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1.
《Marine environmental research》1987,21(2):109-119
The toxic effects of certain heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Se, As and Pb) on Scylla serrata, the common edible Indian marine crab, are evaluated. Mercuric chloride, phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA), cadmium chloride, selenium dioxide, arsenic trioxide and lead nitrate were tested individually in laboratory static bioassays using artificial seawater to determine the 24 to 96 h LC50 values. As indicated by 96 h LC50 values PMA was found to be the most toxic and lead nitrate the least toxic. CdCl2 showed a 6·6 fold increase in toxicity with increase in the time of exposure from 24 to 96 h. Marked histopathological changes were noticed in the hepatopancreas and gill of Scylla serrata exposed to acute 96 h LC50 values of these metal compounds. 30 days' long-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of mercury and cadmium brought about degenerative changes in the hepatopancreas and gill of exposed animals. Extensive cellular proliferation (hyperplasia) of secondary lamellae accompanied by cyst formation and necrotic regions were often seen in the gills of cadmium treated crabs. Interestingly enough, the free amino acid pool from muscle and hepatopancreas of treated animals, either after acute or long-term exposure, did not show any reduction in number or quantity 相似文献
2.
Sara Fratini Lorenzo Zane Lapo Ragionieri Marco Vannini Stefano Cannicci 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,79(4):679-686
The “genetic erosion” hypothesis posits that heavy metal stress is related to a loss of genetic diversity at the population level. The genetic diversity of natural populations can, however, be affected by natural processes as well as by human impact. We studied the relationship between heavy metal bioaccumulation and genetic variability in the intertidal crab Pachygrapsus marmoratus. Tissue samples were collected from 40 individuals inhabiting four polluted and four unpolluted sites along the Tuscan coast (Mediterranean basin), and were examined for four heavy metals (arsenic, As, cadmium, Cd, lead, Pb, and copper, Cu). We also assessed the genetic variability of 235 crabs from the same localities using six microsatellite loci.Our results show that the bioaccumulation levels of these individuals accurately reflect the levels of pollution in their immediate environment, and that heavy metals accumulate more in the hepatopancreas than in the gills. Moreover, populations from polluted sites have significantly less genetic variability, measured as mean standardized d2, and a significantly lower percentage of unrelated individuals, than populations from unpolluted sites. This evidence supports the “genetic erosion” hypothesis for metal heavy exposure in natural environments. 相似文献
3.
中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)雄性生殖系统发育过程中生化成分的季节变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用生化方法测定了中华绒螯蟹雄性生殖系统及肝胰腺各组织中甘油三酯、胆固醇、蛋白质、葡萄糖和糖原含量的季节变化。结果表明，全年胆固醇含量在肝胰腺、血淋巴和精巢中均有2个高峰，分别在6月和12月、7月和12月、9月和次年1月，且第二峰值均明显高于第一峰值；肝胰腺葡萄糖含量最高值出现在6月，之后逐渐下降，而血淋巴和精巢则在7月，之后亦逐渐下降；肝胰腺和血淋巴出现糖原峰值的时间和葡萄糖相似，但精巢在9月，而副性腺在8月时已达到较高含量，最高值出现在次年1月；蛋白质的变化与上述3种物质基本相似，但血淋巴出现峰值的时间要早于肝胰腺。上述各生化成分变化的先后顺序和连续性表明，肝胰腺内上述物质在进入性腺快速发育期前，经血淋巴向精巢和副性腺转移，精巢对胆固醇和葡萄糖的积累要早于副性腺，这些物质的变化与生殖周期存在明显的相关性。肝胰腺中甘油三酯始终处于积累状态，而精巢和副性腺在前期对甘油三酯的积累极少，直至后期才略有上升，表明甘油三酯并非性腺发育所必需。 相似文献
4.
