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1.
Alexandra D. Syphard Susan I. Stewart Jason Mckeefry Roger B. Hammer Jeremy S. Fried Sherry Holcomb 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):859-876
The US Census provides the primary source of spatially explicit social data, but changing block boundaries complicate analyses of housing growth over time. We compared procedures for reconciling housing density data between 1990 and 2000 census block boundaries in order to assess the sensitivity of analytical methods to estimates of housing growth in Oregon. Estimates of housing growth varied substantially and were sensitive to the method of interpolation. With no processing and areal‐weighted interpolation, more than 35% of the landscape changed; 75–80% of this change was due to decline in housing density. This decline was implausible, however, because housing structures generally persist over time. Based on aggregated boundaries, 11% of the landscape changed, but only 4% experienced a decline in housing density. Nevertheless, the housing density change map was almost twice as coarse spatially as the 2000 housing density data. We also applied a dasymetric approach to redistribute 1990 housing data into 2000 census boundaries under the assumption that the distribution of housing in 2000 reflected the same distribution as in 1990. The dasymetric approach resulted in conservative change estimates at a fine resolution. All methods involved some type of trade‐off (e.g. analytical difficulty, data resolution, magnitude or bias in direction of change). However, our dasymetric procedure is a novel approach for assessing housing growth over changing census boundaries that may be particularly useful because it accounts for the uniquely persistent nature of housing over time. 相似文献
2.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):448-450
Abstract Almost half a century has passed since Jean Gottmann coined the term “Megalopolis” in reference to the almost continuously urbanized stretch of land spanning the East Coast of the United States from southern New Hampshire to northern Virginia. Because a disproportionate concentration of population resided in this Megalopolis, the northeastern core enjoyed an economic and cultural supremacy, and he termed the Megalopolis “The Main Street of the Nation.” By the later 1960s and 1970s, however, population migration patterns began to reflect the influence exerted by the emergence of a second national core centered on the large metropolitan areas along the Pacific Coast, especially those of the Los Angeles and Bay Area conurbations in California. Although of different character, this burgeoning concentration of population, economic activity, and cultural influence may reflect the development of a West Coast Megalopolis that could soon rival the original Megalopolis of the Northeastern Corridor. Today, the U.S. population distribution is largely a bicoastal one. This article documents the emergence of this bicoastal population distribution. Using historical census data and GIS technology, we present a number of novel ways to graphically portray and examine this population redistribution phenomenon. The United States is not unique in witnessing an increasing share of its inhabitants clustering in coastal zones. Current critical policy concerns about the worldwide vulnerability of coastal populations have focused the need for better coastal population estimates and better mapping methods for portraying population redistribution trends. 相似文献
3.
Almost half a century has passed since Jean Gottmann coined the term “Megalopolis” in reference to the almost continuously urbanized stretch of land spanning the East Coast of the United States from southern New Hampshire to northern Virginia. Because a disproportionate concentration of population resided in this Megalopolis, the northeastern core enjoyed an economic and cultural supremacy, and he termed the Megalopolis “The Main Street of the Nation.” By the later 1960s and 1970s, however, population migration patterns began to reflect the influence exerted by the emergence of a second national core centered on the large metropolitan areas along the Pacific Coast, especially those of the Los Angeles and Bay Area conurbations in California. Although of different character, this burgeoning concentration of population, economic activity, and cultural influence may reflect the development of a West Coast Megalopolis that could soon rival the original Megalopolis of the Northeastern Corridor. Today, the U.S. population distribution is largely a bicoastal one. This article documents the emergence of this bicoastal population distribution. Using historical census data and GIS technology, we present a number of novel ways to graphically portray and examine this population redistribution phenomenon. The United States is not unique in witnessing an increasing share of its inhabitants clustering in coastal zones. Current critical policy concerns about the worldwide vulnerability of coastal populations have focused the need for better coastal population estimates and better mapping methods for portraying population redistribution trends. 相似文献
4.
