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1.
To explore the relationship between the dominant direction of micro-cracks and the anisotropy, this research focuses on the micro-crack initiation and propagation mechanism and the anisotropic parameters evolution in the rock under uniaxial compression. Based on the maximum circumferential stress theory and the assumption of shear slip leading to the local tensile stress, the micro-crack initiation and propagation model is established, and the anisotropic parameters of rock is further explored. To verify the theory, the marble limestone, granite porphyry and granite are selected to conduct uniaxial compression experiment. It is indicated that the experimental results of elastic moduli and Poisson’s ratio are well consistent with theoretical analysis. Finally, the relationship between the dominant direction of original and secondary micro-cracks and the effect of the micro-cracks’ dominant direction on practical engineering are discussed. The results show that the dominant direction of micro-cracks is parallel to the maximum principal stress under uniaxial compression, which leads to the anisotropy of rock. With the increase of stress, the axial and transverse elastic moduli would decrease, while the extent of the decrease of axial elastic modulus is larger. The axial Poisson’s ratio would increase and the transverse Poisson’s ratio will decrease. Moreover, the Poisson’s ratio is more sensitive to the anisotropy caused by the dominant direction of micro-cracks. 相似文献
2.
长期处于变低温环境中的岩石热力学效应主要表现为材料的力学特性参数、热力系数和饱和冻结状态孔隙冰胀系数等随温度改变而发生变化,这种变化对岩体的变形及强度特性均有显著影响。根据变物性参数的非线性热弹性理论,建立了考虑热力系数和冰胀力系数的本构方程,给出了单轴压缩条件下热力效应系数随温度变化的分析格式和确定方法;借助于花岗岩不同低温干燥和饱和冻结状态的单轴压缩试验资料,获得了花岗岩低温热力效应与温度的关系,并探讨了其对花岗岩抗压强度的影响特性。分析表明,在变低温环境下花岗岩热力系数和冰胀力系数均随相对温差的增大而逐渐减小,热力系数降低速率小于冰胀系数降低速率,在同一温差下热力系数大于冰胀系数;热应力和冰胀应力与温度改变量呈非线性增长关系;花岗岩抗压强度在两种状态下均呈增大趋势,但主要以热应力为主,热力系数引起的试样轴向应力增量总是大于冰胀力引起的轴向应力增量。所给方法及研究成果可用于长期处于变低温状态下材料的力学性能研究及其工程应用。 相似文献
3.
对含预制裂纹的花岗岩进行单轴压缩试验研究预制裂纹倾角α对脆性岩石渐进性破坏过程的影响。首先埘破坏过程的轴向应力-横向应变曲线进行总结和讨论,然后分析预制裂纹与加载方向夹角α埘岩石的应应力门槛值：裂纹起始应力σci、裂纹扩展应力σed、峰值强度矿σf,由应变片记录的应力-应变曲线和试样的表嘶裂纹扩展情况的影响机制。结果表明,含有预制裂纹的岩石试样进行加载试验过程中,顶制裂纹倾角α的变化成了决定脆性岩石破裂办式的主要因素。故在对含节理、裂隙的脆性岩石的工程应用上,通过对岩休的轴向应力-横向应变向应变典线进行分析,可以对地下开挖工程起到指导设计开挖方式及支护形式的作用。 相似文献
4.
高放废物深部地质处置目前受到世界各国的高度重视。花岗岩是我国高放废物地质处置工程的候选围岩,深入了解处置库花岗岩的强度及破坏特性对于处置系统的设计及性能评价具有十分重要的意义。作为矿物颗粒的集合体,花岗岩是一种由石英、长石和黑云母等矿物组成的非均质岩石,矿物粒径对其宏观力学特性影响明显。以我国高放地质处置库预选区阿拉善花岗岩为例,选取矿物粒径差异明显的似斑状花岗岩和中粒花岗岩两类岩石,采用单轴压缩试验与数值模拟相结合的方式研究了矿物粒径对岩石力学特性的影响。单轴压缩试验在MTS815岩石力学试验系统进行,数值模拟采用基于离散元的颗粒流程序PFC2D完成。数值模拟过程中,以试件表面图像为基础,采用数字图像处理技术获取岩石内部矿物组分的实际空间分布,从而建立了精确反映花岗岩内部矿物种类及其空间位置的数值模型。利用该模型对花岗岩的单轴压缩试验进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果对比,论证了模型的可靠性。试验及模拟结果表明,阿拉善花岗岩破坏形式为脆性张拉破坏,裂纹大多平行于轴压方向,数字图像数值分析方法可真实地反映材料细观结构。矿物粒径对材料力学特性的影响主要表现为:细粒、等粒结构的岩石强度高,粗粒、不等粒结构的岩石强度低。研究成果可为掌握矿物粒径对岩石强度及变形特性的影响提供依据。 相似文献
5.
