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为研究夹卷层的湍流特性,用对流槽模拟大气对流边界层并做湍流温度测量.能谱分析表明,混合层湍流谱幂律接近“-5/3”次律;而夹卷层湍流谱幂律有明显的分段特征.利用离散正交小波对其湍流脉动信号进行去噪和尺度分解,将原始信号分成均匀各向同性小尺度涡旋成分和大尺度涡旋成分,并对分解后的信号做能谱分析.结果表明,不论是在混合层还是在夹卷层,小涡都能很好地满足Kolmogorov的“-5/3”次律;而大尺度涡旋则在混合层和夹卷层中表现出不同的特征. 相似文献
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本文首先对Deardorff的一阶模型给予解释，在此基础上分析对流边界层湍流动能方程，分析机械湍流和对流湍流对边界层发展的贡献，提出一个新的速度尺度，混合层顶速度尺度，定义了全理查森数，给出夹卷层厚度的参数化方案，并用Boers和Elotanta的雷达观测数据进行验证。参数化方案与实验数据符合得很好。当夹卷层厚度表示为夹卷速度或夹卷理查森数的函数时，该函数曲线随边界层发展通常表现为磁滞回线形状现象，利用本文的理论进行了解释。 相似文献
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本文利用高分辨率中尺度WRF模式,通过改变边界层参数化方案进行多组试验,评估该模式对美国北部森林地区边界层结构的模拟能力,同时比较了五种不同边界层参数化方案模拟得出的边界层热力和动力结构.结果表明：除个别方案外,配合不同边界层方案的WRF模式都能成功模拟出白天对流边界层强湍流混合特征和夜间稳定边界层内强逆温、逆湿和低空急流等热力和动力结构.非局地YSU、ACM2方案在白天表现出强的湍流混合和卷夹,相比于局地MYJ、UW方案,模拟的对流边界层温度更高、湿度更低、混合层高度更高、感热通量更大,更接近实际观测,这表明在不稳定层结下考虑非局地大涡输送更为合理,但局地方案在风速和风向的预报上存在一定优势.TEMF方案得到的白天局地湍流混合强度为所有方案中最弱,混合层难以发展,无法体现对流边界层内气象要素垂直分布均匀的特点.对于夜间稳定边界层的模拟,不同参数化方案之间的差异较小,但是YSU方案在一定程度上高估了机械湍流,导致局地湍流混合偏强,从而影响了其对稳定边界层的模拟能力. 相似文献
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用数值模拟方法模拟了增厚大陆岩石层热边界层被对流地幔剥离并为软流层物质替代的动力学过程．结果表明,在初始温度分层分布、侧向均匀但存在微小热扰动的流场中,80km厚的增厚岩石层热边界层约需60Ma才能被完全剥离,剥离的速率微弱地依赖扰动的强度;在已建立好的流场中,同样厚度的增厚热边界层只需约10Ma就可被剥离．模拟结果暗示青藏高原地壳及岩石层在岩石层增厚和剥离以前就很热,其下伏地馒中可能已存在建立好的上地幔小尺度对流系统,而该尺度的对流系统很可能是由特提斯海洋岩石圈俯冲和消减诱发的 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(6)
通过对青藏高原东南缘大理2008年3~8月大样本边界层铁塔观测系统超声和梯度资料、风廓线雷达和GPS探空资料的综合分析,研究发现高原东南缘湍能分量(湍流动能、切变项和浮力项)强弱依赖于下垫面植被的变化状况,且与局地稳定度特征及其动力、热力条件存在显著关系.近地层处于中性层结时,机械湍流较强,湍流动能主要贡献来源于切变项;当不稳定层结时大气湍流运动则以热力湍流为主,即浮力项较强,切变项较弱;在稳定层结时湍流发展呈间歇性特征,其中浮力项与切变项亦较弱,且湍流动能显著小于中性和不稳定状态.研究亦发现春季位于青藏高原大地形南坡的林芝站浮力项贡献显著大于高原大地形东南缘大理站,这反映了青藏高原南坡强对流活动过程中热力湍流的重要贡献,但位于高原东南缘山谷起伏、复杂地形区域的大理站近地层的机械湍流却显著大于高原南坡林芝站;从湍流-对流运动不同尺度相互作用视角,研究发现高原东南缘午时对流边界层CBL(Convective Boundary Layer)顶高可达1500~2500 m,边界层湍流动能、切变项、浮力项与对流边界层顶高、局地垂直运动均呈显著相关,且白天地面感热通量或浮力项的热力湍流作用对CBL发展高度亦有明显影响,而机械湍流的剪切作用影响却相对小;另外,近地层切变项机械湍流输送对垂直运动影响显著,尤其午前其对垂直运动影响高度可达2500~3000 m;春、夏季浮力项、切变项与垂直运动相关的日变化峰值均为大气层结显著不稳定阶段,尤其夏季层结不稳定背景下浮力项午后对垂直运动贡献显著.本文研究结论揭示出高原东南缘对流活动的湍能源驱动特征及其两者的相互作用. 相似文献
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研究新一代中尺度气象模式WRF中两种大气边界层方案(MYJ,YSU)对沈阳冬季大气边界层结构模拟的影响,重点分析温度层结、低层风场、边界层高度等对污染物扩散有重要影响的气象要素.和观测数据的比对表明WRF基本能够模拟出温度风速的日变化特征,但模拟风速偏大.YSU方案由于模拟的边界层顶卷挟和边界层内混合作用较强,夜间接地逆温强度低于MYJ方案,逆温维持时间比MYJ方案短4小时,同时模拟边界层高度也高于MYJ方案,有利于污染物垂直扩散.边界层高度的3种计算方法中,湍流动能方法计算的边界层高度最高,Richardson数方法次之,位温方法得到的高度最低.Richardson数方法对临界值的选取较敏感. 相似文献
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平流层-对流层物质交换是影响全球大气成分收支的重要过程.过去的研究认为大尺度的交换过程在平流层-对流层物质交换中最为重要,但是近些年的研究表明,中小尺度过程对平流层-对流层物质交换也有重要贡献.本文利用OMI和MLS数据、ERA-Interim再分析资料,结合中尺度WRF模式综合分析了东北地区发生在冷涡前部和冷涡后部的两次强对流天气过程.结果表明：发生在冷涡前部暖锋云系中的强对流持续时间长,对流垂直尺度小,下平流层静力稳定度高;发生在冷涡后部的孤立强对流持续时间短,水平尺度较小,且在对流层顶附近,静力稳定度小,对流可穿出热力学对流层顶.从示踪物分布情况来看,两次强对流都可将示踪物输送到对流层顶附近,但是冷涡前部对流可将示踪物从边界层输送到整个对流层,而孤立对流是把示踪物输送到对流层顶,而不与自由对流层空气发生混合. 相似文献
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用南京大学多尺度模式系统在不同区域进行了多种人为热源引入方案的研究,结果表明：考虑时空变化的人为热源按比例分别引入到地表能量平衡方程和大气热量守恒方程是将人为热源引入模式的最优方案.人为热通量密度变化的敏感性试验结果发现：人为热源的存在对城市热岛的生成有重要作用.计算结果表明,南京现有的人为热源排放量对该地区的城市热岛贡献率约为296％,若人为热通量密度在现有量值的基础上增大1倍,则其热岛贡献率可达429％;此外,人为热的排放对清晨城市边界层逆温结构有一定程度的破坏作用,能明显升高夜间近地层气温达05～10℃,并能使白天湍流活动的影响范围增大,混合层高度抬高,使夜间城市热岛环流的影响范围扩大. 相似文献
