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1.
油气勘探开发实践证明,裂缝常常是油气藏存储的空间或运移的通道,因此,裂缝各向异性介质中地震波场的研究越来越倍受关注,国内外很多岩石物理学者、地球物理专家等对裂缝信息的描述提出了很多理论认识与方法技术.本文根据Eshelby-Cheng各向异性裂缝介质模型理论,求取各向异性裂缝介质的弹性参数,并建立Eshelby-Cheng各向异性裂缝介质的波动方程,利用时间错格伪谱法对含流体裂缝介质进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明,采用时间错格伪谱法能有效解决各向异性介质的波场传播,利用时间错格有限差分算子替代普通的差分算子来求解时间导数,利用快速傅氏变换求解空间导数,大大提高了正演模拟的计算精度与计算效率.并且与各向同性介质相比,地震波在含流体裂缝各向异性介质中的传播要复杂得多,各向同性介质层中的波是纯的,其横波不会发生分裂,而在各向异性介质层中,横波将发生分裂. 相似文献
2.
储层中的裂隙会导致介质表现出各向异性.传统等效介质方法假定储层可以被等效成为横向各向同性介质,不适用于复杂裂缝储层的弹性等效建模和各向异性特征分析.本文在前人研究基础上,利用最小二乘方法开展3D复杂裂隙弹性等效数值模拟研究,并与常规等效介质理论方法进行比较,验证数值方法的精确性.数值方法不仅能有效避免Hudson理论和Eshelby-Cheng理论等解析方法在大裂隙密度条件下的参数估计误差,而且兼顾裂隙扰动作用对等效介质参数的影响.数值研究表明,数值方法能够较好地描述复杂裂缝介质的各向异性特征,为复杂裂缝储层地震波各向异性参数反演提供依据. 相似文献
3.
裂缝诱导的双相具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性(HTI)介质模型是由一组平行排列的垂直裂缝嵌入到统计各向同性的流体饱和多孔隙岩石中而组成的,它综合考虑了裂缝型储层岩石的各向异性和孔隙性.高精度的地震波场数值模拟技术是研究该介质中地震波传播规律的主要方法.本文结合错格伪谱法和时间分裂法,求解描述该介质中地震波传播的一阶速度-应力方程.模拟了单层和双层模型中的地震波场,并对其进行了特征分析.研究结果表明:错格伪谱法能有效消除标准网格伪谱法波场模拟结果中出现的数值伪影现象,与时间分裂法结合能够获得稳定的、高精度的模拟结果;裂缝诱导双相HTI介质中的地震波场兼具裂缝各向异性介质和双相介质中传播的地震波的波场特征. 相似文献
4.
《地球物理学进展》2017,(4)
TTI(Tilted Transversely Isotropic)各向异性是对地下岩石中广泛存在的规则发育的裂缝和层理的一种有效的弹性近似,基于TTI介质的地震波数值模拟技术是分析地震波在复杂各向异性介质中的传播机理的有效工具.同时,高精度的数值模拟算法也能为后续的逆时偏移技术提供重要的技术支撑.由于TTI介质中地震波方程的弹性参数众多且变化复杂,常规有限差分技术在解决TTI介质正演模拟问题时往往会产生严重的数值频散现象,降低了数值模拟精度.通量校正传输(FluxCorrected Transport,FCT)技术能够有效地压制由空间离散产生的数值频散.本文将FCT技术用于TTI介质中弹性波方程的交错网格高阶精度差分正演,在数值模拟过程中通过对波场进行漫射和反漫射校正实现了空间网格频散的压制.模型模拟结果表明,与常规有限差分算法相比,本文算法能够有效的压制大网格条件下的数值频散,提高模拟精度. 相似文献
5.
裂缝储层岩石物理参数的准确获得对地下裂缝预测具有重要意义,而叠前方位AVA地震反演是获得裂缝岩石物理参数的有效手段.假设地下岩石为倾斜横向各向同性（TTI）介质,本文从裂缝岩石物理等效模型的构建出发,从测井数据中估计出纵横波相对反射系数和裂缝柔度参数.通过推导含裂缝柔度的方位各向异性反射系数公式,基于贝叶斯反演框架建立了P波线性AVAZ反演方法.合成地震数据应用表明基于贝叶斯理论的TTI介质裂缝柔度反演方法具有一定抗噪性,可以降低裂缝柔度估测的不确定性,为地下裂缝预测提供有力的依据. 相似文献
6.
