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1.
裂缝型储层表现出较强的各向异性特征.缝隙中充填不同流体时,裂缝储层的地震响应特征也不相同.本文从各向异性岩石物理模型出发,引入可有效识别缝隙流体的指示因子,并研究缝隙充填流体类型、饱和度以及缝隙纵横比与流体因子的相互关系,进而分析不同流体充填时介质的地震响应特征,并基于AVAZ反演方法估测缝隙流体指示因子.首先对缝隙流体因子的敏感性进行了分析,讨论当缝隙充填不同流体时,缝隙流体因子值的变化特征,同时研究了不同流体类型充填时裂缝储层反射系数随方位角和入射角的变化特征.某工区测井数据和复杂裂缝模型应用表明,基于各向异性岩石物理的缝隙流体因子AVAZ反演方法合理、可靠,且具有良好的抗噪性,即当对合成地震记录添加信噪比不小于1/2的随机噪声时,利用AVAZ反演方法估测所得流体因子值与真实值仍然吻合较好. 相似文献
2.
裂缝型储层的描述包括预测裂缝分布特征和识别裂隙充填物.依据等效介质理论计算的纵波速度随裂缝密度的增大而减小.正演地震记录显示,裂缝介质含气时反射振幅最大,且变化程度比含油或含水时大.叠前方位AVO反演所得的各向异性梯度Bani与裂缝密度成正比,可用于描述有效裂缝发育强度.对于不同的裂缝密度,各向异性梯度Bani与各向同性梯度Biso的比值I(1)fluid近似为常数,且对流体敏感.经裂缝纵横比和背景介质拉梅常数修正后,流体因子Ifluid既不随纵横比变化,又不受背景介质的影响,是裂缝型储层敏感的流体识别因子.在塔里木盆地塔北哈拉哈塘地区热瓦普区块碳酸盐岩储层裂缝发育区域,运用该参数在井点处的流体识别效果与钻井结果一致. 相似文献
3.
裂缝储层岩石物理参数的准确获得对地下裂缝预测具有重要意义,而叠前方位AVA地震反演是获得裂缝岩石物理参数的有效手段.假设地下岩石为倾斜横向各向同性（TTI）介质,本文从裂缝岩石物理等效模型的构建出发,从测井数据中估计出纵横波相对反射系数和裂缝柔度参数.通过推导含裂缝柔度的方位各向异性反射系数公式,基于贝叶斯反演框架建立了P波线性AVAZ反演方法.合成地震数据应用表明基于贝叶斯理论的TTI介质裂缝柔度反演方法具有一定抗噪性,可以降低裂缝柔度估测的不确定性,为地下裂缝预测提供有力的依据. 相似文献
4.
利用新方法制作出含可控裂缝的双孔隙人工砂岩物理模型,具有与天然岩石更为接近的矿物成分、孔隙结构和胶结方式,其中裂缝密度、裂缝尺寸和裂缝张开度等裂缝参数可以控制以得到实验所需要的裂缝参数,岩样具有真实的孔隙和裂缝空间并可以在不同饱和流体状态下研究流体性质对于裂缝介质性质的影响.本次实验制作出一组具有不同裂缝密度的含裂缝人工岩样,对岩样利用SEM扫描电镜分析可以看到真实的孔隙结构和符合我们要求的裂缝参数,岩样被加工成八面棱柱以测量不同方向上弹性波传播的速度,用0.5 MHz的换能器使用透射法测量在饱和空气和饱和水条件下各个样品不同方向上的纵横波速度,并得出纵横波速度、横波分裂系数和纵横波各向异性强度受裂缝密度和饱和流体的影响.研究发现流体对于纵波速度和纵波各向异性强度的影响较强,而横波速度、横波分裂系数和横波各向异性强度受饱和流体的影响不大,但是对裂缝密度的变化更敏感. 相似文献
5.
