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1.
为了解闪电对对流层上部NOx的贡献,本文利用美国全球水资源和气候中心（GHRC）提供的1995年4月~2005年12月的闪电卫星格点资料及高层大气研究卫星 (UARS) 上的卤素掩星试验装置 (HALOE) 1991年10 月~2005 年11月的观测资料,分析了中国地区闪电与对流层上部NOx体积混合比的时空分布特征及两者的相关性.结果表明:中国地区闪电和对流层上部的NOx在季节分布、年际分布和空间分布上保持很好的一致性,闪电是对流层上部NOx的重要来源;NO极值高度在350 hPa左右,云闪直接产生的NO是极值产生的主要原因,NO2的极值高度在250 hPa左右,因为闪电产生的NO在传输过程中会被氧化成NO2并通过雷暴的垂直输送作用抬升到更高高度;强对流活动有利于NOx的传输,而人类活动产生的NOx一般较难输送到对流层上部,因此闪电多发区的NOx极值较大,所在的高度也较高. 相似文献
2.
为了进一步认识闪电活动与对流层氮氧化物的关系及更准确地估算中国地区闪电产生的氮氧化物(LNOx)总量,选取人口稀疏,工业生产水平较低的青藏高原地区作为研究区域,基于LIS(Lightning Imaging Sensor)和GOME-2(The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2)卫星探测仪资料,分析了青藏高原中部区域2009年1月至2012年2月闪电与对流层NO2垂直浓度(VCD)月均值资料的时空分布特性和相关性。在此基础上,结合Beirle et al.(2004)的LNOx估算方法,估算了中国内陆地区的LNOx产量。结果表明:青藏高原地区对流层NO2与闪电与在年际趋势、空间分布及季节变化上保持很好的一致性,闪电密度与NO2VCD的线性拟合相关系数为0.84,这表明青藏高原地区NOx受人为源影响小,是研究LNOx的理想区域。基于拟合结果,估算得到中国内陆地区LNOx的年均产量为0.15(0.03~0.38)Tg(N)a-1。这一结论进一步缩小了以往研究中中国地区LNOx产量估算的不确定范围,有助于更清楚地认识闪电在中国气候变化中的重要作用。 相似文献
3.
基于LMA三维闪电定位数据,对2004年10月5日发生于美国新墨西哥州的一次超级单体过程的闪电初始及其尺度特征进行研究,提出闪电初始阶段自动判别及其特征参量提取方法,并给出参量分布特征。结果显示:闪电初始阶段上行负先导（下行负先导）的持续时间中值为13.5 ms（7.5 ms）,三维位移中值为1.4 km（1.0 km）,三维平均位移速度中值为9.2×104 m·s-1（1.2×105 m·s-1）,上行负先导速度随时间递减,下行反之,二者与垂直方向夹角的中值分别为40°和54°。表征闪电尺度的闪电凸壳面积和闪电总长度的概率密度呈负幂函数分布,在小值方向分布更为集中。闪电水平延展距离中值为6.1 km,垂直延展距离中值为4.3 km,约83%的闪电其水平延展距离大于垂直延展距离;闪电的持续时间中值为271.0 ms。分析发现,以水平延展为主的闪电起始高度分布峰值位于8.5 km,以垂直延展为主的闪电起始高度分布峰值位于11 km。闪电初始阶段位移方向越接近水平,对应闪电垂直延展越小,说明闪电初始段的传播方向对于闪电垂直延展具有重要影响。 相似文献
4.
利用2009—2014年广州高建筑物雷电观测站的光学观测资料,结合雷声和电磁场变化波形,对广州塔（高度为600 m）西北部60°扇形区域3 km范围内的119次下行地闪分布特征进行统计分析,结果表明:43.7%（52/119）的地闪发生在区域内4个最高的建筑物上;除了直接击中广州塔的20次地闪（16.8%）,距离广州塔附近0~1 km的区域未观测到地闪,观测到的距广州塔最近的地闪离广州塔约1.2 km;距广州塔1~2 km的区域共观测到35次地闪（29.4%）,其中每个高度低于300 m的建筑物被击中的次数不超过1次;距离广州塔2~3 km区域共观测到64次地闪（53.8%）,其中有些高度低于300 m的建筑物被地闪击中1次以上,最多达5次。广州塔对附近区域下行地闪的吸引作用使其附近1 km左右范围内未观测到地闪,且1~3 km范围内随距离增加下行地闪密度（扣除击中其他高度不低于300 m的建筑物的地闪）有逐渐增加趋势,说明高建筑物对下行地闪的吸引作用随着距离的增加而逐渐减弱。 相似文献
5.
