共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
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利用1988～1997年6～8月气象资料,分析了濮阳市汛期出现大至暴雨的天气形势及单站要素,确定了大至暴雨消空指标和预报因子,建立了预报方程.经对1998～2000年试报,预报方程大至暴雨的概括率88.9%,预报成功率66.7%. 相似文献
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利用１９９０～１９９６ 年６～８ 月欧州中心数值预报格点资料及濮阳市大～暴雨资料,找出预报指标,建立濮阳市中期汛期大～暴雨预报业务系统。系统产品上网运行,供市县台调用。 相似文献
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利用常规气象资料、EC资料及广西气象台降水资料,采用统计、诊断方法,分析了广西1960年以来日暴雨30站以上的锋面暴雨过程,了解该类暴雨的发生特征。表明:(1)该类暴雨年平均出现0.8次,1990年以后呈增多趋势,月分布最多出现在5月;(2)有7次过程引发主要江河超警戒洪水,主要出现在汛期5～7月;(3)暴雨落区频数分析显示,最大频数位于桂北;(4)持续2d超大范围锋面暴雨过程出现2次,主要出现在2008年以后;(5)暴雨预报关键区南风指数≥45m.s-1,同时北风指数≤0m.s-1,是该类暴雨预报的关键指标,过程比例为72.2%,处于合理预报指标范围,可以作为该类暴雨预报指标。 相似文献
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安阳市的暴雨集中在7月中旬至8月中旬.且年际变化大.造成暴雨的主要天气系统是冷式切变、暖式切变与台风及西南涡.通过对1963～1987年25年历史天气图普查,找出了暴雨基本模式,确定了预报指标. 相似文献
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开封市6—8月24h大—暴雨分县预报方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用１９５６～１９８９ 年开封市气象资料,对区域性暴雨影响系统进行分型。在符合区域性大～暴雨入型条件和指标的条件下,利用单站温、压、湿资料,选择预报因子,建立预报方程,并确定分县大～暴雨指标。 相似文献
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通过对１９８０～１９９４年洛阳区域６月份大～暴雨资料分析，归纳了环流类型及大～暴雨的时空分布特征，提出了一些预报着眼点 相似文献
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利用1983-1992年6-8月气象资料，分析了出现大-暴雨的天气形势及单站要素，确定了产生大-暴雨的天气系统和预报指标，经过对1993-1995年的试报，大-暴雨的概括率88.9%，预报成功率66.7%。 相似文献
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Stéphane Hallegatte 《Global Environmental Change》2009,19(2):240-247
Many decisions concerning long-lived investments already need to take into account climate change. But doing so is not easy for at least two reasons. First, due to the rate of climate change, new infrastructure will have to be able to cope with a large range of changing climate conditions, which will make design more difficult and construction more expensive. Second, uncertainty in future climate makes it impossible to directly use the output of a single climate model as an input for infrastructure design, and there are good reasons to think that the needed climate information will not be available soon. Instead of optimizing based on the climate conditions projected by models, therefore, future infrastructure should be made more robust to possible changes in climate conditions. This aim implies that users of climate information must also change their practices and decision-making frameworks, for instance by adapting the uncertainty-management methods they currently apply to exchange rates or R&D outcomes. Five methods are examined: (i) selecting “no-regret” strategies that yield benefits even in absence of climate change; (ii) favouring reversible and flexible options; (iii) buying “safety margins” in new investments; (iv) promoting soft adaptation strategies, including long-term prospective; and (v) reducing decision time horizons. Moreover, it is essential to consider both negative and positive side-effects and externalities of adaptation measures. Adaptation–mitigation interactions also call for integrated design and assessment of adaptation and mitigation policies, which are often developed by distinct communities. 相似文献
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Abstract Economic studies suggest that market leakage rates of greenhouse gas abatement can reach the two-digit percentage range. Although the Marrakesh Accords require Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to account for leakage, most projects neglect market leakage. Insufficient leakage accounting is facilitated by a lack of applicable methods regarding the quantification and attribution of project-related leakage effects. This article proposes a method for attributing CDM-related market leakage effects to individual projects. To this purpose, alternative attribution methods are analysed. We find that project-specific approaches fail to take account of market leakage effects. Consequently, we propose to estimate aggregate market leakage effects and attribute them proportionally to individual projects. We suggest that predetermined commodity-specific leakage factors are applied by project developers to any emission reductions that are associated with a project's leakage-relevant demand or supply changes. This approach is conservative, equitable, incentive-compatible and applicable at manageable costs. 相似文献
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Maciej Sadowski 《Climatic change》2008,90(4):443-451
Adopted by COP 10 (Dec 1/CP.10) and approved by the MOP1, the Buenos Aires programme of adaptation and response measures opens
doors to intensify preparations for expected climate change. By this decision the COP, requested the SBSTA to develop a structured
5-year programme of work of the SBSTA on the scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of impacts of, and vulnerability
and adaptation to, climate change. Consequently, the COP, by its decision 2/CP.11, adopted the “Five-year programme of work