深入了解压力作用下裂缝性岩石的声学各向异性,在地球物理应用中具有重要意义.本文基于各向异性微分等效介质模型,结合不同压力下含硬币状定向排列裂缝岩石以及不含裂缝岩石在不同方向上的超声速度测量数据,计算得到不同压力下的裂缝参数,并进一步分析了压力引起的裂缝参数的改变,及其对岩石各向异性速度的影响.结果表明,岩石的裂缝密度与裂缝纵横比随着压力的增加呈现指数减小,并且裂缝纵横比与裂缝密度之间线性相关;模型计算结果发现,当岩石所受压力增加时,随着裂缝密度的减小,不同方向的岩石速度呈现不同程度的增加,其中垂直裂缝方向纵波速度的增加最为明显,随着裂缝纵横比的减小,不同方向的岩石速度基本不变;压力增大引起的裂缝密度的降低使岩石的各向异性参数减小,岩石整体的各向异性随之降低. 相似文献
6.
长波长假设条件下,各向同性背景地层中发育一组平行排列的垂直裂缝可等效为具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性（HTI）介质.基于不同观测方位的岩石地震响应特征变化,宽方位地震数据不仅可实现裂缝岩石弹性参数与各向异性参数的预测,同时也蕴含着丰富的孔隙度等储层物性参数信息.本文结合实际地震资料提出了贝叶斯框架下岩石物理驱动的储层裂缝参数与物性参数概率地震联合反演方法,首先基于AVAZ反演裂缝岩石的弹性参数与各向异性参数,并在此基础上通过统计岩石物理模型表征孔隙度、裂缝密度等各向异性介质储层参数与裂缝岩石参数的相互关联,并采用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛（MCMC）抽样方法进行大量样本的随机模拟,使用期望最大化（EM）算法估计后验条件概率分布,最终寻找最大后验条件概率对应的孔隙度、裂缝密度等HTI裂缝介质储层参数即为反演结果.测井及实际地震数据处理表明,该方法能够稳定合理地从方位地震资料中获取裂缝岩石弹性参数与各向异性参数,并提供了一种较为可靠的孔隙度、裂缝密度等裂缝介质储层参数概率地震反演方法. 相似文献
7.
阿姆河右岸麦捷让地区碳酸盐岩气藏非均质性强,储层横向厚度变化大,前期研究多结合地震波场模拟进行储层预测,气藏流体检测工作较少,新钻井情况表明内部流体关系复杂,需要开展流体检测工作对气藏内部流体分布进行全面认识.本文从岩石物理模型入手,分析石灰岩纵横波速度、弹性参数与岩石基本性质之间的定量关系,寻找对流体敏感的弹性属性,认为纵横波速度比能较好地识别气水分布.通过测井弹性参数交会和流体替换,以实际资料验证岩石物理分析结果并选择气藏敏感参数,建立了适合本地区的气藏预测模版.利用叠前时间偏移得到的共反射点道集,开展三维叠前同时反演,利用反演结果进行了储层流体识别.预测结果与验证井吻合良好,且含气分布范围揭示了两个气藏存在. 相似文献
8.
为研究裂缝、裂隙介质中波致流引起的衰减,将裂缝看作背景孔隙岩石中非常薄且孔隙度非常高的层状介质,并等价成White周期层状模型.分别考虑不同类型的裂隙和孔隙之间的挤喷流影响,结合改进的Biot方程,推导得到裂缝裂隙介质的刚度与频率的关系.当缝隙中饱含流体时,介质的衰减和速度频散受裂缝、孔隙之间和裂隙、孔隙之间流体流动的显著影响.在低频极限下,裂缝裂隙介质的性质由各向异性Gassmann理论和挤喷流模型获得;而在非常高的频率时,由于缝隙中的压力来不及达到平衡,波致流的影响可忽略.分析表明,裂隙密度主要影响波的衰减,而裂隙纵横比主要控制优势衰减频率和速度显著变化的频率范围;由于不同裂隙的衰减机制不同,衰减和速度频散大小有所差异,但基本趋势相同. 相似文献
9.