On the relationship of thunderstorm ice hydrometeor characteristics and total lightning measurements 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Wiebke Deierling John Latham Walter A. Petersen Scott M. Ellis Hugh J. Christian Jr. 《Atmospheric Research》2005,76(1-4):114
Satellite-borne and ground-based devices for the detection of lightning offer the opportunity to explore relationships–on all significant scales up to global–between lightning frequency, f, and other thundercloud parameters. Calculations predict that f is proportional to the product of the downflux p of solid precipitation and the upward mass flux, I, of ice crystals. This prediction has received support from limited computational studies. The physical reasons for such a relationship are explained in terms of the paramount role of ice in the electrification of thunderstorms. Herein, this prediction is subjected to further, preliminary examination through analysis of lightning and dual-polarimetric radar data collected during the STERAO experiment conducted in Northern Colorado during the summer of 1996. The analysis has yielded some highly provisional support for this flux hypothesis. Computed trends of radar derived hydrometeor fractions of solid precipitation and small ice show correlation to the total lightning frequency and raise the possibility of determining values of p and/or I from lightning measurements.It is shown that the extent to which the observed correlations between f and both solid precipitation and small ice trends are or are not strong can provide an indication as to whether the lightning activity is limited by the available concentrations of precipitating or non-precipitating ice in the upper regions of the charging zone of the thundercloud, where most of the charge transfer occurs. It is demonstrated that the most accurate determinations of precipitation rate p from measurements of lighting frequency f are likely to be for conditions where the field-growth is limited by the availability of graupel pellets. It is shown that the simultaneous time variations of f and solid precipitation trends of the type obtained in the STERAO experiment could enable us to determine the nature of the dominant glaciation process operative in the thunderclouds studied. 相似文献
6.
The climatology of lightning activity over the Indian seas (Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BoB)) has been studied using monthly satellite-based lightning flash count grid (0.5°?×?0.5°) data from 1998 to 2007. These data have been used to investigate the annual and seasonal variations in lightning activity over the Indian seas. It was found that annual variations in flash rate density and sea surface temperature (SST) show a bimodal pattern with the first peak occurring in May and the second in October. The correlation coefficients between flash rate density and SSTs are 0.76 and 0.65 for the AS and BoB, respectively. Further, the relationship between flash rate density and a low pressure system (LPS) over the BoB shows that the formation of severe tropical cyclonic storms starts during April with the maximum number of storms forming during August. The performance of monsoon on a seasonal and monthly basis depends on the total number of lows, the formation of a depression in the monsoon trough, and the number of days with an LPS. Secular decreases in the number of lows and monsoon depressions were observed in 2000, 2002, and 2004. Overall, results indicate that the peaks in SST during April and September/October over the AS and the BoB may be responsible for advancing the onset of the southwest and northeast monsoon by 30–40 days. 相似文献
7.
广州高建筑物雷电观测站光电同步观测系统于2017年6月16日记录到一次峰值电流达+141 kA的单回击正地闪触发两个并发上行闪电过程。利用高速摄像、普通摄像和电场变化数据分析了触发型上行闪电的始发特征和机理。结果表明:正地闪回击后约0.8 ms内,在距正地闪接地点约3.9 km的广州塔（高600 m）和4.1 km的东塔（高530 m）分别有上行闪电始发。正地闪回击过程中和大量正电荷以及之后可能有云内负先导朝高塔方向快速伸展造成塔顶局部区域的电场发生突变是两个上行闪电激发的原因。两个上行闪电在353 ms内发生7次回击,其中6次在广州塔上,仅1次在东塔上,且广州塔回击峰值电流平均值（-21.4 kA）约为东塔回击峰值电流（-7.3 kA）的3倍,表明广州塔上行闪电通道可能比东塔上行闪电通道伸展至分布范围更广、电荷量（或电荷密度）更大的负电荷区。两个上行闪电先导的二维速率变化范围为9.4×104~1.8×106 m·s-1,平均值为6.9×105 m·s-1。 相似文献
8.