分数阶微分算子具有描述历史依赖性和全域相关性的特质,本文利用这种特质描述双相介质固体骨架的黏弹性特征.基于Kjartansson常Q理论将含有分数阶时间导数的黏弹固体骨架各向异性本构关系与双相介质理论有机地结合起来,并引入流变学本构关系描述孔隙流体的黏滞性力学行为,提出一种新的基于分数阶时间导数常Q黏弹本构关系的含黏滞流体双相VTI模型.推导了相应的时间域波传播方程,然后对该方程进行了数值模拟.对整数阶导数采用高阶交错网格有限差分算法,对分数阶时间导数采用短时记忆中心差分算法,进行了不同相界、不同品质因子组及双层地质结构情况下该类介质中波场的数值模拟与特征分析.模拟结果表明：将含有分数阶时间导数的常Q黏弹固体骨架各向异性本构关系及孔隙流体的黏滞性本构关系引入双相介质理论是可行的,二者的结合能更好地反映地下介质的黏弹性特征,对于进一步认识波在黏弹各向异性孔隙介质中的传播机理具有重要意义,为反演和重构地下油气储层和结构奠定正演理论基础. 相似文献
7.
利用随机过程的谱展开理论以及Hudson等人的裂纹介质模型构造一种裂纹数密度是空间平稳随机过程的随机介质模型。这个模型可以将裂纹的微观参数(裂纹数密度)与裂纹介质的宏观性质(弹性常数)联系起来,能灵活、有效地描述实际非均匀裂纹介质。模型算例表明,弹性常数的空问分布特征与裂纹数密度的有差别,而且对不同的弹性常数影响不同。通过改编自相关长度的大小,可以模拟裂缝在两个坐标轴方向上具有不同分布尺度的情况。最后,利用高阶的交错网格有限差分方法,我们模拟了地震波在具有随机分布裂缝岩石中的传播特征。 相似文献
8.
9.
裂缝广泛分布于各类储层岩石中,并且会显著提高储层的渗流能力.因此,裂缝的评价和表征对于提高油气产能具有重要意义.由于裂缝与背景介质之间的波致流会显著影响地震波的频散和衰减特性,所以地震勘探是评价裂缝性储层的有效手段.裂缝地震定量表征的前提是要基于含裂缝岩石中波致流对频散和衰减的影响建立含裂缝岩石物理特性与地震性质的关系.然而,目前相关的理论研究大部分基于各向同性背景这一假设,难以有效应用于常见的各向异性储层.本文针对背景为各向异性的含裂缝岩石提出了频散和衰减的计算方法.该方法首先将含裂缝岩石中的各向异性背景介质等效为层状背景介质;然后,通过分析不同频率下层状含裂缝岩石中的流体压力分布,理论计算了两个特定的中间频率并求解得到两个中间频率下的弹性参数;进一步,以计算得到的两个特定中间频率以及高低频极限下的弹性参数为基础,应用数值方法求解得到弛豫函数中的未知参数,最终实现了背景为各向异性含裂缝岩石中频散和衰减的理论模拟.通过将理论预测结果与实验测量和数值模拟结果进行对比,验证了该方法在背景为各向异性含不同分布裂缝岩石中的有效性.本文提出的方法考虑了常见的各向异性背景对含裂缝岩石频散和衰减的影... 相似文献
10.
页岩的强各向异性特征挑战地震波传播数值模拟方法的精度极限, 特别是易引起频散的高频波(>100 Hz)传播的数值模拟.鉴于目前我国页岩气地震勘探主要以常规地震声波资料为主,本文首先介绍了一种VTI介质声波方程的任意偶数阶有限差分数值模拟方法,并讨论其稳定性条件和吸收边界条件.任意偶数阶的差分解可有效提高计算精度,压制数值频散噪声.针对页岩较强的各向异性特征,本文比较了不同模型的声波方程和VTI介质声波方程计算得到的地震响应.数值结果表明,各向异性对地震波的运动学(相位)和动力学(振幅)特性影响作用明显.因此,在页岩气地震勘探资料处理的各个环节必须充分考虑各向异性的影响,采取有别于常规油气勘探的处理流程和技术. 相似文献
11.
裂缝广泛分布于地球介质中并且具有多尺度的特点,裂缝尺度对于油气勘探和开发有着重要的意义.本文制作了一组含不同长度裂缝的人工岩样,其中三块含裂缝岩样中的裂缝直径分别为2 mm、3 mm和4 mm,裂缝的厚度都约为0.06 mm,裂缝密度大致相同(分别为4.8%、4.86%和4.86%).在岩样含水的条件下测试不同方向上的纵横波速度,实验结果表明,虽然三块裂缝岩样中的裂缝密度大致相同,但是含不同直径裂缝岩样的纵横波速度存在差异.在各个方向上,含数量众多的小尺度裂缝的岩样中纵横波速度都明显低于含少量的大尺度裂缝的岩样中纵横波速度.尤其是对纵波速度和SV波速度,在不同尺度裂缝岩样中的差异更明显.在含数量多的小尺度裂缝的岩样中纵波各向异性和横波各向异性最高,而含少量的大尺度的裂缝的岩样中的纵波各向异性和横波各向异性较低.实验测量结果与Hudson理论模型预测结果进行了对比分析,结果发现Hudson理论考虑到了裂缝尺度对纵波速度和纵波各向异性的影响,但是忽略了其对横波速度和横波各向异性的影响. 相似文献
12.