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假设地幔地震层析成像数据对应的地幔横向不均匀结构是地幔热对流的结果. 将地震层析成像数据转化为地幔温度(或密度)不均匀分布，考虑热流体动力学的三个基本方程，顾及热输运方程中的非线性项，直接将地震层析成像转化的地幔温度不均匀分布作为内部荷载引入基本方程, 反演计算地幔对流. 本文在利用地震层析成像数据计算地幔对流模型的新理论和方法的基础上，用SH12WM13地震层析成像模型数据，计算了全球地幔对流格局. 结果表明，对流格局不仅依赖地震层析成像数据，而且在很大程度上受地幔动力学框架、热动力参数和边界条件的所确定的系统响应函数的影响. 显示了地幔中复杂的对流格局，特别是区域性层状对流以及多层对流环可能在地幔中存在的现象. 相似文献
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R. PETER BRENNER 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(2):125-144
ABSTRACT The problem of analysing and predicting the effect of vegetation removal on the hydrological regime or soil water potential on steep slopes was approached through an experimental model set up in a greenhouse. A tilting soil bin positioned at different slope angles simulated a soil layer overlying impervious bedrock, and a forest cover was modelled by a number of small trees. The response of the soil water potential to simulated rain storms was studied first for the forested and later for the cutover slope. Transpiration in the greenhouse was measured by means of phytometers. The results showed that a forest cover accelerates the soil moisture depletion in a shallow soil mantle regardless of the steepness of the slope. For a storm of given intensity and duration, the recharge phase for the clear-cut slope was therefore much shorter than for the forested one. The slope angle was only responsible for the distribution of recharge and the initial hydrological conditions when drainage had ceased. During the drainage phase the flow in the slope was two-dimensional, whereas it was essentially one-dimensional (i.e. vertical upwards) after field capacity had been reached. At this point the matric suction increased exponentially with time for suctions within the tensiometer range. Within this same range water loss from any point in the soil took place at a constant rate. This result is consistent with field observations. 相似文献
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Abstract An aquifer can be used not only as water source but also as a regulating reservoir linked to a water supply system, planning the operation of such reservoirs calls for a good knowledge of the characteristics and limitations of the aquifer, an estimate of its natural replenishment and outflows, as weil as the determination of a programme for pumping and artificial recharge. A limestone aquifer of karstic nature, heavily exploited and artificially recharged, has been studied recently with respect to its storage capacity and responses to a planned scheme of operations established for the national water supply systems. The physical characteristics of this aquifer, its inflows, outflows and dynamic behaviour, were first determined by geological and hydrological investigations. The dynamic model obtained was then verified and improved by use of a resistor-capacitor electric analog constructed for this purpose. Later on, several operational alternatives were tested on the same analog. An optimization analysis was performed on a simplified single cell model representing the aquifer system. The methodology of such integrational operation is discussed in light of the results obtained. 相似文献
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GiampaoloDISILVIO 《国际泥沙研究》2005,20(1):5-6