为了在地震资料和裂缝储层特征之间建立联系,对裂缝储层采用了等效介质模型.而传统的等效介质模型未充分考虑非完全弹性介质理论和基于频变各向异性理论的双相或多相流体假设,也不能对实际裂缝储层中的地震波频散和衰减现象提供准确合理的解释,并且储层参数的反演研究对裂缝储层的定性预测和定量描述举足轻重.为此,本文首先根据所提出的黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin动态等效介质模型,该模型考虑了耦合的双相流体假设、黏弹性理论、喷射流以及斑块效应,并在此基础上分析了裂缝储层参数(主要为裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度)对地震波频变特征的影响.然后基于黏弹性Chapman-Kelvin模型与Schoenberg和Protazio概括的Zoeppritz方程所计算出的频变反射系数,分析了反射PP波和PS波的频变AVAZ(Amplitude Versus Angle and Azimuth)特性和PP波频变反射系数与裂缝储层参数的关系.同时考虑到发生地震频散时,反射系数和频率产生关系,构建了在角度、方位和时间域内的新型正演方程.最后,基于PP波频变反射系数对裂缝密度、裂缝长度、孔隙度和含水饱和度的变化有较... 相似文献
10.
水力压裂储层改造技术是页岩气开发的关键技术手段.大量高压流体注入页岩储层会显著改变岩石的纵横波速度、岩石力学参数及其各向异性特征.文章在伪三轴应力加载条件下对龙马溪组页岩开展了差异化的水力压裂岩石物理实验,对比了应力加载方式和水-岩物理化学反应对于页岩纵横波速度和岩石力学参数的影响.实验结果表明,对于干燥页岩样品,各向同性应力加载可以增大其纵横波速度和杨氏模量,并减弱对应的各向异性特征,而差应力加载可以提高杨氏模量的各向异性特征,并使页岩垂直沉积层理方向上的抗压强度下降速率加快.另一方面,水力压裂引发的水-岩物理化学反应能够"软化"页岩样品,降低其杨氏模量.这一"软化"作用对页岩纵横波速度的影响较小,而使Thomsen参数、杨氏模量和泊松比的各向异性特征显著下降.此外,页岩样品泊松比之间的负线性关系也由于压裂流体对页岩的"软化"作用失去了对于应力加载的敏感性.研究结果可以为龙马溪组页岩岩石力学性质研究提供良好的借鉴和数据支持. 相似文献
11.
裂缝储层岩石物理参数的准确获得对地下裂缝预测具有重要意义,而叠前地震反演是获得裂缝岩石物理参数的有效手段.本文从裂缝岩石物理等效模型的构建出发,从测井数据上估测了裂缝岩石物理参数,通过推导含裂缝岩石物理参数的方位各向异性弹性阻抗公式,探讨了基于方位各向异性弹性阻抗的裂缝岩石物理参数地震反演方法.实际工区地震数据应用表明,基于方位各向异性弹性阻抗的裂缝岩石物理参数反演方法合理、可靠,可以降低裂缝岩石物理参数估测的不确定性,为地下裂缝预测提供有力的依据. 相似文献
12.
Wave‐induced fluid flow plays an important role in affecting the seismic dispersion and attenuation of fractured porous rocks. While numerous theoretical models have been proposed for the seismic dispersion and attenuation in fractured porous rocks, most of them neglect the wave‐induced fluid flow resulting from the background anisotropy (e.g. the interlayer fluid flow between different layers) that can be normal in real reservoirs. Here, according to the theories of poroelasticity, we present an approach to study the frequency‐dependent seismic properties of more realistic and complicated rocks, i.e. horizontally and periodically layered porous rock with horizontal and randomly orienting fractures, respectively, distributed in one of the two periodical layers. The approach accounts for the dual effects of the wave‐induced fluid flow between the fractures and the background pores and between different layers (the interlayer fluid flow). Because C33 (i.e., the modulus of the normally incident P‐wave) is directly related to the P‐wave velocity widely measured in the seismic exploration, and its comprehensive dispersion and attenuation are found to be most significant, we study mainly the effects of fracture properties and the stiffness contrast between the different layers on the seismic dispersion and attenuation of C33. The results show that the increasing stiffness contrast enhances the interlayer fluid flow of the layered porous rocks with both horizontal and randomly orienting fractures and weakens the wave‐induced fluid flow between the fractures and the background pores, especially for the layered porous rock with horizontal fractures. The modelling results also demonstrate that for the considered rock construction, the increasing fracture density reduces the interlayer fluid flow while improves the dispersion and attenuation in the fracture‐relevant frequency band. Increasing fracture aspect ratio is found to reduce the dispersion and attenuation in the fracture‐relevant frequency band only, especially for the layered porous rock with horizontal fractures. 相似文献
13.
