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1.
俯冲带是地球上最大地震的发源地。俯冲板块正断层为海水进入上地幔,引起蛇纹石化提供通道,其地震可能引发大海啸。研究其动力学机制,对推动俯冲带动力学过程研究及保护人类生命安全都具有重要意义。本文综述了西太平洋汤加海沟、马里亚纳海沟、伊豆-小笠原海沟和日本海沟俯冲板块外缘隆起带到海沟附近的正断层分布与变形特征,定量化阐明了地球动力学模拟方法揭示的西太平洋俯冲板块正断层形成过程。研究发现汤加海沟和马里亚纳海沟的正断层平均断距最大;俯冲板片有效弹性厚度变化直接影响正断层形成区域,而有效弹性厚度与板块年龄相关性较大。本文系统性回顾了西太平洋俯冲动力学研究并且提出了对未来相关研究的启示。  相似文献   

2.
综述了马里亚纳海沟俯冲带二维(2D)和三维(3D)深地震探测的研究进展,要点如下:1)伊豆—小笠原岛弧下方玄武质火山岩的物质成分基本一致,中地壳的速度特征与陆壳相似,岛弧底部镁铁质到超镁铁质的壳幔过渡层(crustmantle transition layer,CMTL)通过拆沉(delamination)等作用返回地幔,实现由岛弧到陆壳的演化;2)不同年龄的洋内岛弧具有不同的速度结构特征,说明它们的地壳密度不同,可用不同的模型来解释;3)岛弧体系中速度结构及演化历史在时间和空间上的特征变化,揭示了俯冲开始时洋壳和地幔的属性以及俯冲开始的原因。马尼拉海沟与马里亚纳海沟相比,虽然地质背景不同,但研究方法可以借鉴。今后的马尼拉海沟俯冲带探测的重点包括海底地震仪2D/3D联合探测、海底电磁探测,以及天然地震的长期观测等。马尼拉海沟项目的实施将加深对俯冲带运行机制的认识。  相似文献   

3.
计算了伊豆-小笠原、马里亚纳弧段的浅源地震与俯冲速率的相关系数,证实了俯冲速率是一个重要的控制因素。地震统计结果展示马里亚纳中深度(60~300km)地震存在较明显分段性,且与海底地形起伏度相对应,推断这种现象一方面因为海山俯冲引起的板块破裂程度高,导致更多的流体供应所致;另一方面可能与海山俯冲机制导致板片局部变形有关。通过全球P波波速模型,提取马里亚纳之下大约8.0km/s的等值面,揭示了俯冲板片的深部形态,在马里亚纳弧的南北两侧之下,存在两个明显的缺失,代表了板片深部的撕裂,且北部撕裂程度要比南部高,可能与北部小笠原高原与南部卡罗琳洋中脊俯冲有关。重力数据与地震数据揭示了相对于马里亚纳俯冲带北部,南部可能为强耦合,菲律宾海板块之下410~660km不连续界面滞留为太平洋板片,西南部与马里亚纳俯冲带南部俯冲太平洋板片相连。初步推断这种结构与具有较大浮力的卡罗琳洋中脊可能共同决定了马里亚纳俯冲带南部8°N、137.3°E存在的旋转极。  相似文献   