Land expansion of mountain cities in China is not systematically studied yet. This study identified 55 major mountain cities at and above prefecture level, and analyzed the land expansion characteristics and driving forces, based on visually interpreted data from TM images in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2015. From 1990 to 2015, total built-up land area of the mountain cities increased by 3.87 times, 5.56% per year. The urban land growth was apparently accelerated after 2000, from 4.35% per year during 1990–2000 increased to 6.47% during 2000–2010 and 6.2% during 2010–2015. Compared to the urban population growth, the urban land expansion rate was 44% higher. As a result, the urban land area per capita increased, but it was still within the government control target, and also was much lower than the average of all cities in China. Urban development policy, changes to administrative divisions, GDP and population growth, and road construction were identified as the major driving forces of land expansion. Terrain conditions were not found a relevance to the urban land expansion rate during 1990–2015, but had a significant impact on the layout and shape, and also probably on the urban land efficiency. 相似文献
5.
Spatial-temporal characteristics of lake area variations in Hoh Xil region from 1970 to 2011 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
As one of the areas with numerous lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, the Hoh Xil region plays an extremely important role in the fragile plateau eco-environment. Based on topographic maps in the 1970s and Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing images in the 1990s and the period from 2000 to 2011, the data of 83 lakes with an area above 10 km2 each were obtained by digitization method and artificial visual interpretation technology, and the causes for lake variations were also analyzed. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows. (1) From the 1970s to 2011, the lakes in the Hoh Xil region firstly shrank and then expanded. In particular, the area of lakes generally decreased during the 1970s–1990s. Then the lakes expanded from the 1990s to 2000 and the area was slightly higher than that in the 1970s. The area of lakes dramatically increased after 2000. (2) From 2000 to 2011, the lakes with different area ranks in the Hoh Xil region showed an overall expansion trend. Meanwhile, some regional differences were also discovered. Most of the lakes expanded and were widely distributed in the northern, central and western parts of the region. Some lakes were merged together or overflowed due to their rapid expansion. A small number of lakes with the trend of area decrease or strong fluctuation were scattered in the central and southern parts of the study area. And their variations were related to their own supply conditions or hydraulic connection with the downstream lakes or rivers. (3) The increase in precipitation was the dominant factor resulting in the expansion of lakes in the Hoh Xil region. The secondary factor was the increase in meltwater from glaciers and frozen soil due to climate warming. 相似文献
6.
城市群是未来城市化进程的主体形态。在内外驱动力作用下城市群形成发育的过程,也是城市群竞争力不断提升的过程。基于城市群发展和区域经济发展的视角,构建指标体系,探讨山东半岛城市群内在驱动力和外显经济竞争力的变动轨迹,并运用相关分析、GDP增长贡献度分析等方法研究二者之间的互动影响。结果表明,产业集群、分工协作、城镇化、交通网络化等之间的相互作用共同驱动着山东半岛城市群经济地位的提升和产业结构的优化;济青双核处于弱核带动状态;促进制造业集聚和加快一体化进程是提升山东半岛城市群经济竞争力的两个关键性环节。 相似文献
7.
近50a来科尔沁地区沙漠化土地的动态监测结果与分析 总被引：39，自引：23，他引：16
在明确了沙漠化土地的程度分级及其指标、监测方法的基础上,对科尔沁地区近50 a来的沙漠化土地进行了遥感动态监测和分析。结果表明:科尔沁地区20世纪50年代未至70年代中期,是沙漠化土地扩展速度最快的一个时期,总面积增加了9 084 km2。从70年代中期到80年代后期,沙漠化土地继续呈快速增长之势,增加了9 624 km2;进入90年代,沙漠化过程呈现出逆转的趋势,沙漠化土地总面积由1987年的61 008 km2,减少到2000年的50 142 km2,减少了10 866 km2。就近50 a来沙漠化土地变化的整体而言,经历了发展-再发展-逆转的过程。到2000年,科尔沁地区的沙漠化态势依然是严峻的。但从整个发展过程来看,沙漠化已呈现逆转的趋势。整个区域的生态环境在改善,环境容量在提高,继续发展下去,有望进入良性循环以保障生态环境与社会经济的可持续发展。 相似文献
8.