Youqing Chen Kota Watanabe Hiromu Kusuda Eishi Kusaka Mamoru Mabuchi 《Engineering Geology》2011,117(3-4):189-197
To examine the fatigue process of granite, cylindrical Westerly granite specimens, 10 mm in diameter and 20 mm in length, were subjected to a cyclic loading test under uniaxial compression with a maximum of 140 MPa at room temperature, and crack growth patterns within them were analyzed by microscopic observation and image analysis techniques. The fatigue process is divided into three characteristic stages; a primary stage in which the upper peak strain increases at a decelerating rate (stage I), a second stage with linearly slight increasing rate of strain following stage I (stage II), and the third and final stage in which the upper peak strain increases at an accelerating rate and culminates in specimen failure (stage III). A series of prefailure specimens, of which the stage in the fatigue process was decided by monitoring the strain behavior during the test, were retrieved. In addition, these specimens were compared with specimens stressed to close to the breaking strength by monotonic compression to examine the characteristic features of fatigue. The fluorescent method was applied to identify microcracks within the specimens. The advantage of this method is to provide quick and accurate identification of microcracks with an optical microscope. Microcracks are detected based on a marked difference in brightness under ultraviolet light irradiation because they are fully filled with acrylic resin mixed with a fluorescent substance in advance. Thin sections, including the axis of the specimen, 10 × 20 mm, were prepared for detailed observation after the pretreatment of the method.The results were as follows. At the initial degradation stage, distinguishing crack growth was identified in quartz grains. It is estimated that the slowdown of the strain growth rate at this stage was caused by the decrease in crack growth, that is, the portions with cracking potentiality were damaged at the first or early loading, and no further damage occurred immediately following the first damage. At the second stage, no significant crack growth in quartz grains was identified. On the other hand, in feldspar grains, development of cracks in a preferential direction, parallel to the loading direction, was observed. However, they did not grow into intergranular cracks by cutting across the grain boundaries during this stage. Consequently, it was found that a gradual progress of microcracks within feldspar grains was dominant during the second stage, and this is because the strain growth rate was in a steady and long state. At the final accelerated stage, many intergranular cracks running parallel to the loading direction were identified. It is obvious that these long cracks were formed mainly by the linking and growth of the intragranular cracks in feldspars, which were generated during the former stages. Their formation takes the fatigue process from the second stage to the final stage with a sharp increase in strain, and their further development seemed to lead the whole specimen to ultimate fatigue failure. 相似文献
6.
岩石试件表面的视频图像可作为试件表面变形破坏的信息载体。为从试验视频图像中分析出定量的信息,文章提出一种描述岩石损伤演化的新方法:计算基准图像与对比图像的相对熵,用相对熵表征变形和破裂的发展,将相对熵明显上升阶段的起点作为试件损伤演化的启动时刻。根据花岗岩试件室内单轴压缩试验拍摄的试验视频,使用灰度分界阈值分割法得到了试件各细观组分的分布,使用相对熵表征试件中不同位置、不同组分的损伤演化特征,分析了试件全局区域的损伤演化阶段,探讨了损伤演化过程与组分类型、位置之间的关系。结果表明:试件损伤从试件中部开始,先扩展至左下,再扩展至右上;组分损伤的先后顺序为长石、石英、黑云母,且损伤大小顺序为石英＞长石＞黑云母;黑云母损伤从右上开始、然后扩展至中部,石英损伤从中部开始、先后扩展至左下和右上部位,长石损伤从上部开始、先后扩展至中部和下部。 相似文献
7.