4.
Chia  -  Yen  Ku  许树坤  孙桂华 《海洋地质》2009,(4):10-22
菲律宾海板块沿台湾岛和吕宋岛之间东倾的马尼拉海沟向欧亚板块仰冲。板块汇聚边缘自南而北逐渐由南海岩石圈的正常俯冲过渡到台湾造山带的初始碰撞。与俯冲相关的地震遍及台湾附近,往台湾方向增生体急剧增宽。为了认识这种以俯冲一碰撞转换带为特征的汇聚板块边缘,我们分析了12条位于吕宋岛与台湾岛之间横切马尼拉海沟的地震反射剖面。结果显示,南海海盆北部基底通常向东和向南倾。在马尼拉海沟北段,海沟充填沉积物南部比北部多,t0层序界面是近海沉积与海沟充填沉积物的界面。可能由于台湾地区的碰撞作用,t0层序北部坡度更平缓或者被抬升。构造分析显示,马尼拉海沟北段俯冲地壳具有三个特征带：正断层带（NFZ）、原始逆冲带（PTZ）和逆冲带（TZ）。正断层带主要由俯冲地壳顶部或上部的一系列正断层组成,在接近深海沟的部位,这些正断层逐渐被海沟充填沉积物所覆盖,暗示正断层带发生在地壳开始弯曲、并引起上部沉积层重力变化的地方。由于增生体附近板块边缘强烈的汇聚作用,一些被埋藏的正断层而被活化为隐伏逆冲断层。原始逆冲带位于正断层带和增生体的前缘逆冲带之间,含隐伏的逆冲断层或者褶皱而不是逆冲断层。海沟区正断层、隐伏逆冲断层和逆冲断层在地壳结构中的连续分布,指示隐伏逆冲断层是沿着之前拉张正断层的位置发育的。上部沉积层的脆性变形很可能是强烈的挤压作用和水分较少的原因所致,最终隐伏逆冲断层可能向上发展,成为海底逆冲断层。  相似文献   

5.
日本西南部的南海海槽是一个典型的俯冲系统,由菲律宾海板块向欧亚板块俯冲形成,其俯冲板片包含了九州-帕劳洋脊（KPR）、Kinan海山链、四国海盆和伊豆-小笠原岛弧（IBA）等多种地质单元。为了研究不同地质单元的板块俯冲效应,本文系统分析了南海海槽的地球物理和岩石地球化学特征。重力和热流特征显示南海海槽中部具有低的重力异常（-20–-40 mGal）和高的热流值（60–200 mW/m2）,而东西两侧的热流值（20–80 mW/m2）较低。地震模拟结果显示俯冲板块的地壳厚度为5–20 km。地球化学结果表明俯冲板块的下覆地幔成分从西到东逐渐亏损。无震洋脊（如KPR、Kian海山链和Zenisu洋脊）的俯冲是控制南海海槽俯冲效应的主要因素。首先,无震洋脊的俯冲可能使上覆板块发生变形,沿着增生楔前缘出现不规则的地形凹陷。其次,无震洋脊的俯冲是大型逆冲地震的止裂体,阻碍了南海海槽1944年Mw 8.1和1946年Mw 8.3地震破裂的传播。此外,KPR和热的、年轻的四国海盆的俯冲会导致俯冲板片熔融,在日本岛弧上出现埃达克质岩浆活动,并为斑岩铜金矿床提供成矿物质。地球物理和地球化学特征的差异表明尽管IBA已经和日本岛弧发生碰撞,但作为IBA的残留弧,KPR仍然处于俯冲阶段,与日本岛弧之间有明显的地形分界,呈现单向收敛的状态。  相似文献   

6.
真江蓠是原产于西北太平洋的重要经济红藻。我们利用10对微卫星引物检测中国黄渤海地区真江蓠的群体遗传多样性和结构。10个微卫星位点在12个群体中共检测到65个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因（Na）为1~28,有效等位基因（Ne）为1.0~9.6。每个群体的平均等位基因（Na）、平均有效等位基因（Ne）、平均香浓指数（I）、平均观察杂合度（Ho）和平均预期杂合度（He）分别为2.4、1.6、0.419、0.133和0.227,显示较低的群体遗传多样性。中国黄渤海12个真江蓠群体间遗传分化较大（Fst=0.398 7）,基因流有限（Nm=0.377 1）,近交系数为正（Fis=0.391 3,Fit=0.634 0）,表明可能存在近交和杂合子缺失现象。Structure和UPGMA系统进化分析一致将12个群体分为两个遗传组,并在黑石礁群体（HS）和石岛群体（SD）中发现明显的遗传混杂现象。AMOVA分析显示遗传变异主要来自于群体内（73.27%）。该研究可为黄渤海地区真江蓠自然资源保护和管理提供科学依据。  相似文献   