Lakes in China have undergone considerable environmental changes during the past 50 years, e.g. lake level, water area changes, as did in the past several thousands years. The enhanced human activities, such as land reclamation, application of chemical fertilizer, land use and cover, irrigation and industrialization in the catchment etc., have played an im-portant role on the recent decades’ changes of these lakes, although constrained to a great extent by the natural impact. Comparative study on variations of lake volume (water level, depth and area) in the eastern and western lake regions of China during 1950–2000 indicated that, lake volume in the eastern region had approximately undergone a two-stage change, i.e. a dramatic decrease from the 1950s to 1970s, and a continuous increase between the 1980s and 1990s; while, in the western region, lake volume had been decreasing nearly all the time. Further studies on some typical lakes concluded that, climatic change was a primary factor for the variations of lake volume during the past 50 years, although human activities showed important effect. 相似文献
9.
Lakes in China have undergone considerable environmental changes during the past 50 years, e.g. lake level, water area changes, as did in the past several thousands years. The enhanced human activities, such as land reclamation, application of chemical fertilizer, land use and cover, irrigation and industrialization in the catchment etc., have played an important role on the recent decades＇ changes of these lakes, although constrained to a great extent by the natural impact. Comparative study on variations of lake volume （water level, depth and area） in the eastern and western lake regions of China during 1950-2000 indicated that, lake volume in the eastern region had approximately undergone a two-stage change, i.e. a dramatic decrease from the 1950s to 1970s, and a continuous increase between the 1980s and 1990s; while, in the western region, lake volume had been decreasing nearly all the time. Further studies on some typical lakes concluded that, climatic change was a primary factor for the variations of lake volume during the past 50 years, although human activities showed important effect. 相似文献
10.
Lakes in China have undergone considerable environmental changes during the past 50 years, e.g. lake level, water area changes, as did in the past several thousands years.The enhanced human activities, such as land reclamation, application of chemical fertilizer,land use and cover, irrigation and industrialization in the catchment etc., have played an im-portant role on the recent decades' changes of these lakes, although constrained to a great extent by the natural impact. Comparative study on variations of lake volume (water level,depth and area) in the eastern and western lake regions of China during 1950-2000 indicated that, lake volume in the eastern region had approximately undergone a two-stage change, i.e.a dramatic decrease from the 1950s to 1970s, and a continuous increase between the 1980s and 1990s; while, in the western region, lake volume had been decreasing nearly all the time.Further studies on some typical lakes concluded that, climatic change was a primary factor for the variations of lake volume during the past 50 years, although human activities showed important effect. 相似文献
11.
Emily Benton Hite David Barton Bray Elvira Duran Armando Rincón-Gutiérrez 《社会与自然资源》2017,30(5):613-626
Studies of coffee agroecosystems have focused on their role in providing habitat for biodiversity across a range of management intensities. These studies have not taken into account the temporal and spatial transformations in coffee landscapes and their impacts on structural heterogeneity and biodiversity, nor systematically linked these transformations to farmer management responses to price and policy shocks. We utilize a coupled natural–human system framework to examine the historical transformations of the coffee landscape in a matrix of community-protected forests in a coffee-growing community in Oaxaca, Mexico, and study how those transformations impact tree biodiversity across a range of management options, including formerly certified organic and conventional coffee, abandonment, and conversion. The coffee landscape has historically transitioned from forests and fields (1950s–1960s) to one dominated by coffee (1970s–1980s) to a richly mosaic and biodiverse landscape (1990–2010) resulting from 43% recent abandonment and conversion of coffee back to forest and fields. 相似文献
12.