岩石细观结构对其变形强度影响的数值分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用数字图像处理技术表征岩石的非均匀性,并映射到有限元网格中,建立了能比较准确地反映岩石细观结构的数值模型。通过对花岗岩数字图像的处理,利用该模型进行花岗岩单轴压缩数值试验,研究花岗岩细观结构对其变形和强度的影响。研究表明,花岗岩细观结构对应力集中影响显著,在不同方向对花岗岩进行加载时,其抗压强度差异较大,表现出较强的各向异性行为,但对花岗岩弹性模量的影响很小。基于数字图像的数值分析方法为研究岩石细观力学性质提供了一种新的方法。 相似文献
8.
层状岩体单轴和双轴压缩蠕变特性的数值试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以绿片岩和大理岩组成的层状岩体为研究对象,采用FLAC3D对互层状岩体进行了单轴和双轴压缩蠕变试验的数值分析,在数值分析中考虑荷载方向与层理之间的几何关系、大理岩夹层的体积分数、应力水平等的影响。研究结果表明:单轴和双轴压缩条件下,随着夹层倾角由0°增加至90°,轴向和夹层倾斜方向的应变绝对值均呈先增大后减小的变化规律;随着大理岩夹层体积分数的增加,轴向压缩变形和2个侧向方向的膨胀变形量均有所减小。单轴压缩条件下,当轴向荷载方向垂直于层理时,轴向压缩变形均大于轴向荷载方向平行于层理时的轴向压缩变形;双轴压缩条件下,当轴向荷载方向垂直于层理、侧向荷载方向平行于层理时,轴向压缩变形最大,当轴向荷载方向平行于层理、侧向荷载方向垂直于层理时,轴向压缩变形最小。 相似文献
9.
考虑塑性应变率梯度的单轴压缩岩样轴向响应 总被引：9，自引：7，他引：2
基于剪切应变率梯度格式,采用解析方式研究了岩石材料在单轴压缩条件下的应变软化的结构响应。根据非局部连续介质模型,提出了一维二阶剪切应变率梯度格式。非局部剪切应变率与局部剪切应变率及其二阶梯度有关。将经典塑性理论中的局部剪切应变率替换为非局部剪切应变率,可以直接得到局部剪切应变率的封闭解析解,而不必通过将局部剪切应变对时间求导获得。通过对局部剪切应变率积分,得到了沿剪切带方向的相对剪切速度。试件峰值强度后的端部速度由弹性及塑性两部分构成。前一部分由虎克定律描述;后一部分与相对剪切速度有关。对弹性及塑性两部分速度求和,得到了单轴压缩岩样剪切破坏问题轴向响应的解析式。研究表明：试样高度越大、内部长度越小、剪切软化模量越大及泊松比越小,则岩样的轴向响应倾向于脆性。根据岩样与矿柱的相似性,岩样响应倾向于脆性,意味着矿柱将失去稳定性,发生矿柱岩爆。目前的基于剪切应变率梯度格式的主要优点是简洁。 相似文献
10.
The examination of fracturing process subjected to triaxial compression test in Inada granite 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Takashi Nishiyama Youqing Chen Hiromu Kusuda Toshihide Ito Katsuhiko Kaneko Haruyuki Kita Toshinori Sato 《Engineering Geology》2002,66(3-4):257-269
The behavior of a granite subject to a triaxial compression test ranging from the prefailure stage to the postfailure stage was studied using a fluorescent technique from the geological point of view. Microscopic observations of the specimens at different stages showed changes in the failure process. The start of formation of new microcracks paralleled the compression direction through their propagation until the onset of faulting and ended with the failure of shear zones after the strength failure point. Pores chiefly identified in the feldspar increased in length and width in the early stages, but not in number. It seems that the effect of pore spaces did not have any effect of failure. The microcracks generated on angular edges of quartz or feldspar grains and around biotite grains with increasing compression force. The phenomenon appearing on the crystal boundaries among biotite and quartz or feldspar agrees with the result calculated based on the theory on stress fields with ellipsoidal inhomogeneity suggested by Eshelby. 相似文献
11.