7.
在2015年6月至2017年6月期间,跨越庆良间水道的由2台加载压力传感器的倒置式回声仪（PIES）和5台加载压力传感器和海流计的倒置式回声仪（CPIES）组成的观测断面获得了近2年的海底压力时间序列。该时间序列中存在着显著的21天周期的振荡（Pbot21）,该信号在2016年7月至10月期间尤为强烈。Pbot21与东海陆架上的风应力旋度存在较显著的3天延迟相关,其相关系数达到0.65。本文采用正压海洋模式解释了这一信号的产生、传播以及耗散过程,模式结果显示东海陆架上的风应力旋度驱动产生Pbot21并向琉球岛链传播,而深海上的风应力旋度不能驱动产生这一信号。在陆架上,Pbot21伴随21天周期的风应力旋度由海岸向东南方向传播,但由于摩擦作用,信号在离开风场后几天内即耗散。断面能否观测到Pbot21与陆架上21天周期风应力旋度场的分布相关,长江口东南方向风应力旋度驱动的Pbot21能被观测到,而长江口东北方向产生的Pbot21不能被观测到。  相似文献   

8.
壳色是影响商品贝类经济价值的重要性状。本研究以不同壳色的硬壳蛤（Mercenaria mercenaria）群体为繁殖亲贝，采用个体间随机交配的方法，成功选育了白、红和杂3种壳色的子代群体，并在池塘培育至360日时测量了其壳长（X1）、壳高（X2）、壳宽（X3）及活体质量（Y），并使用相关性分析、主成分分析和通径分析等方法，探究了不同壳色硬壳蛤在幼虫期和稚贝期的生长性状差异及壳形态性状（壳长、壳高、壳宽）对活体质量的影响。研究结果表明：在幼虫期，与白色和红色群体相比，杂色群体生长速度更快、变态率更高，但存活率低（P<0.05）；在稚贝期，白色群体表现出显著的生长优势（P<0.05）。相关性分析结果显示，3种壳色硬壳蛤的壳形态性状（X1、X2、X3）与活体质量（Y）的相关系数均达极显著水平（P<0.01）。主成分分析和通径分析结果表明，硬壳蛤的壳长（X1）是影响其活体质量（Y）的主要因素。本研究结果能够为不同壳色硬壳蛤良种选育提供重要理论依据和基础数据。  相似文献   

9.
2014年冬季西太平洋浮游植物光合作用特征   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
利用浮游植物荧光仪Phyto-PAM测量了西太平洋浮游植物最大光化学量子产量、快速光曲线系数,结合相应的生态因子,对西太平洋浮游植物进行了原位光合作用特征研究。结果表明：西太平洋走航断面表层浮游植物最大光化学量子产量Fv/Fm值基本在0.2以下,而DY（大洋）断面Fv/Fm平均值仅为0.16,光能利用效率α的变化范围为0.007-0.117,平均值为0.039;相对最大电子传递速率rETRmax变化范围为6.8-113.4（μmol/（s·m2））,平均值为32.72（μmol/（s·m2））;饱和光强Ek的变化范围为60.3-1662.7（μmol/（s·m2））,平均值为846.83（μmol/（s·m2））。DY断面Fv/Fm最大值水层与DCM层（叶绿素最大层）相吻合,既保护了浮游植物光反应中心不受强烈光辐射影响,又支持了DCM层浮游植物相对较强的光合作用和对整个水体初级生产力的贡献率。DY断面浮游植物具有极低的光能利用效率却需要较高的光强来达到光饱和,导致这种生活环境下浮游植物处于一种低活衰老的状态,这是造成某些大洋海区低生产力现象出现的原因之一。  相似文献   