The accumulation of cadmium from seawater by the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, was studied as a function of metal concentration and exposure time, with special emphasis on cadmium-binding proteins. Cadmium was found, in decreasing order of magnitude, in gills, digestive gland and hemolymph. When exposed to 0·5 ppm cadmium for 2–24h, virtually all of the cadmium in the cytosolic fraction of the gill was associated with a low molecular weight (LMW) cadmium-binding protein (MW 8000). However, after 48h of exposure only 50% of the cadmium in the cytosol was bound to this protein. The rest wasfound to be associated with proteins of a molecular weight of 300 000 and 60 000. This pattern of cadmium distribution did not change over a 12-day depuration period. Similar results were obtained upon exposure to 0·1 ppm cadmium. The pattern of cadmium accumulation in the cytosolic fraction of the digestive gland was in marked contrast to that observed for the gill. Initially, the cadmium was distributed over three low molecular weight fractions. During depuration the distribution of cadmium changed and all of the metal became bound to a low molecular weight protein (MW 9000). The cadmium concentrations in the gill and digestive gland remained essentially constant during depuration (12 days). The LMW cadmium-binding proteins were purified by a combination of gelpermeation and ion-exchange chromatography. Their molecular weight, spectral properties and amino acid composition are characteristic of the vertebrate metallothioneins. During exposure to cadmium the metal rapidly appeared in the hemolymph, mainly associated with hemocyanin. During depuration cadmium was transferred from the hemolymph to the digestive gland, demonstrating that hemocyanin acts as a carrier in trace metal transport. 相似文献
5.
去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾稚虾蜕皮和生长的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
研究了去眼柄对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)稚虾蜕皮和生长的影响.实验在水族箱内进行,实验对虾的初始体重约为2.26g,投喂的饲料为人工配合饲料,实验持续40d.实验结果如下:1.在本实验条件下,去眼柄显著加快了凡纳滨对虾稚虾的蜕皮,蜕皮周期由原来的14.6d缩短到11.4d(P<0.05);2.在本实验条件下,去眼柄凡纳滨对虾稚虾的摄食率(FId)和食物转化效率(FCEd)分别比正常组低7.91%和6.23%,特定生长率(SGRd)比正常组低14.74%,但经检验差异均未达到显著水平(P>0.05);3.在本实验条件下,去眼柄对虾用在蜕皮的能量比正常组高54.39%,经检验差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),而其他各部分能量比例差异不显著(P>0.05).实验结果表明:在本实验条件下,去眼柄缩短了对虾的蜕皮周期,但对对虾的生长并未产生显著的影响(P>0.05). 相似文献
6.
三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)CYP2基因的cDNA克隆及表达分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过RT-PCR及Smart?TM Race技术,首次克隆了三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)CYP2基因cDNA全长序列。该基因cDNA全长1662bp,编码一个由492个氨基酸组成的多肽,预测理论等电点为6.348,分子量大小为56.68kD。氨基酸序列中含有CYP基因家族所特有的K螺旋保守序列(ExxR)和血红素结合区(FxxGxxxCxG)。经氨基酸序列比对及系统进化树分析发现,与岸蟹(Carcinus maenas)的同源性最高,达到75%。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,CYP2基因在肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉、血淋巴、心脏和眼柄中均有分布,在肝胰腺中表达量最高。肌肉注射磺胺嘧啶后,三疣梭子蟹高、中、低三剂量组CYP2基因表达较对照组都有上调,并具有时间差异性,低剂量组表达量逐渐降低,趋于对照组,中剂量组和高剂量组表达量先升高后降低,6h后同一时间点,均是高剂量组表达最高,低剂量组最低。表明磺胺嘧啶可诱导三疣梭子蟹CYP2基因,CYP2基因可能参与三疣梭子蟹的药物代谢反应。 相似文献
7.
The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, is distributed along the east coast of the United States from Cape Cod, Mass., through the Gulf of Mexico, including both relatively unpolluted coastal areas and estuaries contaminated with trace metals. Cadmium is of particular concern because it is concentrated in the digestive glands of blue crabs and can be passed on to consumer organisms. Tissue concentrations and partitioning of trace metals from crabs exposed in the laboratory to 10 ppb dissolved cadmium for 40 days were compared with blue crabs collected from two locations on the Hudson River, NY, Foundry Cove and Haverstraw Bay, Foundry Cove and Haverstraw Bay, both of which have elevated trace metal levels relative to estuarine areas near Beaufort, NC. Crab digestive glands, gills and muscle were removed and analyzed for total cadmium, copper, zinc and nickel concentrations using acid digestion and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and metal-binding (metallothionein-like) proteins were determined by gel-filtration chromatography. In crabs exposed to cadmium in the laboratory, the cytosolic partitioning was similar to previous investigations at our laboratory where higher levels of cadmium (100 ppb) and shorter exposure times (14 days) were used. The similarity in cadmium partitioning from these two separate experiments indicates dose independence. In crabs from polluted environments the digestive glands contained the highest concentrations of trace metals. Chromatograms of the cytosol from the digestive glands and gills from both field and laboratory exposed crabs showed similar distributions of cadmium, copper and zinc. The gills of both field and laboratory-exposed crabs had metal-binding proteins that contained mostly cadmium, and the digestive glands had metallothionein-like proteins that contained cadmium, copper and zinc. Estimated molecular weights for these proteins were similar to the metallothioneins found in other crustaceans and mammals. 相似文献
8.