The International Journal of Sediment Research (edited, published and distributed by IRTCES) has, since a long time, been a valuable tool for circulating technical and scientific results in the field of erosion and sedimentation. With the present issue the Journal has become the official publication of WASER. What will this affiliation imply for the journal itself and for the readership ? 相似文献
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STATISTICAL PREDICTION GROUP OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS NANKAI UNIVERSITY 《地球物理学报》1975,18(2):118-126
本文的目的是预测今后四个月内我国大陆是否有大地震发生。根据我国大陆以外地方最近半年的地震建立一个判断量X,如果X>0.53,则认为将有大震发生。进一步的分析还可大致确定发震的地区。 相似文献
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Abstract In the Southwestern intermountain and high plains areas, precipitation is seasonal, with the major part of the rainfall occurring in the summer. Most winter precipitation occurs as low-intensity rain or snow along slow-moving cold fronts. Most summer precipitation occurs as short-duration, high-intensity thunderstorms from purely convective buildup or from convective cells developing along a weak fast-moving cold front. Almost all runoff occurs from the summer convective storms. Since runoff-producing precipitation is of primary interest at the Southwest Watershed Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, Arizona, the convective storms have been most thoroughly analyzed. Duration, intensity, areal extent, movement, character, and return frequencies for varying volumes and intensities of these convective storms are analyzed from records from dense networks of recording rain gages in four study areas in Arizona and New Mexico. The primary study areas are the 58-square-mile Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed at Tombstone, Arizona, and the 67-squaremile Alamogordo Creek Watershed near Santa Rosa, New Mexico. Three “record” storms of differing character occurring in 1960 and 1961 on Alamogordo Creek Watershed and one “record” storm in 1961 on the Wlanut Gulch Watershed are analyzed and compared in detail. 相似文献
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W. H. Ward 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):85-101
AbstractA new method is presented to generate stationary multi-site hydrological time series. The proposed method can handle flexible time-step length, and it can be applied to both continuous and intermittent input series. The algorithm is a departure from standard decomposition models and the Box-Jenkins approach. It relies instead on the recent advances in statistical science that deal with generation of correlated random variables with arbitrary statistical distribution functions. The proposed method has been tested on 11 historic weekly input series, of which the first seven contain flow data and the last four have precipitation data. The article contains an extensive review of the results.Editor D. KoutsoyiannisCitation Ilich, N., 2014. An effective three-step algorithm for multi-site generation of stochastic weekly hydrological time series. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (1), 85–98. 相似文献
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