10.
随机抽取3月龄脉红螺稚螺103粒,开展其表型性状对体质量性状影响分析,以期为脉红螺人工选择育种提供较好的测度指标。实验测量了脉红螺壳长（X1）、壳宽（X2）、壳厚（X3）、壳口长（X4）、壳口宽（X5）等5种表型性状和体质量性状（Y）,运用相关性分析、多元回归分析、通径分析及决定系数分析等方法分析了表型性状对体质量性状的影响。结果表明,脉红螺各性状间的相关性均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,拟合的多元线性方程为Y=-18.484 4+0.348 35X1+0.463 79X2,经自助法检验,在95%置信区间条件下,该方程决定系数（R2）范围为0.863 5~0.939 4,拟合度较好;壳长和壳宽对体质量的决定系数之和大于0.85,是最适宜用来预测体质量性状的两个表型性状指标。本研究成功分析出对脉红螺体质量直接影响作用最强的表型性状,为脉红螺选择育种理想测度指标的挑选提供了依据。  相似文献   

11.
We conducted a detailed analysis of along-trench variations in the flexural bending of the subducting Pacific Plate at the Tonga-Kermadec Trench. Inversions were conducted to obtain best-fitting solutions of trench-axis loadings and variations in the effective elastic plate thickness for the analyzed flexural bending profiles. Results of the analyses revealed significant along-trench variations in plate flexural bending: the trench relief(W_0) of 1.9 to 5.1 km;trench-axis vertical loading(V_0) of –0.5×(10)~(12) to 2.2×(10)~(12) N/m; axial bending moment(M_0) of 0.1×(10)~(17) to 2.2×(10)~(17) N;effective elastic plate thickness seaward of the outer-rise region(T_e~M) of 20 to 65 km, trench-ward of the outer-rise(T_e~m) of 11 to 33 km, and the transition distance(X_r) of 20 to 95 km. The Horizon Deep, the second greatest trench depth in the world, has the greatest trench relief(W_0 of 5.1 km) and trench-axis loading(V_0 of 2.2×(10)~(12) N/m); these values are only slightly smaller than that of the Challenger Deep(W_0 of 5.7 km and V_0 of 2.9×(10)~(12) N/m) and similar to that of the Sirena Deep(W_0 of 5.2 km and V_0 of 2.0×(10)~(12) N/m) of the Mariana Trench,suggesting that these deeps are linked to great flexural bending of the subducting plates. Analyses using three independent methods, i.e., the T_e~M/T_e~m inversion, the flexural curvature/yield strength envelope analysis, and the elasto-plastic bending model with normal faults, all yielded similar average Te reduction of 28%–36% and average Te reduction area S￠Te of 1 195–1 402 km~2 near the trench axis. The calculated brittle yield zone depth from the flexural curvature/yield strength envelope analysis is also consistent with the distribution of the observed normal faulting earthquakes. Comparisons of the Manila, Philippine, Tonga-Kermadec, Japan, and Mariana Trenches revealed that the average values of T_e~M and T_e~m both in general increase with the subducting plate age.  相似文献   

12.
GLORIA and SeaMARC II sea-floor images of offshore Western Samoa reveal large-scale mass movements, volcanism, and structural modification. These processes are driven by hot-spot mantle diapirism and nearby plate subduction. Debris avalanche deposits extend from the island slope onto the adjacent abyssal plains, covering at least 20,000 km2. Sediment flows occur in sheets up to 30 km wide; slump structures are common on steep slopes. Volcanic cones and lava sheets are evident on lower slopes and abyssal plains. Major volcanic rift zones on the island of Savaii continue offshore. Subduction-induced flexure has produced intense tensional fracturing on the outer wall of the Tonga Trench.  相似文献   