of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change”
Finally during COP12 this programme was approved as “Nairobi Work Programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate
change”. This programme has fundamental significance not only for developing countries, but also for industrialized nations
in which some sectors of the or social life are particularly vulnerable to climate change, specifically, inter alia EIT countries and new EU Member States. Further development of this adaptation programme economy should contain steps that
provide optimum economic and social effectiveness, risk management, identification of vulnerable sectors and gaps in knowledge,
preparation of a list of policy options, including an analysis of cost effectiveness, selection of the most effective policies,
and a preparedness implementation plan. In Poland the preliminary adaptation programme covered agriculture, water management,
and coastal zone management. For the time being, gaps in knowledge and preparedness measures have been identified. An estimation
of possible impact on these areas was based on chosen GCMs, and sea level rise IPCC scenarios. In conclusion, it was stated
that the results achieved should be seen as a first step forward and a more comprehensive study is necessary to update the
results and cover other sectors of the economy, such as health protection, spatial planning, ecosystems and forestry, and
to develop specific guidelines and recommendations for policy-makers. 相似文献
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Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Kevin E. Trenberth 《Climatic change》2012,115(2):283-290
The atmospheric and ocean environment has changed from human activities in ways that affect storms and extreme climate events. The main way climate change is perceived is through changes in extremes because those are outside the bounds of previous weather. The average anthropogenic climate change effect is not negligible, but nor is it large, although a small shift in the mean can lead to very large percentage changes in extremes. Anthropogenic global warming inherently has decadal time scales and can be readily masked by natural variability on short time scales. To the extent that interactions are linear, even places that feature below normal temperatures are still warmer than they otherwise would be. It is when natural variability and climate change develop in the same direction that records get broken. For instance, the rapid transition from El Ni?o prior to May 2010 to La Ni?a by July 2010 along with global warming contributed to the record high sea surface temperatures in the tropical Indian and Atlantic Oceans and in close proximity to places where record flooding subsequently occurred. A commentary is provided on recent climate extremes. The answer to the oft-asked question of whether an event is caused by climate change is that it is the wrong question. All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be. 相似文献
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随着用户的增多,MOMINO邮件服务器上的硬盘空间越来越少,如果不增加硬盘空间,将会严重影响到系统的运行,甚至死机。一个解决方案是:为服务器新增一个大硬盘,将数据库文件移到新硬盘上。如何以最小的代价、最快的速度、尽量不影响用户的正常使用来完成此项工作呢?通过查询相关资 相似文献
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龚朝东 《高原山地气象研究》2006,26(2)
随着用户的增多,MOMINO邮件服务器上的硬盘空间越来越少,如果不增加硬盘空间,将会严重影响到系统的运行,甚至死机.一个解决方案是:为服务器新增一个大硬盘,将数据库文件移到新硬盘上.如何以最小的代价、最快的速度、尽量不影响用户的正常使用来完成此项工作呢?通过查询相关资料,并做了实验,发现有两种方法相对简单. 相似文献
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介绍采用W inRoute F irewall软件实现市、县局用户共享上网的方法,使市县局用户既能共享网络资源,又能有效地保障网络安全。 相似文献
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We propose linear response functions to separately estimate the sea-level contributions of thermal expansion and solid ice discharge from Greenland and Antarctica. The response function formalism introduces a time-dependence which allows for future rates of sea-level rise to be influenced by past climate variations. We find that this time-dependence is of the same functional type, R(t) ～ t α, for each of the three subsystems considered here. The validity of the approach is assessed by comparing the sea-level estimates obtained via the response functions to projections from comprehensive models. The pure vertical diffusion case in one dimension, corresponding to α = ?0.5, is a valid approximation for thermal expansion within the ocean up to the middle of the twenty first century for all Representative Concentration Pathways. The approximation is significantly improved for α = ? 0.7. For the solid ice discharge from Greenland we find an optimal value of α = ?0.7. Different from earlier studies we conclude that solid ice discharge from Greenland due to dynamic thinning is bounded by 0.42 m sea-level equivalent. Ice discharge induced by surface warming on Antarctica is best captured by a positive value of α = 0.1 which reflects the fact that ice loss increases with the cumulative amount of heat available for softening the ice in our model. 相似文献