裂缝广泛分布于地球介质中并且具有多尺度的特点,裂缝尺度对于油气勘探和开发有着重要的意义.本文制作了一组含不同长度裂缝的人工岩样,其中三块含裂缝岩样中的裂缝直径分别为2 mm、3 mm和4 mm,裂缝的厚度都约为0.06 mm,裂缝密度大致相同(分别为4.8%、4.86%和4.86%).在岩样含水的条件下测试不同方向上的纵横波速度,实验结果表明,虽然三块裂缝岩样中的裂缝密度大致相同,但是含不同直径裂缝岩样的纵横波速度存在差异.在各个方向上,含数量众多的小尺度裂缝的岩样中纵横波速度都明显低于含少量的大尺度裂缝的岩样中纵横波速度.尤其是对纵波速度和SV波速度,在不同尺度裂缝岩样中的差异更明显.在含数量多的小尺度裂缝的岩样中纵波各向异性和横波各向异性最高,而含少量的大尺度的裂缝的岩样中的纵波各向异性和横波各向异性较低.实验测量结果与Hudson理论模型预测结果进行了对比分析,结果发现Hudson理论考虑到了裂缝尺度对纵波速度和纵波各向异性的影响,但是忽略了其对横波速度和横波各向异性的影响. 相似文献
14.
Seismic wave propagation in reservoir rocks is often strongly affected by fractures and micropores. Elastic properties of fractured reservoirs are studied using a fractured porous rock model, in which fractures are considered to be embedded in a homogeneous porous background. The paper presents an equivalent media model for fractured porous rocks. Fractures are described in a stress‐strain relationship in terms of fracture‐induced anisotropy. The equations of poroelasticity are used to describe the background porous matrix and the contents of the fractures are inserted into a matrix. Based on the fractured equivalent‐medium theory and Biot's equations of poroelasticity, two sets of porosity are considered in a constitutive equation. The porous matrix permeability and fracture permeability are analysed by using the continuum media seepage theory in equations of motion. We then design a fractured porous equivalent medium and derive the modified effective constants for low‐frequency elastic constants due to the presence of fractures. The expressions of elastic constants are concise and are directly related to the properties of the main porous matrix, the inserted fractures and the pore fluid. The phase velocity and attenuation of the fractured porous equivalent media are investigated based on this model. Numerical simulations are performed. We show that the fractures and pores strongly influence wave propagation, induce anisotropy and cause poroelastic behaviour in the wavefields. We observe that the presence of fractures gives rise to changes in phase velocity and attenuation, especially for the slow P‐wave in the direction parallel to the fracture plane. 相似文献
15.
Underground fractures play an important role in the storage and movement of hydrocarbon fluid. Fracture rock physics has been the useful bridge between fracture parameters and seismic response. In this paper, we aim to use seismic data to predict subsurface fractures based on rock physics. We begin with the construction of fracture rock physics model. Using the model, we may estimate P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and fracture rock physics parameters. Then we derive a new approximate formula for the analysis of the relationship between fracture rock physics parameters and seismic response, and we also propose the method which uses seismic data to invert the elastic and rock physics parameters of fractured rock. We end with the method verification, which includes using well-logging data to confirm the reliability of fracture rock physics effective model and utilizing real seismic data to validate the applicability of the inversion method. Tests show that the fracture rock physics effective model may be used to estimate velocities and fracture rock physics parameters reliably, and the inversion method is resultful even when the seismic data is added with random noise. Real data test also indicates the inversion method can be applied into the estimation of the elastic and fracture weaknesses parameters in the target area. 相似文献
16.