13.
Fault patterns at outer trench walls   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Profiles across subduction-related trenches commonly show normal faulting of the outer trench wall. Such faulting is generally parallel or sub-parallel to the trench and is ascribed to tension in the upper part of the oceanic plate as it is bent into the subduction zone. A number of authors have noted that outer trench wall faulting may involve re-activation of the oceanic spreading fabric of the subducting plate, even when the trend of this fabric is noticeably oblique to the extensional stress direction. However, one previous review of outer trench wall fault patterns questioned the occurrence of a consistent link between fault orientation and such controlling factors. This latter study predated the widespread availability of swath bathymetry and longrange sidescan sonar data over trenches. Based only on profile data, it was unable to analyse fault patterns with the accuracy now possible. This paper therefore re-examines the relationship between outer trench wall faulting and the structure of the subduction zone and subducting plate using GLORIA and Seabeam swath mapping data from several locations around the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The principal conclusions is that the trend of outer trench wall faults is almost always controlled by either the subducting slab strike or by the inherited oceanic spreading fabric in the subducting plate. The latter control operates when the spreading fabric is oblique to the subducting slab strike by less than 25–30°; in all other cases the faults are parallel to slab strike (and parallel or sub-parallel to the trench). Where the angle between spreading fabric and slab strike is close to 30°, two fault trends may coexist; evidence from the Aleutian Trench indicates a gradual change from spreading fabric to slab strike control of fault trend as the angle between the two increases from 25 to 30°. The only observed exception to the above rule of fault control comes from the western Aleutian Trench, where outer trench wall faults are oblique to the slab strike, almost perpendicular to the spreading fabric, and parallel to the convergence direction. Re-orientation of the extensional stress direction due to right-lateral shear at this highly oblique plate boundary is the best explanation of this apparently anomalous observation.  相似文献   

14.
Bathymetry of the Tonga Trench and Forearc: a map series   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Four new bathymetric maps of the Tonga Trench and forearc between 14 °S and 27 °S display the important morphologic and structural features of this dynamic convergent margin. The maps document a number of important geologic features of the margin. Major normal faults and fault lineaments on the Tonga platform can be traced along and across the upper trench slope. Numerous submarine canyons incised in the landward slope of the trench mark the pathways of sediment transport from the platform to mid- and lower-slope basins. Discontinuities in the trench axis and changes in the morphology of the landward slope can be clearly documented and may be associated with the passage and subduction of the Louisville Ridge and other structures on the subducting Pacific Plate. Changes in the morphology of the forearc as convergence changes from normal in the south to highly-oblique in the north are clearly documented. The bathymetric compilations, gridded at 500- and 200-m resolutions and extending along 500 km of the landward trench slope and axis, provide complete coverage of the outer forearc from the latitude of the Louisville Ridge-Tonga Trench collision to the northern terminus of the Tonga Ridge. These maps should serve as a valuable reference for other sea-going programs in the region, particularly the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and the National Science Foundation MARGINS initiative.  相似文献   

15.
Swath bathymetric, sonar imagery and seismic reflection data collected during the SOPACMAPS cruise Leg 3 over segments of the Vitiaz Trench Lineament and adjacent areas provide new insights on the geometry and the stuctural evolution of this seismically inactive lineament. The Vitiaz Trench Lineament, although largely unknown, is one of the most important tectonic feature in the SW Pacific because it separates the Cretaceous crust of the Pacific Plate to the north from the Cenozoic lithosphere of the North Fiji and Lau Basins to the south. The lineament is considered to be the convergent plate boundary between the Pacific and Australian Plates during midde to late Tertiary time when the Vitiaz Arc was a continuous east-facing are from the Tonga to the Solomon Islands before the development of the North Fiji and Lau Basins. Progressive reversal and cessation of subduction from west to east in the Late Miocene-Lower Plioene have been also proposed. However, precise structures and age of initiation and cessation of deformation along the Vitiaz Trench Lineament are unknown.The lineament consists of the Vitiaz Trench and three discontinuous and elongated troughs (Alexa, Rotuma and Horne Troughs) which connect the Vitiaz Trench to the northern end of the Tonga Trench. Our survey of the Alexa and Rotuma Troughs reveals that the lineament is composed of a series of WNW-ESE and ENE-WSW trending segments in front of large volcanic massifs belonging to the Melanesian Border Plateau, a WNW trending volcanic belt of seamounts and ridges on Pacific crust. The Plateau and Pacific plate lying immediately north of the lineament have been affected by intense normal faulting, collapse, and volcanism as evidenced by a series of tilted blocks, grabens, horsts and ridges trending N 120° to N100° and N60°–70°. This tectonism includes several normal faulting episodes, the latest being very recent and possibly still active. The trend of the fault scarps and volcanic ridges parallels the different segments of the Vitiaz Trench Lineament, suggesting that tectonics and volcanism are related to crustal motion along the lineament.Although the superficial observed features are mainly extensional, they are interpreted as the result of shortening along the Vitiaz Trench Lineament. The fabric north of the lineament would result from subduction-induced normal faulting on the outer wall of the trench and the zig-zag geometry of the Vitiaz Trench Lineament might be due to collision of large volcanic edifices of the Melanesian Border Plateau with the trench, provoking trench segmentation along left-lateral ENE-WSW trending transform zones. The newly acquired bathymetric and seismic data suggest that crustal motion (tectonism associated with volcanism) continued up to recent times along the Vitiaz Trench Lineament and was active during the development of the North Fiji Basin.  相似文献   

