these rates. In this paper we used a tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) to examine the effect of tetracosane, octanoic acid, and lauric acid on the hygroscopic properties of NaCl aerosol particles at relative humidities (RH) between 30 and 95%. These organic compounds have been identified in ambient aerosol particle samples. A slight lowering of the deliquescence relative humidity (DRH) and suppression of hygroscopic growth for the NaCl-organic compound mixtures were observed when compared to pure NaCl particles. The growth of pure NaCl particles was 2.25 in diameter at 85% RH while the growth of the mixed particles was 1.3 to 1.7 in particle diameter at 85% RH with organic mass fraction of 30–50%. This shows that these organic compounds have to be present in rather large mass fractions to effect the hygroscopic behavior to a similar degree observed for ambient aerosol during field measurements. Despite the mixing of the organic material with NaCl, hysteresis was observed for decreasing RH histories, suggesting the formation of metastable droplets. These laboratory results are strikingly similar to ambient field results. For example, if the total organic mass fraction of the particles is between 0.30 and 0.50, the particle growth at 85% RH is about a factor of 1.4 for the laboratory and field measurements. Such reduction in growth compared to the pure inorganic salt is in contradiction to speculations concerning significant effects by organic compounds on cloud condensation nuclei and thus formation on clouds. 相似文献
14.
利用地面气象观测资料、高空探测资料、NCEP再分析资料、芜湖市边界层风廓线雷达资料和高速公路气象观测站资料,分析了2012年3月6日安徽省沿长江东部大范围雾天气过程形成的环流背景及雾生消的物理条件。结果表明：安徽沿江东部地区此次春季大范围雾的性质为辐射雾,雾发生时雾区上空为西到西南风为主,无明显冷空气影响,地面为高压控制的均压场,有利于雾的生成和维持。由雾生消的物理条件可知,近地面水汽条件较好和长波辐射降温造成的水汽凝结是此次大范围雾形成的重要原因。地面辐射降温形成的近地面逆温层有利于雾的维持,且随着近地面逆温层的抬升,雾层变厚并发展。低空的逆温层则形成稳定的层结,阻止水汽向上传输。近地面风速大小合适,风垂直切变小,低层有湍流,中层无明显上升运动,构成雾形成的有利动力条件;而湿层变厚又阻止了水汽向高层交换,有利于雾的生成和维持。日出后,太阳辐射增强,有利于雾发生和维持的地面辐射降温、逆温和动力条件逐渐消失,雾逐渐消散。 相似文献
15.
利用2015—2017年秋冬季在江苏北部观测到12次雾过程的雾滴谱数据及常规气象观测资料,统计分析了轻雾、大雾、浓雾、强浓雾和特强浓雾等级下的微物理特征量及雾滴谱分布,并通过一次雾过程的分析,探讨了不同雾等级下的主要微物理过程。结果表明:随着雾等级的提升,雾滴数浓度、含水量增长明显,而轻雾、大雾和浓雾的雾滴平均直径和最大直径差异不大,但当能见度小于200 m时,平均直径和最大直径显著增大;能见度下降时,平均数浓度谱和含水量谱的谱线上抬,从浓雾到强浓雾,粒径大于10 μm的大雾滴增长明显;雾滴数浓度主要由小雾滴控制,雾滴含水量受大雾滴影响;东海县郊平均的雾滴含水量与南京观测结果相差不大,但雾滴数浓度仅为南京的一半左右,平均直径大约是南京的2.3倍;个例分析中,能见度从1000 m下降到50 m,凝结核活化并凝结增长是主要微物理过程,但可凝结水汽是影响该过程效果的一个重要因子,可使雾滴数浓度和平均直径呈现不同的相关关系;能见度降到50 m以下时,碰并过程效果显著;日出后雾滴蒸发作用显现并逐步增强。 相似文献
16.
Predictability of the Meteorological Conditions Favourable to Radiative Fog Formation During the 2011 ParisFog Campaign 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Laurent Menut Sylvain Mailler Jean-Charles Dupont Martial Haeffelin Thierry Elias 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,150(2):277-297
Radiative fog formation is a complex phenomenon involving local physical and microphysical processes that take place when particular meteorological conditions occur. This study aims at quantifying the ability of a regional numerical weather model to analyze and forecast the conditions favourable to radiative fog formation at an instrumental site in the Paris area. Data from the ParisFog campaign have been used in order to quantify the meteorological conditions favorable to radiative fog formation (pre-fog conditions) by setting threshold values on the key meteorological variables driving this process: 2-m temperature tendency, 10-m wind speed, 2-m relative humidity and net infrared flux. Data from the ParisFog observation periods of November 2011 indicate that use of these thresholds leads to the detection of 87 % of cases in which radiative fog formation was observed. In order to evaluate the ability of a regional weather model to reproduce adequately these conditions, the same thresholds are applied to meteorological model fields in both analysis and forecast mode. It is shown that, with this simple methodology, the model detects 74 % of the meteorological conditions finally leading to observed radiative fog, and 48 % 2 days in advance. Finally, sensitivity tests are conducted in order to evaluate the impact of using larger time or space windows on the forecasting skills. 相似文献
17.