为研究深部巷道围岩在地下水作用下的长期蠕变力学特性,采用自主研制的深部软岩五联流变试验系统,开展不同含水率(0%、0.8%、1.6%、2.4%、3.3%)下砂岩吸水软化单轴压缩试验及单轴蠕变试验。通过试验结果研究表明：砂岩的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和蠕变破坏应力与含水率呈指数下降关系,蠕变破坏应力与单轴抗压强度的比值在0.76～0.84之间;砂岩衰减蠕变阶段时间随着含水率的增加而减少,随应力水平的增加而增加。径向应变比轴向应变先进入稳态蠕变阶段,破坏应力下径向应变的加速蠕变阶段开始时间要先于轴向应变;基于稳态蠕变速率曲线确定了砂岩的长期强度,径向稳态蠕变速率确定的值略小于轴向,长期强度与含水率之间满足负指数关系;将蠕变试验中径向应变与轴向应变之比定义为μc,提出了基于μc值的岩石长期强度确定方法且μc值与含水率无关,对于本次砂岩样品可以认为μc值大于0.3时样品会在一定时间内发生加速蠕变破坏;随着含水率的增加,样品破坏形态由单斜面剪切破坏逐渐演变至X状共轭斜面剪切破坏。研究结果为地下水作用下巷道长期稳... 相似文献
12.
利用自主研发的岩石松弛-扰动试验装置,测试了岩石加载、松弛、动态扰动和扰动后4个阶段的轴向应力、轴向应变和声发射响应,观察到了岩石试样在动态扰动后应变增加、应力降低的现象,砂岩试样的这种特征比花岗岩明显。初步分析认为,产生该现象的原因一方面由于松弛-扰动过程导致岩石内部出现不可逆的损伤,另一方面则是扰动去除后试样的残余变形。在初始压密和弹性阶段,砂岩试样的声发射撞击数少;在接近应变峰值阶段,撞击数骤增;在应力松弛阶段撞击数骤减;在动态扰动阶段,撞击数骤增。声发射是由于岩石损伤引起的,声发射数据反映了岩石的损伤是引起松弛试样在动态扰动后应变增加、应力降低的一个原因。另外,基于砂岩和花岗岩的准静态循环加、卸载试验,对砂岩、花岗岩在不同应变等级下的残余应变进行了定量化;砂岩的残余应变远高于花岗岩,这与砂岩试样在历经松弛-动态扰动后应变增加、应力降低较为明显的趋势相对应。同时,无论是松弛-动态扰动试验还是准静态循环加、卸载试验,岩石的残余变形都会随着卸荷初始应变的提高而增加。岩石的损伤与残余变形是密切相关的,两者的综合作用引起了动态扰动后岩石试样的应变增加、应力降低现象。 相似文献
13.
采用研制的真三轴仪进行水泥土单向加荷试验,研究水泥土的各向异性变化规律,探讨应力对侧向膨胀的影响。结果表明,单向加荷条件下,加荷方向均产生压缩,而侧向膨胀主要与剪应力增量 有关;大主应力 单向加荷, ,中主应力 、小主应力 方向产生侧向膨胀;中主应力单向加荷, 时, 方向产生侧向膨胀, 时,无侧向膨胀;小主应力单向加荷, ,试样不产生侧向膨胀;对于相同应力增量,试样侧向膨胀和压缩应变均随初始固结应力的增大而减小。能量分析表明,试样的侧向膨胀与某一方向的约束程度相关,约束越强,侧向膨胀量越小;约束越弱,侧向膨胀量越大。 相似文献
14.