16.
Morphology and tectonics of the Yap Trench   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
We conducted swath bathymetry and gravity surveys the whole-length of the Yap Trench, lying on the southeastern boundary of the Philippine Sea Plate. These surveys provided a detailed morphology and substantial insight into the tectonics of this area subsequent the Caroline Ridge colliding with this trench. Horst and graben structures and other indications of normal faulting were observed in the sea-ward trench seafloor, suggesting bending of the subducting oceanic plate. Major two slope breaks were commonly observed in the arc-ward trench slope. The origin of these slope breaks is thought to be thrust faults and lithological boundaries. No flat lying layered sediments were found in the trench axis. These morphological characteristics suggest that the trench is tectonically active and that subduction is presently occurring. Negative peaks of Bouguer anomalies were observed over the arc-ward trench slope. This indicates that the crust is thickest beneath the arc-ward trench slope because the crustal layers on the convergent two plates overlap. Bouguer gravity anomalies over the northern portion of the Yap Arc are positive. These gravity signals show that the Yap Arc is uplifted by dynamic force, even though dense crustal layers underlie the arc. This overlying high density arc possibly forces the trench to have great water depths of nearly 9000 m. We propose a tectonic evolution of the trench. Subduction along the Yap Trench has continued with very slow rates of convergence, although the cessation of volcanism at the Yap Arc was contemporaneous with collision of the Caroline Ridge. The Yap Trench migrated westward with respect to the Philippine Sea Plate after collision, then consumption of the volcanic arc crust occurred, caused by tectonic erosion, and the distance between the arc and the trench consequently narrowed. Lower crustal sections of the Philippine Sea Plate were exposed on the arc-ward trench slope by overthrusting. Intense shearing caused deformation of the accumulated rocks, resulting in their metamorphism in the Yap Arc.  相似文献   

17.
西太平洋中部地区是西太平洋板块边缘沟-弧-盆体系构造演化的关键区域,其地质特征与构造演化一直是地学家关注的焦点问题之一。开展岩石圈有效弹性厚度的研究对于认识该区域的形成演化具有重要的科学意义。本文采用滑动窗口导纳技术,并在挠曲模型中考虑了表面荷载和内部荷载同时存在的情况,计算得到该区域的岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te)。计算结果显示,研究区的Te值整体上为0~50 km,其变化基本上与构造单元相吻合,且与主要的构造边界密切相关。除海底火山具有相对较小的Te值(15~20 km)外,太平洋板块整体上具有较强的岩石圈强度(25~30 km)。马里亚纳海沟和菲律宾海沟的岩石圈强度从外隆起到海沟方向表现为明显的减弱,表明岩石圈由外隆起向海沟发生了弱化。帕里西维拉海盆西部相较于东部具有较弱的岩石圈强度,这可能与海盆的非对称扩张有关。卡罗琳板块的岩石圈整体上表现为相对均一的低Te值特征(<15 km)。欧里皮克海隆、卡罗琳海岭和索罗尔海槽的Te值为3 km,这可能是强烈的火山作用所导致的结果。  相似文献   