通过对三明市市区及10个县（市）气象观测站1981-2013年雷电观测资料的统计分析,得出了三明市雷电气候特征与变化规律.采用2003-2012年雷电灾害数据,从雷电致灾因子、承灾体因素考虑,选取雷击密度Ng、雷电灾害频度P、经济损失模数D和生命受损模数L作为分析雷电灾害易损度指标参数,通过广泛调研和抽样调查问卷,确定各要素所占权重,计算出三明市区及所属10个县（市）雷电灾害易损性风险值,确定了雷电灾害易损度区划分级指标,绘制雷电灾害易损度区划图,完成了雷电灾害易损度区划研究. 相似文献
9.
John J. Carroll 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1993,65(1-2):137-158
A simple time-dependent one-dimensional model of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is described and used to examine the degree to which model design decisions affect model output variables. The model's sensitivity to changes in the environmental conditions is also explored. Averages of the surface fluxes, near-ground wind speeds and other PBL properties from 48 h simulations are compared to control runs. The model-calculated surface fluxes are most sensitive, in decreasing order of importance, to the vertical grid spacing, the form of closure between the surface temperature and the atmosphere, the use of vertical diffusivity smoothing, the choice of maximum time step and choice of turbulence closure scheme. These fluxes are relatively insensitive to mixing-length scaling or choice of implicit time step weighting factor. Sensitivity to changes in soil type exceeds any of the design criteria tested. The modeled fluxes are moderately sensitive to small variations in the horizontal pressure gradient, to unsteadiness in the geostrophic wind and to variations in surface roughness. They are relatively insensitive to uncertainties in local vertical velocities and small (25%) variations applied separately to soil thermal diffusivity or heat capacity. The sensitivity of the average PBL depth (Z
i
) to model and environmental changes are similar to those of surface fluxes except thatZ
i
is more sensitive to changes in mixing length, albedo and imposed vertical velocity then are the surface fluxes. 相似文献
10.
M. B. Baker A. M. Blyth H. J. Christian J. Latham K. L. Miller A. M. Gadian 《Atmospheric Research》1999,51(3-4)
The lightning frequency model developed by Baker et al. [Baker, M.B., Christian, H.J., Latham, J., 1995. A computational study of the relationships linking lightning frequency and other thundercloud parameters, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 1525–1548] has been refined and extended, in an effort to provide a more realistic framework from which to examine computationally the relationships that might exist between lightning frequency f (which is now being routinely measured from a satellite, using the NASA/MSFC Optical Transient Detector (OTD)) and a variety of cloud physical parameters. Specifically, superior or more comprehensive representations were utilised of: (1) glaciation via the Hallett–Mossop (H–M) process; (2) the updraught structure of the model cloud; (3) the liquid-water-content structure of the model cloud; (4) the role of the reversal temperature Trev in influencing lightning characteristics; (5) the critical breakdown field for lightning initiation; and (6) the electrical characteristics of the ice crystal anvil of the model cloud. Although our extended studies yielded some new insights into the problem, the basic pattern of relationships between f and the other parameters was very close to that reported by Baker et al. (1995). The more elaborate treatment of Trev restricted somewhat the range of conditions under which reverse-polarity lightning could be produced if the cloud glaciated via H–M, but confirmed the earlier conclusion that such lightning would not occur if the glaciation was of the Fletcher type. The computations yielded preliminary support for the hypothesis that satellite measurements of f might be used to determine values of the ice-content of cumulonimbus anvils: a parameter of climatological importance. The successful launch and continuing satisfactory functioning of the OTD [Christian, H.J., Goodman, S., 1992. Global observations of lightning from space, Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, St. Petersburg, pp. 316–321; Christian, H.J., Blakesee, R.J., Goodman, S.J., 1992. Lightning imaging sensor (LIS) for the earth observing system. NASA Tech. Memorandum, 4350] make it possible—with a high degree of precision—to measure lightning location, occurrence time and frequency f over extensive areas of the Earth's surface. Measured global distributions of lightning and associated lightning stroke radiance demonstrate that: lightning activity is particularly pronounced over the tropics, much greater over land than over the oceans, and exhibits great seasonal variability; lightning radiance tends to be greater over the oceans, less when lightning activity is high, and greater in the Northern Hemisphere winter than summer. 相似文献
11.
