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1.
This article examines the nature and timing of U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) in the London legal market. Evidence from a survey of thirty–eight U.S. subsidiaries suggests that FDI has taken place primarily to serve U.S. clients located within the United Kingdom. The evidence also suggests that early investors (pre–1990) belong to a core group of multinational companies with headquarters located in first–tier U.S. cities (New York, Chicago, Los Angeles). Later investors more typically hail from smaller cities. The evidence reveals a number of important differences between early versus late investors. Specifically, subsidiaries that were established prior to 1990 are more likely to enjoy local decision–making autonomy than are their counterparts that entered the London market more recently. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of the survey findings for future research on FDI in professional services. 相似文献
2.
The spatial structure of a region is known to affect the degree of face-to-face interaction opportunities for a city’s residents. These interaction opportunities are important building blocks in aspects of economic production. To date, though, there is scant empirical evidence linking interaction opportunities to worker locations. In this article, using a spatial measure of social interaction potential (SIP), we seek to discover whether, and by how much, opportunities for interaction differ at home and work locations for workers within different industry and occupation groups in U.S. metropolitan areas. Based on the time-geographic concept of joint accessibility, SIP is sensitive to population and employment densities, as well as travel times associated with worker commutes in a region. We compare SIP at the census tract level of geography both within and between Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) nationally and test SIP distributions by occupation and industrial categories using nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests. The study finds that several categories of higher skill and creative workers live and work in higher SIP areas. These findings provide evidence in support of theories of knowledge creation that rely on spontaneous face-to-face interaction and also indicate the effect of lifestyle preferences in location choices for highly skilled and arts workers. 相似文献
3.
Thomas J. Cooke 《Urban geography》2013,34(2):219-235
The human capital and creative class hypotheses argue that the agglomeration of skilled and creative people is key to economic growth. Migration is assumed to play an important role in forming these agglomerations. However, the results of this study indicate that while younger cohorts of skilled and creative individuals are highly mobile, skilled and creative couples are highly immobile. This research hypothesizes that it is these relatively immobile skilled and creative couples that are behind the link between urban growth and concentrations of skill and creativity. Indeed, this analysis finds a strong empirical link between concentrations of skilled couples, but not creative class couples, and economic growth. Public policies designed to increase the size of the skilled population should be directed at retaining younger cohorts long enough for them to develop the local networks upon which spillover effects rely. 相似文献
4.
《Urban geography》2013,34(5):595-622
The complexity of the firm is a hallmark of the current economy. Corporate subsidiaries and their headquarters are a key expression of the development of businesses today. The analysis presented here extends on previous subsidiary research by analyzing the evolving headquarters location of foreign and domestic subsidiaries in the United States and Canada from 1996 to 2004. This study finds that certain U.S. and Canadian sectors are home to disproportionate numbers of subsidiaries. It also shows that different sectors in each country have seen major changes in their subsidiary communities, that foreign and domestic subsidiaries in the United States and Canada exhibit distinctive geographies, and that parent corporations from various countries follow distinctive strategies in locating their U.S. and Canadian subsidiary headquarters. The study argues that this line of research is one component in the strengthening of theory related to the location of elite corporate activities. 相似文献
5.
从总贸易、出口、进口、外资和人员5个视角构建对美风险系数,测度和比较各省区市对美外贸风险的地理差异。结果表明：上海、浙江和福建与美国的进出口贸易规模最大,对美国市场的依赖程度最高,面临的综合外贸风险最大;河南尤其需要防范对美国的出口风险;海南、新疆、天津和西藏等需要加强从美国进口的风险管理;重庆除了需要防范对美出口风险外,还因为实际利用美资最多且依赖程度最大,亟需加强外资风险管理。宁夏和山西虽然从美国的引资规模不大,但是对美资的依赖程度最高,亟需提升外资多元化水平。从人员跨境流动风险来看,上海、北京和浙江面临的风险最大。中国各省区市在应对美国出口管制时应该加强外贸风险的识别和管理,针对不同的风险采取差别化的防范和化解措施。 相似文献
6.
美国外资R&D的空间集聚特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文考察美国境内的715家外资R＆D机构的空间分布和集聚现象,发现美国的外资R＆D机构高度集中在三类地区;一是以硅谷和研究三角园区为代表的科技园区,二是纽约等经济中心城市,三是以底特律为代表的专业化工业城市。不同地区的外资R＆D机构的行业结构与当地的优势行业完全一致,如硅谷的外资R＆D机构主要是从事计算机技术的研发,底特律的外资R＆D全部是从事汽车工业或与之有关技术的研发,纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥的外资R&D机构所从事的行业则呈现与各城市优势行业一致的多样性。 相似文献
7.