Reconstruction of cropland spatial patterns and its spatiotemporal changes over the 20th century on the Songnen Plain,Northeast China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We initially estimated the cropland area at county level using local historical documents for the Songnen Plain (SNP) in the 1910s and 1930s. We then allocated this cropland area to grid cells with a size of 1 km × 1 km, using a range of cultivation possibilities from high to low; this was based on topography and minimum distances to rivers, settlements, and traffic lines. Cropland areas for the 1950s were obtained from the Land Use Map of Northeast China, and map vectorization was performed with ArcGIS technology. Cropland areas for the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s were retrieved from Landsat images. We found that the cropland areas were 4.92 × 104 km2 and 7.60 × 104 km2, accounting for 22.8% and 35.2% of the total area of the SNP in the 1910s and 1930s, respectively, which increased to 13.14 × 104 km2, accounting for 60.9% in the 2010s. The cropland increased at a rate of 1.18 × 104 km2 per decade from the 1910s to 1970s while it was merely 0.285 × 104 km2 per decade from the 1970s to 2010s. From the 1910s to 1930s, new cultivation mainly occurred in the central SNP while, from the 1930s to 1970s, it was mainly over the western and northern parts. This spatially explicit reconstruction could be offered as primary data for studying the effects of changes in human-induced land cover based on climate change over the last century. 相似文献
13.
航空运输地理学研究进展与展望 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
航空地理学是交通地理学的重要组成部分,且是其最年轻的学科分支.本文以中国和欧美主流航空地理学研究为考察对象,从历史演进、技术变革和制度变迁的综合视角将近百年航空地理学的发展历程分为4个阶段:20世纪50年代前的学科起步发展阶段、50-70年代的基础体系建构阶段、80-90年代的理论框架完善阶段以及21世纪以来的理论与实... 相似文献
14.
河西地区近40a来气候变化与风沙活动 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
利用1951- 1990年14站的年平均气温、降水和大风日数资料,对近40 a来河西地区气候特征作了初步分析。结果表明, 50年代最暖, 60年代最冷, 70年代后气温开始回升但低于50年代的水平。河西地区40 a来是变冷的,全区年平均温度40 a下降了0.21℃,西部下降了0.27℃,东部下降了0.13℃。全区50年代雨量较多, 60年代是近40 a来的最干旱期, 70年代为最湿润期, 80年代又趋于干旱,总体上降水略有增加。最干旱期与最冷期对应,最多雨期并非最高温期,在温度开始回升时降水量最大,雨量与温度的变化并不同步,降水滞后于温度。40 a来河西西部大风日数是增加的,东部是减少的。高温少雨大风日数少,低温少雨大风日数较多,温度开始回升降水达到最大时,大风日数最多。春季大风日数最多,夏季次之,秋冬相差不大。 相似文献
15.
The dendrochronological study of shrubs is a new field, particularly with respect to desert areas. Using a dendrochronological perspective, we studied the radial growth and the climatic response model of the common beancaper (Zygophyllum xanthoxylum Maxim) in three sampling sites in the Badain Jaran Desert of northwestern China. The results showed that the radial growth of the common beancaper was primarily affected by precipitation during the pre-growing and growing seasons, especially during July. Variation in wet/drought periods over the last 160 years in the study area was analyzed using a radial growth climatic response model and data on regional chronology. Using decadal time scales, three wet periods were identified in the Badain Jaran Desert: the 1840s to early 1850s, the early 1890s to the 1900s and the late 1970s to the mid-1980s. Similarly, transitions from dry to wet periods over the last 160 years occurred in the late 1850s, mid-1870s, early 1880s, early 1900s, mid-1920s, early 1950s, early and late 1970s and early 1990s. These results are helpful for understanding regional climate change and the desertification process in arid desert regions. 相似文献
16.
长江三角洲地区城市用地增长的时空特征分析 总被引：45，自引：2，他引：43
以Landsat MSS、TM、ETM 卫星影像为主要数据源,利用遥感和GIS 手段,提取了长江三角洲地区5 个时相(1979 年、1990 年、1995 年、2000 年、2005 年) 城市用地信息,分析了城市用地扩展速度、扩展强度、空间结构的变化特征,进而探讨了长江三角洲1979 年以来的城市空间生长过程。结果表明：① 1979 年以来,长江三角洲城市用地增长呈明显的加快趋势,城市用地总体扩展强度也表现为不断提高。不同行政等级城市用地的扩展强度表现为直 辖市> 地级市> 副省级市> 县(县级市)。② 长江三角洲城市用地空间结构的分维和稳定性特征具有一定的波动性。城市用地的空间结构特征与城市用地增长过程和发展阶段具有一定的联系。③ 长江三角洲城市生长表现出“一核二带”、“二核三带”、“四核四带”和“五核五带”的空间轨迹。 相似文献
17.