岩石的冻融破坏是高原地区工程建设中不可忽视的自然灾害之一。冻融作用下岩石矿物的不均匀收缩和孔隙水冰相变导致岩石内部孔隙扩展造成的岩石损伤,对工程稳定具有极大的威胁。为了研究冻融循环下花岗岩的损伤规律,以川藏铁路沿线理塘县毛娅坝盆地乱石包高位远程滑坡为研究对象,针对滑带上花岗岩,通过冻融循环试验模拟高原寒冷的气候环境变化,对冻融循环后的花岗岩进行单轴压缩、电阻率和电镜扫描（SEM）试验,从宏微观多尺度综合探讨冻融循环作用对花岗岩损伤劣化的规律。从试验研究中发现:（1）冻融循环过程中花岗岩质量变化呈先减小后增大再减小的趋势,这与冻融循环引起试样表面颗粒掉落和内部裂隙扩展双重作用有关;（2）随着冻融循环次数增大,花岗岩的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和黏聚力皆呈非线性衰减趋势,而内摩擦角仅在平均值附近微小波动;（3）当冻融循环次数增加时,由宏微观试验所确定的冻融损伤因子和冻融荷载耦合作用下的总损伤因子都呈增长趋势,说明冻融次数对于花岗岩的抗压强度影响较大。研究结果可为高原地区工程建设中衡量花岗岩冻融强度特性提供参考依据。 相似文献
15.
S. Y. Wang S. W. Sloan M. L. Huang C. A. Tang 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2011,44(2):179-198
Using a numerical modelling code, rock failure process analysis, 2D, the progressive failure process and associated acoustic
emission behaviour of serial and parallel rock samples were simulated. Both serial- and parallel sample models are presented
for investigating the mechanism of rock pillar failure. As expected, the numerical results show that not only the stiffness,
but also the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock plays an important role in pillar instability. For serial pillars,
the elastic rebound of a rock pillar with higher uniaxial compressive strength can lead to the sudden failure of an adjacent
rock pillar with lower uniaxial compressive strength. The failure zone forms and develops in the pillar with lower uniaxial
compressive strength; however, the failure zone does not pass across the interface of the two pillars. In comparison, when
two pillars have the same uniaxial compressive strengths but different elastic moduli, both serial pillars fail, and the failure
zone in the two pillars can interact, passing across the interface and entering the other pillar. For parallel pillars, damage
always develops in the pillar having the lower uniaxial compressive strength or lower elastic modulus. Furthermore, in accordance
with the Kaiser effect, the stress-induced damage in a rock pillar is irreversible, and only when the previous stress state
in the failed rock pillar is exceeded or the subsequent applied energy is larger than the energy released by the external
loading will further damage continue to occur. In addition, the homogeneity index of rock also can affect the failure modes
of parallel pillars, even though the uniaxial compressive strength and stiffness of each pillar are the same. 相似文献
16.
L. G. Tham H. Liu C. A. Tang P. K. K. Lee Y. Tsui 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2005,38(1):1-19
Summary To understand the failure mechanism of quasi-brittle materials like rock under tensile stress, observations on the failure process of granite and marble plate specimens under tension are summarized and presented. Micro- and macro-failure properties of rock plates under uniaxial tension have been characterized by using an acoustic emission technique. Acoustic emission signals associated with micro-fractures are captured to locate the sources. An algorithm based on arrival time difference is developed for this purpose. The results reveal clearly the failure processes of rock which include initiation, nucleation and propagation of micro-fractures when the axial stress is close to the peak strength of rock. It is believed that the difference in heterogeneity between granite and marble specimens leads to different fracture shapes and different behaviors of associated acoustic emissions. Numerical simulation of acoustic emissions for two-dimensional tensile test is also carried out. The simulated characteristics are in good agreement with the experimental results. 相似文献
17.
本文主要研究花岗岩和砂岩两种脆性岩石的详细声发射特征。通过对花岗岩和砂岩样品进行单轴压缩试验,并在试验过程中监测样品破裂全程的声发射信号。对试验结果的分析包含了力学特性分析和声发射特性分析,声发射特性分析使用了多种参数:累积声发射计数、累积声发射能量、AF值、RA值、b值。研究主要获得了如下结果:（1）获取了岩石样品的变形参数与强度参数,并分析了其离散性;（2）岩石样品内部颗粒的胶结强度与结构的均匀性对累积声发射计数、累积声发射能量的影响;（3）需要通过进一步试验研究来确认采用AF和RA值来区分岩石类材料张拉和剪切裂纹模式的合理性及其阈值;（4）砂岩样品在接近破坏时,微裂缝活动仍然占据主导地位。文章对脆性岩石样品在单轴压缩条件下的力学特性和声发射特性进行了详尽细致的分析,发现了单轴压缩条件下脆性岩石的一些重要特性,为进一步的试验研究工作提供了基础。 相似文献
18.