都市霾与雾的区分及粤港澳的灰霾天气观测预报预警标准 总被引：17，自引：16，他引：17
都市霾与雾的区分是迫切需要解决的问题。霾的出现有重要的空气质量指示意义,而雾的记录,有明确的天气指示意义。通常在平面时已达到饱和的水汽压,对相当于球面的云雾滴来讲就是未饱和的,云雾滴就会蒸发;在水汽条件不变时,云雾滴由于蒸发而变小,导致它的平衡水汽压升高,就更易蒸发掉。在不饱和大气中小于数μm的云雾滴必然蒸发,而且伴随着蒸发云雾滴尺度会进一步变小,导致曲率越来越大,蒸发速率越来越快。过去错误认为凝结核可以在低相对湿度(RH)情况下产生凝结生成雾滴的观点,是忽视了粒子曲率作用的结果,将实验室大颗粒(常常达mm量级)的吸湿性特征,延用至次μm粒子造成的。降温是达到饱和形成雾滴的重要物理过程,云雾是低温下饱和气块的可见标志。在云雾中必然存在凝结或凝华过程,因而必然伴随着潜热释放,这就使云雾内的温度高于环境,在云雾内必然盛行微弱的上升气流,不可能是下沉气流,这些宏观过程在霾层内是不存在的,因而成为识别雾与霾的重要的宏观动力条件。在对历史资料进行统计时,在排除降水、吹雪、雪暴、沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘、烟幕等视程障碍现象的情况下,通过调试RH,使雾与轻雾反映自然的年际与年代际气候波动,而霾反映由于人类活动而引起的趋势性变化,其限值大体在90%左右,与美国和英国在讨论霾影响能见度(vis)的长期变化趋势中使用的限值RH<90%相同。20世纪80年代以来大幅增加的霾日,绝大部分是由于人类活动影响的气溶胶细粒子污染造成的。依据上述结果和以前的研究,给出了霾与雾区分的概念模型、霾与雾观测的标准和灰霾天气预警信号发布的标准,并介绍了相关的业务产品。 相似文献
18.
WU Dui DENG Xuejiao MAO Jietai MAO Weikang YE Yanxiang BI Xueyan 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2007,21(3):342-352
Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate, the Nanling mountainous area
experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May. There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month. Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway (the longest expressway in China) that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts., where the road rises from 200 m to more than 800 m above sea level (ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts., two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out, which measured visibility by the naked eyes, visibility by instrument, spectrum of fogdrops, liquid water content (LWC) of fog, tethered sounding, dual-parameter low-level sounding, turbulence diffusion within fog layers, aerosol spectra of size and composition, sampled fog water compositions, and sampled rainwater compositions. Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics, micro- and macro-structures and microphysics. It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences. Being typical advection and upslope fogs, they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes, especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts, and reflect on the role of local terrain as well. The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration, extremely low visibility, well-organized lump-shaped structure, large-size fog-drops, moderate concentration, high LWC, and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in ne sky. They di er much from radiation fogs, which are better documented in previous study in China. It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range. It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is, in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself, the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface;during the translation of fog with the ambient wind, irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog. The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent. The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher. The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts. are actually good
nuclei for condensation, which are favorable for the formation of fog. The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements. In the meantime, compared to cloud droplets, fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface, such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kind of cleansing process.In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts., this kind of cleansing may be quite important. Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments. 相似文献
19.
Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate,the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May.There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month.Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway(the longest expressway in China)that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts.,where the road rises from 200m to more than 800m above sea level(ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts.,two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out,which measured visibility by the naked eyes,visibility by instrument,spectrum of fog- drops,liquid water content(LWC)of fog,tethered sounding,dual-parameter low-level sounding,turbulence diffusion within fog layers,aerosol spectra of size and composition,sampled fog water compositions,and sampled rainwater compositions.Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics,micro- and macro-structures and microphysics.It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences.Being typical advection and upslope fogs,they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes,especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts,and reflect on the role of local terrain as well.The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration,extremely low visibility,well-organized lump- shaped structure,large-size fog-drops,moderate concentration,high LWC,and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in fine sky.They differ much from radiation fogs,which are better documented in previous study in China.It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range.It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is,in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself,the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface; during the translation of fog with the ambient wind,irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog.The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent.The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher.The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts.are actually good nuclei for condensation,which are favorable for the formation of fog.The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements.In the meantime,compared to cloud droplets,fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface,such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kird of cleansing process. In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts.,this kind of cleansing may be quite important.Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments. 相似文献
20.
Randolph D. Borys Edward E. Hindman Paul J. DeMott 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,7(3):213-239
The relationships between the physical and chemical properties of mixed-phase clouds were investigated at Storm Peak Laboratory (3220m MSL) located near the continental divide in northwestern Colorado. Interstitial aerosol particles, cloud droplets and snow crystals were concurrently collected when the laboratory was enveloped by a precipitating cloud. All samples were analyzed for trace elements, soluble anions, electrical conductivity and acidity.The results show average trace constituent concentration ratios of cloud water to snow water range from 0.4 to 26. All but six of the 32 elements and ions measured had ratios greater than one. This result suggests a chemical species dependency of in-cloud aerosol particle scavenging processes. Evidence of a decrease of in-cloud aerosol particle scavenging efficiency by snow due to increases in aerosol concentration is also presented.Differences between the chemical composition of cloud water and snow water are manifested most strongly when snow crystals grow by vapor deposition. In-cloud scavenging efficiencies by snow crystals for most aerosol particle chemical species are dependent on the growth of the snow crystals by accretion of cloud droplets. This chemical fractionation of the atmospheric aerosol by snow crystal formation and growth should be most active where narrow, continental cloud droplet size distributions and low liquid water contents are prevalent, enhancing the probability of snow crystal growth by diffusion. 相似文献