P.S. Rainbow 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,21(5):669-686
The crab Carcinus maenas (L.) and the barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin were exposed to a range of dissolved concentrations of Zn, Cu and Cd for 21 days in artificial seawater. Accumulation of Zn and Cu by crabs has been interpreted in terms of the presence of a regulation mechanism to maintain constant body concentrations (83·2 ± 19·4 μg Zn g?1 dry wt.; 39·8 ± 9·8 μg Cu g?1 dry wt.) under varying external dissolved metal levels, until a threshold dissolved metal concentration (c. 400 μg Zn l?1; c. 170 μg Cu l?1) beyond which net accumulation of metal begins. Cadium appears to be accumulated by C. maenas at all exposures with no evidence for regulation of body cadmium concentrations. Exposure of E. modestus to Zn, Cu or Cd caused net accumulation of the respective metal in the bodies of the barnacles, with no evidence for regulation of body metal concentrations. 相似文献
9.
本文首次采用RACE技术获得口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)眼柄部高血糖激素(crustacean hyperglycemic hormone,CHH)基因cDNA全长序列,共2 421 bp,5'UTR长度为180 bp,3'UTR 为1 821 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长420 bp,编码139个氨基酸。预测蛋白二级结构α-螺旋23.74%,延伸链占23.02%,无规则卷曲占53.24%,预测分子量为15.47 kD,等电点(pI)为7.049。CHH成熟肽包含6个CHH家族中位置保守的Cys残基,C端为GK,推断为ES型CHH基因。聚类分析表明:口虾蛄CHH和十足目CHH聚为同一个分支的两亚群,具有较近的亲缘关系。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,CHH基因在肠中表达量最高,在眼柄、触角中有较高的表达量,在肌肉中表达量相对较低,在卵巢中表达最低,而在精巢中不表达。 相似文献
10.
R. Howell 《Marine environmental research》1984,11(3):153-161
The acute toxicity of seawater solutions of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and mercury to two species of free-living marine nematodes was studied. Enoplus brevis (Bastian) is a euryhaline species inhabitating intertidal estuarinemud. The closely related Enoplus communis (Bastian) is stenohaline and may be found as a commensal in the byssus threads of seed mussels. Specimens of both species were collected from two sites on the Northeast coast of England showing different levels of pollution by heavy metals. Both species were more susceptible to copper, lead and mercury than to zinc and cadmium, but the order of toxicity of the metals changed with exposure concentration. The euryhaline species survived better than the strictly marine species and there is a suggestion that animals from a polluted site were more tolerant of elevated of heavy metals. 相似文献
11.
12.
Martín-Díaz ML Bamber S Casado-Martínez C Sales D DelValls TA 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):833-837
The knowledge of the reproduction and growth background related to the shore crab Carcinus maenas promotes the use of this crab as a model crustacean to asses the potential for endocrine disruption in crustaceans. In addition, an enzyme linked inmunosorbent assay (ELISA), sensitive to the shore crab vitellogenin in serial hemolymph samples allows determination of the extent of disruption of the process of vitellogenesis in female crabs and its likely impact on reproductive output. Intermoult females Carcinus maenas were exposed to concentrations of Cd: 3 microgl(-1), Cu: 15 microgl(-1) and Zn: 700 microgl(-1) determined at the Guadalquivir estuary after the Aznalcóllar mining spill, during 21 days. Crab hemolymph samples, were taken every seven days, and analyzed through an ELISA for Carcinus maenas vitellogenin. Vitellogenin concentration along the time was fitted to a first order kinetic approach. Results showed a good correlation among experimental values and estimated ones. Metal exposure resulted in an increase in vitellogenin concentration in hemolymph, especially for cadmium. 相似文献
13.