单轴压缩岩样轴向回跳及侧向回跳理论研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了单轴压缩条件下轴向回跳及侧向回跳之间的关系。在应变软化阶段,试样的弹性轴向应变及弹性侧向轴向应变由虎克定律确定;试样的轴向塑性应变及侧向塑性轴向应变由梯度塑性理论确定,它们与应力水平、剪切带倾角及宽度、软化模量及试样的尺寸有关。根据轴向应力-应变曲线及侧向应力-应变曲线软化段斜率的正负,得到了轴向回跳及侧向回跳的条件。轴向回跳的原因是轴向弹性应变的恢复快于轴向塑性应变的增加。侧向回跳的原因是侧向弹性应变的恢复快于侧向塑性应变的增加。当剪切带倾角的正切小于泊松比与试样宽高比之积时,若侧向变形发生回跳,则轴向变形就发生回跳;反之,若轴向变形发生回跳,则侧向变形就发生回跳。对于常规岩样,若侧向发生回跳,则轴向必定是回跳的。在应变软化阶段,根据轴向应变及侧向应变是否发生回跳,轴向应变与侧向应变曲线被划分为4种类型：即轴向回跳及侧向回跳情形、轴向回跳及侧向回跳情形、轴向不回跳及侧向回跳情形及轴向回跳及侧向不回跳情形,并得到了各种类型的条件。 相似文献
19.
在深埋中等坚硬煤层采掘工作面煤壁片帮大多表现出明显时滞性,针对采掘工作面煤壁片帮发生时滞性应力特征,在RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统上进行煤样单轴压缩和分级加载对比试验,分析两种加载方式下煤样时滞性变形破坏特征,结果表明：两种加载方式在煤样峰值前应力-应变曲线宏观没有明显区别,单轴压缩峰值后出现分次应力跌落,而分级加载最后一级应力高于煤样屈服强度时没有明显峰值点,出现屈服平台,峰值后应力跌落迅速;单轴压缩得到的力学参数明显高于分级加载试验值,表现出煤样的力学参数具有时滞性;分级加载应力比低于70%时,煤样轴向和环向变形特征不明显,分级加载应力比高于70%时,尽管轴向应力保持恒定,随着时间延长煤样轴向和环向变形则不断增加,且环向应变远大于轴向应变,体积不断增加,在此期间,煤样继续吸收外界能量内部材料逐步损伤破坏,新生微裂纹不断演化、发展和汇聚,分级加载应力水平比越高,延时破坏越短,相反延时破坏则越长,分级加载时表现出明显时滞性特征;单轴压缩时煤样破坏相对简单,具有明显张剪性双重破裂面,而分级加载时煤样破碎充分,破坏形式复杂,环向膨胀特征明显,与采掘工作面煤壁延时片帮破坏特征极为相似。其研究结果对采掘工作面煤壁延时片帮治理具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
20.
This paper studies the depth variability of uniaxial compressive laboratory test results on intact Toki granite (i.e., sound
rock without macroscopic fractures) from the Shobasama and Mizunami Construction Sites, Japan. Some of the depth variability
observed in the laboratory results can be indirectly attributed to the high fracture frequency of the “upper highly fractured
rock domain” from which some of the samples were taken. For samples taken from the “lower sparsely fractured rock domain,”
however, the uniaxial compressive strength of the granite seems to be very strongly correlated to the level of in situ rock
stress (i.e., maximum shear stress) determined by measurement results obtained from hydrofracturing tests. The correlation
between the laboratory results and the level of in situ stress is explained by the damage due to the complex stress path that
the cores undergo during drilling, besides the stress concentrations at the drill-bit/rock contact, which can also affect
the microcracking of the samples. An attempt to adjust laboratory test results to estimate the in situ intact rock strength
of Toki granite based on its correlation with in situ stresses was carried out. 相似文献