前苏联是世界上铁路运输利用率最高的国家。本文从其铁路发展的背景条件出发，分析了铁路成为前苏联最主要运输方式的原因，并进一步探讨了前苏联铁路网的建设、发展和分布特点，对我国正在进行的大规模铁路建设有一定借鉴意义。 相似文献
8.
James E. McConnell 《The Professional geographer》1981,33(1):63-71
Analysis of recent trends in the foreign ownership and trade of United States high-technology manufactures reveals that foreign-based corporations are intensifying their direct investments in United States technology-intensive industries, that the locations of foreign-owned subsidiaries are becoming increasingly dispered thoughout the country, and that the industry-level concentration of foreign direct investments is highly correlated with the specialization of United States high-technology imports from the principal investing countries. 相似文献
9.
本文论述了美国对外直接投资产业结构变化与国内经济变化的互动关系、对外直接投资的产业选择和区域战略的演变及现状特点，并针对我国企业跨国经营的现状提出了立足亚太、放眼世界；兼顾资源导向和市场导向的对外投资战略。 相似文献
10.
具有百余年历史的美国国家公园志愿者服务已成为美国国家公园管理的重要部分,志愿者服务有效实现了美国国家公园的全民管理思路。通过实地考察和访谈记录梳理,就国家公园志愿者服务的相关概念、服务动机、服务决策、服务内容、服务支持和服务机制深入剖析,从庞大有序的服务系统、管理与运行、功能实现三方面分析国家公园志愿者服务机制;提炼出美国国家公园志愿者服务的四个支持：宣传支持、技术支持、学习支持和立法支持。并以美国海峡群岛国家公园为例进行论证。最后提出国家公园志愿者服务和中国国家公园志愿服务尚需研究的诸多内容,任重而道远。 相似文献
11.
The recent growth in the U.S. brewing industry is remarkable, and the prevailing number of breweries has not been seen since the late nineteenth century. Several studies have shown that beer-producing facilities are spatially uneven across the United States. These previous studies used spatial units, however, such as metropolitan statistical areas, that might bias conclusions. Using a multiscale core-cluster approach, we explicitly identify where significant agglomerations of brewers are located. Our approach offers two refinements to standard cluster detection methods. First, instead of using fixed spatial boundaries, our method allows us to measure the concentration of brewery point locations across a spectrum of spatial scales. Additionally, our approach enables us to account for important underlying factors that influence the location of beer production. We use point data for all U.S. breweries in 2014. Our results show that the localization of beer production is significant and strongest at small spatial scales and diminishes rapidly with increasing distance, after controlling for population. We map the results to show the spatial variation in brewery agglomeration across the United States. 相似文献
12.
Sébastien Darchen 《Urban geography》2016,37(2):202-222
In this paper, I question whether agglomerations of video game companies in Australia function as clusters (spatially bound) or rather as communities (not spatially bound). The two case studies included in the analysis are the main agglomerations of video companies in Australia—Brisbane and Melbourne. The data have been collected through 21 semi-structured interviews performed between 2012 and 2014. The main findings are as follows: (1) the primary reason that video game companies come together is to share tacit knowledge and skilled labour; (2) these agglomerations do not have the attributes of “creative clusters”; and (3) new technologies enable experienced game developers to operate at the geographic periphery of the main agglomeration of developers. Therefore, to paint a more accurate picture of why some video game companies are successful—beyond simply positive externalities associated with co-localization—I propose the term “networked communities.” This recognizes that social networks at varying scales (local, national, international) are being developed by video game firms in order to thrive and reach a global audience. 相似文献
13.
Kavita Pandit 《The Professional geographer》1994,46(3):331-345
Studies of migration regions are characterized by two separate conceptual approaches. The first views migration regions as clusters of highly interconnected spatial units (subsystems) while the other defines them as groups of spatial units with a similar geographic structure of flows (typologies). This paper highlights the theoretical and methodological distinctions between migration subsystems and typologies. An empirical analysis using U.S. migration data for 1940, 1960, and 1980 shows that although migration subsystems and typologies have both changed over time, each reveals a different dynamic of regional change and has different morphological characteristics. 相似文献
14.
With observed increases in global temperatures indicating changes to anomalous temperature events (ATE), few studies have considered the changes associated with both heat and cold together. This study evaluates the changes in heat waves and cold spells for 55 U.S. metropolitan areas (1948–2012). Using surface observations, thresholds of mean apparent temperature were used to define heat, extreme heat, cold, and extreme cold events. Days that exceeded the 95th temperature percentile were considered heat days. Similar values were used to define extreme heat (97.5th), cold (5th), and extreme cold (2.5th). Thresholds were calculated independently for each of the locations, incorporating spatial variability into the ATE definition. Changes in duration, seasonal timing, and frequency, all of which have been shown to be important characteristics in regard to heat and cold events, were evaluated. Significant changes in some characteristics were found. Across many locations, heat events have become more frequent, longer lasting, and earlier occurring, while cold spells have experienced an opposite trend. Since heat and cold events impact a range of ecological and bioclimatological processes, understanding the variability and changes associated with ATE remains an important aspect to consider as society prepares for future events. 相似文献
15.