Pagurus maclaughlinae is the most common hermit in the Indian River Lagoon System. Wide variations in lagoonal salinity make it likely that P. maclaughlinae is euryhaline and that other hermit species in the area are more stenohaline, at least in some stages of their life histories. In a study of salinity tolerance, crabs were held unfed at salinities of 5–50 (25 control) for up to 30 days. Based on survivorship curves, P. maclaughlinae tolerated acute exposure to salinities of 10–45 for up to 18 days, and survivorship up to 30 days at 20–45 equaled or exceeded survivorship of the control. In a study of acclimation, the osmotic pressure of hemolymph was measured after crabs were held in the laboratory for 12, 48, and 96 h acutely exposed to salinities of 10–45. Paired t-tests revealed that the crabs weakly hyperregulated their hemolymph at 45–154 mOsmol above the external medium at all salinities and sampling times, and the osmotic differential of their hemolymph was fully acclimated by 96 h. In a third study, acclimatization of hemolymph was studied on crabs at four field sites that differed in their recent salinity histories. Field-collected crabs weakly regulated their hemolymph 72–84 mOsmol above the external medium at all sites sampled. Performance did not differ by site. The range of salinity tolerance and acclimation of hemolymph of P. maclaughlinae partly explain their wide distribution, and the consistent osmotic differential of its hemolymph indicates that the osmoregulatory ability of this small-bodied species is conserved in populations throughout the lagoon. Although some other larger-bodied hermit species in the region are euryhaline as adults, their tendency to hyperregulate strongly at low salinities possibly adds an energetic burden that, along with their less euryhaline long-lived larvae, might exclude them from the lagoon. Salinity tolerance of larval P. maclaughlinae has yet to be studied. 相似文献
14.
血卵涡鞭虫是一类主要感染海产甲壳类的致病性寄生性甲藻。近年来,该寄生性病原在我国沿海主要经济蟹类养殖区域流行性发病,给当地蟹类养殖业造成了严重经济损失。为厘清血卵涡鞭虫的生活史形态,了解宿主的病理损伤机制,本文通过血涂片法和HE染色法系统研究了感染过程中该寄生虫的形态变化和宿主的组织病理变化。结果表明,血卵涡鞭虫在感染过程中经历丝状滋养体、单核/双核/多核滋养体、团聚体、蛛网状滋养体、孢子前细胞及孢子等不同生活史阶段。感染导致三疣梭子蟹发生系统性病理变化,肝胰腺、心脏、鳃、肌肉等器官和组织在不同感染阶段均发生相应程度的组织病理变化,主要表现为体细胞破损或坏死、细胞间隙模糊、疏松结缔组织充斥大量寄生虫细胞。最终由于寄生虫在宿主主要器官组织间隙内大量增殖,导致重度感染的梭子蟹器官或组织功能破坏、丧失而死亡。 相似文献
15.
Activities of 210Po and concentrations of the chalcogen elements S and Se, were measured in muscle, stomach, gill, and hepatopancreas tissues of two groups of the common squid, Todarodes pacificus, from common spawning grounds but different feeding grounds: The Yellow Sea and the East/Japan Sea. All elements displayed lowest concentrations in the muscle tissues, but while S was highest in stomach and gills tissues, Se and 210Po were highest in hepatopancreas tissues, probably due to compartmentalization based on their toxicity. Whole body burden calculations based on organ weight contributions confirmed that the majority of the squids total S is contributed by the muscle while the majority of 210Po is contributed by the hepatopancreas. Overall, squids from the East/Japan Sea displayed significantly higher 210Po activities than those from the Yellow Sea, in line with previous reports on higher activities of dissolved 210Po in the water column of the former compared to the latter, which likely affects bioaccumulation by the foodweb. Tissue-based correlation patterns of the three chalcogens with each other and with the toxic heavy metal Cd suggest S- and Se-containing detoxifying mechanisms for 210Po and Cd in stomach and gills, but not in the hepatopancreas, which supports previous hypotheses that both 210Po and Cd could be bound to S- and Se-depleted compounds in the squid hepatopancreas. 相似文献
16.
Mercury, cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in brain, liver, kidney, heart and spleen of twenty-six specimens of the common porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) are presented. Mercury and cadmium levels in liver and kidneys tended to increase with length of animal, but copper and zinc levels show no such trends. The proportion of methylmercury to total mercury (9%–57%) in the liver decreased with increasing total mercury concentrations. Lead, chromium, nickel and cobalt levels were below the analytical detection limits (0·5, 1·0, 1·0 and 2·5 μg?1, respectively). 相似文献
17.