基于专题图形库系统的科尔沁沙地动态研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以科尔沁典型沙区土地类型专题图形库为基础,对科尔泌地区３０年来沙地的动态演变进行了定量分析,认为该区由于人类活动因素的影响５０－７０年代是沙漠化迅速发展时期;７０－９０年代是沙漠化发展加剧阶段;若减弱人类干扰或在人类帮助下,生态仍具有恢复性。 相似文献
18.
中华人民共和国成立以来,中国的资源科学研究在自然资源考察的基础上形成了一门综合性的学科体系。本文系统总结中国资源科学从自然资源综合考察到资源科学综合研究的发展历程,大致可划分为自然资源综合考察初期（20世纪50—60年代）、区域资源综合科学考察与资源科学研究时期（20世纪70—80年代）、资源科学学科体系的形成与发展时期（20世纪90年代—2000年）及现代资源科学迈向新发展时期（21世纪以来）等4个阶段,促进了中国自然资源的考察和开发利用事业不断向前发展,对中国资源科学形成与发展影响深远。当下面向生态文明建设和美丽中国建设两个国家先进发展需求,资源科学研究要以史为鉴,推陈出新,不断丰富学科的新概念、新知识与新方法,促进资源科学的蓬勃发展。 相似文献
19.
国内外城市新区发展理论研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于梳理城市新区研究的发展脉络,国外城市新区的研究可分为3个阶段：1）19世纪90年代至20世纪50年代以功能疏导和社会需求为研究导向,研究领域包括城市新区的功能形态、卫星城开发实践等;2）20世纪50―90年代以功能平衡和经济需求为研究导向,研究领域包括新城开发、新产业区等;3）20世纪90年代以来以政策引导和生态需求为研究导向,研究领域包括生态新城、郊区化与边缘城市、城市新区规划设计、新区产业与社会问题等。与之相比,我国的城市新区研究也大致分为3个阶段,依次是1978年至20世纪90年代初的国外理论借鉴研究,20世纪90年代至21世纪00年代初期的开发区研究,以及21世纪00年代以来的综合型城市新区研究,相关研究领域包括产业发展、土地利用、空间结构、交通发展、管理体制、生命周期与转型,以及城市新区开发个案等。国内外研究在研究背景和目的、研究内容、研究方法上都具有显著差异。此外,文章还展望了我国城市新区未来的主要研究方向：1）城市新区开发对城市空间增长的作用;2）城市新区的演化及其生命周期;3）基于节约理念的城市新区开发模式;4）城市新区开发研究方法的应用。 相似文献
20.
近40 年可可西里地区湖泊时空变化特征 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
以可可西里地区1970s 地形图和1990s、2000-2011 年Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像为基础,通过数字化和影像解译获取研究区83 个面积大于10 km2湖泊变化数据,并对湖泊变化成因进行了分析。研究结果表明:1) 1970s 初期至2011 年,可可西里地区湖泊经历了“先萎缩后扩张”的变化过程,其中1970s-1990s 期间湖泊面积普遍减小,1990s-2000 年湖泊出现扩张,并在2000 年恢复到1970s 湖泊规模,2000 年之后湖泊面积急剧增大。2) 2000-2011 年间,可可西里地区不同规模等级湖泊整体呈扩张趋势,但表现出一定的区域差异性。面积呈增加趋势的湖泊数量最多,亦分布最广,一些湖泊由于扩张迅速出现湖泊合并或湖水外泄情况;面积呈减少趋势或波动起伏的湖泊数量较少,零散分布在研究区中部和南部,湖泊动态变化与其自身补给条件或与下游湖泊(河道) 存在水力联系有关。3) 在研究时段内,降水增多、蒸发减少是可可西里地区湖泊扩大的主要原因,而气候变暖引起的冰川融水增加、冻土水分释放是次要原因。 相似文献