Andrew C. Comrie 《The Professional geographer》1996,48(3):237-251
The potential exists for widespread air quality problems in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. Climate and weather are major factors governing the behavior of air pollution, and thus there is a need for greater understanding of border-region air pollution climatology. This paper presents a synoptic climatology of the 850 mb atmospheric circulation for the U.S.-Mexico border region, and an accompanying analysis of relationships between synoptic conditions and ground-level ozone. The synoptic methodology employs high-pass filtering to enable comparisons of all seasons, and it uses modified multiple k means clustering to identify six characteristic circulation patterns. The climatology succinctly summarizes important spatial and temporal complexities of border region circulation, including various pressure configurations, the seasonality of those patterns, and associated weather conditions across the region. These results are linked with ozone data for four border-region cities, and the subsequent findings highlight systematic seasonal and region-wide variations in ozone pollution corresponding to patterns of controlling climatic factors. Three high-ozone scenarios are identified, each of which selectively affects a different area or time of year. 相似文献
16.
Frederick P. Stutz 《The Professional geographer》1980,32(4):393-399
Experience with five funded and three unfunded state and local-government research projects involving transportation, land use, and community planning problems reveal that state and local government agencies are usually understaffed and cannot divert resources from immediate needs. A major need is for data and analysis to satisfy short-term responsibilities. In-house staff and consultant companies can best fill this need. Information and analysis for the intermediate and long run can best be developed by the universities because of better-quality research at low costs. Such applied research opportunities at the local and state levels should be sought by geographers. Research of this kind is becoming more accepted vis-á-vis the goals and reward system of the university community. 相似文献
17.
A GEOGRAPHY OF THE VENTURE CAPITAL INDUSTRY IN THE U. S.* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The venture capital industry in the U.S. has important implications for the growth of “high tech”industries and the viability of the small firm sector. Venture capital is provided largely through independent firms, quasi-public Small Business Investment Corporations (SBICs) and corporate subsidiaries. The regional distribution of VC firms has changed over time but New York, Massachusetts, and California account for one-half of the current firms. An analysis of regional flows of VC investment reveals that California, Massachusetts and Texas were the leading recipient states while the Plains region receives the least amount of capital. Given the concentrations of VC activity, a regional mismatch in the supply of and demand for such funds may exist. The investment needs of small firms, the employment impacts of the VC industry, and the matching of VC supply and demand are seen as useful research directions. 相似文献
18.
PETER A. BURROUGH ANDY BODDINGTON 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(5):425-440
Abstract The Economic and Social Research Council in the United Kingdom (U.K.) established the Regional Research Laboratory (RRL) Initiative in 1987 to improve facilities for data processing in the social sciences. The Trial Phase in 1987, which was modestly funded for 18 months, established four trial sites and a National Co-ordinator. The Main Phase of the Initiative, covering 8 laboratories at 10 locations, was launched in October 1988, following submission and selection of proposals. Although not originally planned as such, the initiative became a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) programme because the best proposals came from geographers and planners skilled in the processing of spatial data and because of interest stimulated by the influential Chorley Report. This article reviews the major aims of the Initiative and the progress reached after two years to September 1990. The initiative was highly effective in stimulating new research and development work that had regional, national and international dimensions. Nevertheless, with the exception of one RLL, funding has not been continued beyond 1991 and the initiative has been replaced by a network of University Departments working to continue the academic work with GIS in the U.K. for the next three years. 相似文献
19.
Employment mobility in high-technology agglomerations: the cases of Oxfordshire and Cambridgeshire 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper examines labour market behaviour of the highly skilled in high-tech local economies, taking the UK examples of Oxfordshire and Cambridgeshire as case studies. It reports on data from a survey of members of three scientific institutes to compare rates of employee mobility in the two locations and considers the likely explanations and implications of those patterns. 相似文献
20.
美国对外直接投资的区域和行业分布变化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文对20年来美国对外直接投资的区域和行业分布特征的研究表明：20世纪90年代是美国对外直接投资持续快速增长期；欧洲、拉美和加拿大是美国主要的投资区，集中了总投资的80％；从对外投资的行业分布特征来看，集中在制造业和金融、保险、房地产业，特别是金融、保险和房地产业所占比重持续上升。对外商直接投资区域和行业分布特征的研究，应从宏观经济和微观企业层面相结合的角度进行分析，才能把握跨国公司对外投资的实质。通过对跨国公司投资行为的时空变化研究，相对落后国家可以制定相应的政策，吸引投资，促进本国经济的发展。 相似文献