18.
A Seabeam reconnaissance of 1200 km of the deep sediment-starved axis of Tonga Trench delineated the fine-scale relief at the outcrop of a subduction zone generally characterized by tectonic erosion rather than accretion. The commonest axial cross-section has a steep (12°) irregular inner slope intersecting the thinly sedimented surface of Mesozoic ocean crust, which dips under it at 5–6°. There is little or no intervening turbidite fill, but small lenses interpreted as debris deposits occur at the foot of parts of the inner slope that lack basins or benches which elsewhere obstruct downslope sediment transport. The oceanic slope is severely broken by parallel but slightly sinuous fractures induced by bending of the plate, and entry of outer-slope grabens into the subduction zone is confirmed to be a morphologically and tectonically important process. Arrival of oceanic seamounts and volcanic ridges at the trench outer slope and axis affects the fracture pattern of the oceanic plate, the depth of the temporarily plugged axis, and the relief of the lower inner slope. Subduction of the Louisville guyot chain, or of the extensive hotspot swell and thick sediment apron that surrounds it, has important regional effects as well, shoaling 400 km of trench axis and causing development of a small accretionary prism with trench-slope basins. Because the intersection point of the hot-spot chain has moved rapidly south along the trench, structural changes that occur in the wake of guyot-chain subduction can also be inferred: accretion at the inner slope is followed by rapid tectonic erosion, which unroofs a wider strip of downgoing lithosphere and thereby deepens the trench axis. The longitudinal profile of axial depths, made locally irregular by the collision of medium-scale volcanic and tectonic relief on the oceanic plate, also has a step near 18.5° S, where there is a regional depth difference in the oceanic crust entering the trench.  相似文献   

19.
Machias Seamount, located at 14°57′S, 172°14′W about 140 km south of Savaii, Western Samoa, rises to less than 700 m depth. This guyot is situated on the NE (seaward) flank of the Tonga Trench where depths reach 7,700 m. A SeaMARC II bathymetric and side-scan sonar survey shows that faults aligned parallel to the local strike of the Tonga Trench dissect the trench-facing half of the guyot. Faulting is largely confined to the interval within 35 km of the trench axis. Faults are absent and sediment flows are radially distributed on the NE-facing flank of the guyot. Sediment flow is pervasive on the trench-facing (SW) slope, but the pattern is not radial because the neo-tectonic fabric controls resedimentation.  相似文献   

20.
A 1987 survey of the offshore Peru forearc using the SeaMARC II seafloor mapping system reveals that subduction of the Nazca Ridge has resulted in uplift of the lowermost forearc by as much as 1500 m. This uplift is seen in the varied depths of two forearc terraces opposite the subducting ridge. Uplift of the forearc has caused fracturing, minor surficial slumping, and increased erosion through small canyons and gullies. Oblique trending linear features on the forearc may be faults with a strike-slip component of motion caused by the oblique subduction of the Nazca Ridge. The trench in the zone of ridge subduction is nearly linear, with no re-entrant in the forearc due to subduction of the Nazca Ridge. Compressional deformation of the forearc due to subduction of the ridge is relatively minor, suggesting that the gently sloping Nazca Ridge is able to slide beneath the forearc without significantly deforming it. The structure of the forearc is similar to that revealed by other SeaMARC II surveys to the north, consisting of: 1) a narrow zone (10 to 15 km across) of accreted material making up the lower forearc; 2) a chaotic middle forearc; 3) outcropping consolidated material and draping sediment on the upper forearc; and 4) the smooth, sedimented forearc shelf.The subducting Nazca plate and the Nazca Ridge are fractured by subduction-induced faults with offsets of up to 500 m. Normal faulting is dominant and begins about 50 km from the trench axis, increasing in frequency and offset toward the trench. These faults are predominantly trench-parallel. Reverse faults become more common in the deepest portion of the trench and often form at slight angles to the trench axis.Intrusive and extrusive volcanic areas on the Nazca plate appear to have formed well after the seafloor was created at the ridge crest. Many of the areas show evidence of current scour and are cut by faulting, however, indicating that they formed before the seafloor entered the zone of subduction-induced faulting.  相似文献   

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