Based on the observations of a squall line on 11 May 2020 and stratiform precipitation on 6 June 2020 from two X-band dual-polarization phased array weather radars(DP-PAWRs) and an S-band dual-polarization Doppler weather radar(CINRAD/SA-D), the data reliability of DP-PAWR and its ability to detect the fine structures of mesoscale weather systems were assessed. After location matching, the observations of DP-PAWR and CINRAD/SA-D were compared in terms of reflectivity(ZH), radial velocity(V), dif... 相似文献
12.
双偏振天气雷达Z_(dr)系统偏差是影响雷达数据质量的关键因素,本文利用南京信息工程大学C波段双偏振天气雷达,对90°仰角天顶扫描数据在Z_(dr)系统偏差订正中的应用进行了分析,同时增加90°仰角定点观测模式,讨论并确认了方位旋转关节对Z_(dr)测量结果的影响,在双偏振天气雷达雷达Z_(dr)系统偏差订正中加入了方位旋转关节因素。研究结果表明:选择合适的90°仰角数据,不仅可以对接收双通道不一致造成的Z_(dr)固定系统偏差进行订正,还能够进一步检测由方位旋转关节衰减不同引起的误差;利用90°仰角数据对Z_(dr)的系统偏差进行订正,稳定性和精度较高,满足双偏振天气雷达Z_(dr)精度要求。 相似文献
13.
利用1997-2011年云地闪电定位探测资料和深圳国家基本气象站1953-2011年的观测资料,对深圳云地闪电（简称地闪）时空分布特征和雷暴日变化趋势进行分析。结果表明：深圳雷暴日数近59 a来呈下降趋势,小波分析显示年雷暴日数存在5 a周期和10-15 a的次周期;年内地闪频次特征表现为6月和8月双峰形特征,8月为全年地闪次数最多的月份;雷暴的活跃程度与太阳辐射热力条件密切相关,地闪活动高峰出现在14-18时;深圳地闪密度呈现西北多、东南少,内陆地区多、沿江沿海地区少的分布特征,地形、海陆分布是影响地闪空间分布的重要原因;地闪强度的分析表明,正、负闪月平均强度峰值分别出现在2月和6月,负闪强度低于正闪,正、负闪日强度峰值均未出现在频次峰值时段。 相似文献
14.
The Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU) neural network has great potential in estimating and predicting a variable. In addition to radar reflectivity(Z), radar echo-top height(ET) is also a good indicator of rainfall rate(R). In this study, we propose a new method, GRU＿Z-ET, by introducing Z and ET as two independent variables into the GRU neural network to conduct the quantitative single-polarization radar precipitation estimation. The performance of GRU＿Z-ET is compared with that of the other three meth... 相似文献
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16.