镉诱导长江华溪蟹(Sinopotamon yangtsekiense)心肌细胞凋亡的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用急性毒性实验方法,研究了不同浓度氯化镉(0、7.25、14.50、29.00、58.00和116.00mg/L)处理不同时间(1d、3d、5d和7d)对长江华溪蟹心肌细胞凋亡的影响。结果表明,低浓度组及染毒时间较短时镉对心肌的影响不明显,但随着染毒浓度的增加和时间的延长,心肌出现空泡变性、玻璃样变性、炎细胞浸润等病理现象,在染毒7d虽然观察到疑似的凋亡细胞,但凋亡率较低;荧光显微镜未观察到心肌细胞典型的凋亡细胞核形态学变化;琼脂糖凝胶电泳图谱未出现凋亡细胞所特有的梯状条带;流式细胞术检测结果显示镉处理组细胞凋亡率增加,但与对照组相比,无统计学意义(P>0.05);Caspase-3活性也没有显著性变化(P>0.05)。因此,在本实验所选取的浓度和时间范围内,镉未诱导长江华溪蟹心肌细胞发生细胞凋亡,这与本课题组前期研究中观察到的肝胰腺、精巢组织在染毒2d、7d发生细胞凋亡的情况明显不同,这可能与心脏组织的特殊性、不同组织对镉的积累量不同有关。 相似文献
18.
Judith S. Weis 《Marine environmental research》1985,16(3):199-214
After multiple autotomy in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator, cadmium retards limb regeneration and ecdysis. To study the effects of pre-exposure to lower levels of cadmium, groups were pre-exposed to 0·1, 0·5 or 1·0 mg liter?1 for a week prior to autotomy. Crabs were then placed in 1·0 mg liter?1 for regeneration. Pre-exposed groups were compared with groups of crabs which had not been pre-exposed to Cd. It was found that males pre-exposed to 0·5 mg liter?1 regenerated more rapidly in 1·0 mg liter?1 than those not pre-exposed. This phenomenon was not observed in females, in which none of the three pre-exposure concentrations were able to accelerate regeneration in 1·0 mg liter?1 relative to those not pre-exposed. In the pre-exposed males in which regeneration was accelerated and was comparable to control levels, no accompanying decrease of time until molting was observed. Therefore, the protective effect of pre-exposure would seem to be on the regeneration processes themselves and is not dependent on the neuroendocrine system which controls the molt cycle. 相似文献
19.
两组不同饲料对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)卵巢发育及卵黄发生的激素调控 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
甲壳动物的卵巢发育及卵黄发生受到体内各种内分泌激素的调控。本文研究了两组不同饲料—脂类营养平衡组(A组,含有磷脂和HUFA)和不平衡组(B组,缺乏磷脂和HUFA)对中华绒螯蟹卵巢发育及卵黄发生的激素调控,运用放射免疫法和放射化学法分别测定了处于不同卵黄发生期的中华绒螯蟹的肝胰腺、卵巢、血淋巴中孕酮(PG)、雌二醇(E2)的含量及中华绒螯蟹大颚器(MO)合成与分泌甲基法尼酯(MF)的速率。结果表明:1)中华绒螯蟹体内三种组织(肝胰腺、卵巢和血淋巴)中均存在PG和E2,PG可能为E2的前体;2)早熟蟹的MO合成MF速率远远大于正常发育的幼蟹,MF的大量合成与分泌是促使早熟蟹产生的主要内分泌因素;3)B组饲料(含猪油)喂养的河蟹其MO合成MF的速率均高于A组饲料(含鱼油),且B组饲料的早熟蟹转化PG速度比B组饲料的早熟蟹快;4)PG和E2的脂类结合部位能结合外源性卵黄蛋白原(Vg),通过血淋巴的运输被卵泡细胞胞吞,最终与卵母细胞内的内源性Vg结合,共同形成卵黄体;5)多不饱和脂肪酸(如EPA和DHA)可能会抑制类固醇激素的产生。研究表明,MF是中华绒螯蟹的促性腺激素,具有促使PG合成和E2转化的作用,它们共同诱导河蟹卵巢发育及卵黄发生。 相似文献
20.
Estuarine environmental assessment by sub-individual responses is important in order to understand contaminant effects and to find suitable estuarine biomonitor species. Our study aimed to analyze oxidative stress responses, including glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, total antioxidant capacity (ACAP) and lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS) in estuarine crabs Hemigrapsus crenulatus from a high anthropogenically-impacted estuary (Lenga) compared to low and non-polluted estuaries (Tubul and Raqui), in a seasonal scale (winter–summer), tissue specific (hepatopancreas and gills) and sex related responses. Results showed that hepatopancreas in male crabs better reflected inter-estuary differences. Morpho-condition traits as Cephalothorax hepatopancreas index (CHI) could be used as an indicator of physiological status of estuarine crabs. Discriminant analysis also showed that GST and TBARS levels in summer are more suitable endpoints for establishing differences between polluted and non-polluted sites. These results suggest the importance of seasonality, target tissue, sex and physiological status of brachyuran crabs for estuarine biomonitoring assessment. 相似文献