Based on the long-wavelength approximation, a set of parallel vertical fractures embedded in periodic thin interbeds can be regarded as an equivalent orthorhombic medium. Rock physics is the basis for constructing the relationship between fracture parameters and seismic response. Seismic scattering is an effective way to inverse anisotropic parameters. In this study, we propose a reliable method for predicting the Thomsen’s weak anisotropic parameters and fracture weaknesses in an orthorhombic fractured reservoir using azimuthal pre-stack seismic data. First, considering the influence of fluid substitution in mineral matrix, porosity, fractures and anisotropic rocks, we estimate the orthorhombic anisotropic stiffness coefficients by constructing an equivalent rock physics model for fractured rocks. Further, we predict the logging elastic parameters, Thomsen’s weak parameters, and fracture weaknesses to provide the initial model constraints for the seismic inversion. Then, we derive the P-wave reflection coefficient equation for the inversion of Thomsen’s weak anisotropic parameters and fracture weaknesses. Cauchy-sparse and smoothing-model constraint regularization taken into account in a Bayesian framework, we finally develop a method of amplitude variation with angles of incidence and azimuth (AVAZ) inversion for Thomsen’s weak anisotropic parameters and fracture weaknesses, and the model parameters are estimated by using the nonlinear iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS) strategy. Both synthetic and real examples show that the method can directly estimate the orthorhombic characteristic parameters from the azimuthally pre-stack seismic data, which provides a reliable seismic inversion method for predicting Thomsen’s weak anisotropic parameters and fracture weaknesses. 相似文献
17.
Wide-azimuth seismic data can be used to derive anisotropic parameters on the subsurface by observing variation in subsurface seismic response along different azimuths. Layer-based high-resolution estimates of components of the subsurface anisotropic elastic tensor can be reconstructed by using wide-azimuth P-wave data by combining the kinematic information derived from anisotropic velocity analysis with dynamic information obtained from amplitude versus angle and azimuth analysis of wide-azimuth seismic data. Interval P-impedance, S-impedance and anisotropic parameters associated with anisotropic fracture media are being reconstructed using linearized analysis assuming horizontal transverse anisotropy symmetry. In this paper it is shown how additional assumptions, such as the rock model, can be used to reduce the degrees of freedom in the estimation problem and recover all five anisotropic parameters. Because the use of a rock model is needed, the derived elastic parameters are consistent with the rock model and are used to infer fractured rock properties using stochastic rock physics inversion. The inversion is based on stochastic rock physics modelling and maximum a posteriori estimate of both porosity and crack density parameters associated with the observed elastic parameters derived from both velocity and amplitude versus angle and azimuth analysis. While the focus of this study is on the use of P-wave reflection data, we also show how additional information such as shear wave splitting and/or anisotropic well log data can reduce the assumptions needed to derive elastic parameter and rock properties. 相似文献
18.
Understanding the effects of in situ fluid content and fracture parameters on seismic characteristics is important for the subsurface exploration and production of fractured porous rocks. The ratio of normal-to-shear fracture compliance is typically utilized as a fluid indicator to evaluate anisotropy and identify fluids filling the fractures, but it represents an underdetermined problem because this fluid indicator varies as a function of both fracture geometry and fluid content. On the bases of anisotropic Gassmann's equation and linear-slip model, we suggest an anisotropic poroelasticity model for fractured porous reservoirs. By combining a perturbed stiffness matrix and asymptotic ray theory, we then construct a direct relationship between the PP-wave reflection coefficients and characteristic parameters of fluids(P-and S-wave moduli) and fractures(fracture quasi-weaknesses), thereby decoupling the effects of fluid and fracture properties on seismic reflection characterization.By incorporating fracture quasi-weakness parameters, we propose a novel parameterization method for elastic impedance variation with offset and azimuth(EIVOA). By incorporating wide-azimuth observable seismic reflection data with regularization constraints, we utilize Bayesian seismic inversion to estimate the fluid content and fracture parameters of fractured porous rocks. Tests on synthetic and real data demonstrate that fluid and fracture properties can be reasonably estimated directly from azimuthal seismic data and the proposed approach provides a reliable method for fluid identification and fracture characterization in a gas-saturated fractured porous reservoir. 相似文献