微降水雷达测量精度分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用数值模拟的方法,讨论了利用微降水雷达MRR(Micro Rain Radar)雷达功率谱密度反演降水参数时,MIE散射(米散射)效应、垂直气流(包括上升气流、下沉气流)对数浓度N、雷达反射率Z、雨强I、液态含水量LWC等参数的影响。MIE散射主要影响直径为1.20~4.00 mm的粒子,MIE散射效应影响的N、Z、I、LWC偏差的平均值分别为2.74 m-3 mm-1、1.47 d BZ、0.0061 mm h~(-1)、0.0004 g m-3。下沉气流使反演液滴直径偏大,上升气流使得反演的液滴直径偏小,下沉气流的影响更大,尤其是对低层影响大于高层。例如,在300 m高度上,当液滴直径为2.67 mm时,下沉气流为2.00 m s-1时,理论上反演的直径为8.07 mm,超出了MRR探测的阈值,其相对误差值能接近200%。下沉气流使得反射率谱向大粒子方向平移,且谱型展宽;上升气流则相反。将MRR资料与同步观测的THIES雨滴谱仪数据进行比对,分析MRR资料的可靠性。选取2015年4月1日01~12时(协调世界时)山东济南的一次降水过程,将MRR在300 m高度上反演的雷达反射率因子、雨强、数浓度、中值体积直径与雨滴谱仪资料进行对比。结果表明:两种仪器探测的Z、I、N、中值体积直径D0在时间序列上都有较好的吻合度,变化趋势和幅度相近,Z、I、D0的平均偏差分别为1.19 d BZ、0.34 mm h~(-1)、0.36 mm。MRR反演的I值偏大,而粒子直径偏小,分析了产生偏差的主要原因,除了探测系统偏差、分析方法本身存在的偏差外,上升气流导致的偏差不容忽视。这些结果初步验证了微降水雷达观测的功率谱密度及其反演方法的可靠性。 相似文献
17.
液态水含量和冰晶浓度对闪电频数影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
假定在软雹和冰晶碰撞的非感应起电机制为主要的起电机制成立的条件下，数值模拟研究了国际上公认的Fletcher和H—M冰晶产生机制以及云中的液态水含量对雷暴云放电过程（区分了云闪和地闪）的影响。结果表明，随着气压和温度的变化，在两种冰晶产生机制假定下，冰晶浓度分布有很大差异，这直接导致了雷暴云内电活动的差异。液态水含量的增加将使得首次放电时间延迟，同时将引起放电位置的下降和闪电频数的减少。 相似文献
18.
The polarimetric radar network in Jiangsu Province has just been operationalized since 2020. The first intense precipitation event observed by this polarimetric radar network and disdrometer occurred during August 28-29, 2020 and caused severe flooding and serious damage in eastern Jiangsu Province. The microphysics and kinetics for this heavy precipitation convective storm is diagnosed in this study, in order to promote the application of this polarimetric radar network. Drop size distribution(... 相似文献
19.
城区与郊区不同地形地貌下云地闪分布规律初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用上海3台SAFIR3000闪电定位仪的测量数据、计算机软件技术和数据统计方法对上海地区云地闪的分布规律进行了研究,得出了以下结论：①受地形地貌及高大建筑的影响,上海地区的云地闪分布规律是南北多,东西少,城区多,郊区少;②在郊区发生的云地闪密度虽然低于城区,但是其雷电流的平均强度要高于城区;③上海地区14：00-21：00是云地闪发生最为频繁的时间段。雷暴日是用于表征某地雷电活动的频繁程度并据此进行风险评估及确定雷电防护等级的一个重要参数,但此参数在实际应用过程中存在着一些问题,文章提出了用＂闪电密度＂或者＂地闪密度＂代替雷暴日的设想。 相似文献
20.
利用二维时域有限差分法(FDTD)实现了对雷电感应电压的计算,并与已有研究成果对比验证了该方法的有效性。研究分析了DL/T 620-1997中规程公式估算架空传输线雷电感应电压峰值的精度,其中定性研究发现,雷电感应电压峰值与电流幅值、架空线高度之间为正相关关系,而与距离成负相关关系,这种敏感性关系与FDTD的模拟结果相同;而定量研究结果发现,规程公式计算的雷电感应电压值与FDTD计算的电压值相比均偏小。在此基础上,本文提出通过修订系数k对规程公式进行改进,通过FDTD模拟确定了修订系数k的取值为1.6,将规程公式修订为40 I0·h·S-1。最后,本文利用LIOV程序对修订后的规程公式进行精度检验,结果发现,当雷击通道与架空传输线之间距离为100 m和400 m时,修订后规范公式计算得到的雷电感应电压峰值最大误差仅为3.7%和5.5%,从而证明,利用修订后的规程公式可以更加准确地计算架空传输线上的雷电感应电压峰值。 相似文献