Seismic wave propagation in reservoir rocks is often strongly affected by fractures and micropores. Elastic properties of fractured reservoirs are studied using a fractured porous rock model, in which fractures are considered to be embedded in a homogeneous porous background. The paper presents an equivalent media model for fractured porous rocks. Fractures are described in a stress‐strain relationship in terms of fracture‐induced anisotropy. The equations of poroelasticity are used to describe the background porous matrix and the contents of the fractures are inserted into a matrix. Based on the fractured equivalent‐medium theory and Biot's equations of poroelasticity, two sets of porosity are considered in a constitutive equation. The porous matrix permeability and fracture permeability are analysed by using the continuum media seepage theory in equations of motion. We then design a fractured porous equivalent medium and derive the modified effective constants for low‐frequency elastic constants due to the presence of fractures. The expressions of elastic constants are concise and are directly related to the properties of the main porous matrix, the inserted fractures and the pore fluid. The phase velocity and attenuation of the fractured porous equivalent media are investigated based on this model. Numerical simulations are performed. We show that the fractures and pores strongly influence wave propagation, induce anisotropy and cause poroelastic behaviour in the wavefields. We observe that the presence of fractures gives rise to changes in phase velocity and attenuation, especially for the slow P‐wave in the direction parallel to the fracture plane. 相似文献
13.
We have implemented a 3D finite‐difference scheme to simulate wave propagation in arbitrary anisotropic media. The anisotropic media up to orthorhombic symmetry were modelled using a standard staggered grid scheme and beyond (monoclinic and triclinic) using a rotated staggered grid scheme. The rationale of not using rotated staggered grid for all types of anisotropic media is that the rotated staggered grid schemes are more expensive than standard staggered grid schemes. For a 1D azimuthally anistropic medium, we show a comparison between the seismic data generated by our finite‐difference code and by the reflectivity algorithm; they are in excellent agreement. We conducted a study on zero‐offset shear‐wave splitting using the finite‐difference modelling algorithm using the rotated staggered grid scheme. Our S‐wave splitting study is mainly focused on fractured media. On the scale of seismic wavelenghts, small aligned fractures behave as an equivalent anisotropic medium. We computed the equivalent elastic properties of the fractures and the background in which the fractures were embedded, using low‐frequency equivalent media theories. Wave propagation was simulated for both rotationally invariant and corrugated fractures embedded in an isotropic background for one, or more than one, set of fluid‐filled and dry fractures. S‐wave splitting was studied for dipping fractures, two vertical non‐orthogonal fractures and corrugated fractures. Our modelling results confirm that S‐wave splitting can reveal the fracture infill in the case of dipping fractures. S‐wave splitting has the potential to reveal the angle between the two vertical fractures. We also notice that in the case of vertical corrugated fractures, S‐wave splitting is sensitive to the fracture infill. 相似文献
14.
Seismic wavefield modeling in media with fluid-filled fractures and surface topography 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
We present a finite difference (FD) method for the simulation of seismic wave fields in fractured medium with an irregular (non-flat) free surface which is beneficial for interpreting exploration data acquired in mountainous regions. Fractures are introduced through the Coates-Schoenberg approach into the FD scheme which leads to local anisotropic properties of the media where fractures are embedded. To implement surface topography, we take advantage of the boundary-conforming grid and map a rectangular grid onto a curved one. We use a stable and explicit second-order accurate finite difference scheme to discretize the elastic wave equations (in a curvilinear coordinate system) in a 2D heterogeneous transversely isotropic medium with a horizontal axis of symmetry (HTI). Efficiency tests performed by different numerical experiments clearly illustrate the influence of an irregular free surface on seismic wave propagation in fractured media which may be significant to mountain seismic exploration. The tests also illustrate that the scattered waves induced by the tips of the fracture are re-scattered by the features of the free surface topography. The scattered waves provoked by the topography are re-scattered by the fractures, especially Rayleigh wave scattering whose amplitudes are much larger than others and making it very difficult to identify effective information from the fractures. 相似文献
15.
裂缝诱导HTI双孔隙介质模型是将一组垂直排列的裂缝系统嵌入到统计各向同性的孔隙岩石基质系统中而建立的.为了研究裂缝参数对地震波在该模型中传播规律的影响,本文分别对裂缝弱度、裂缝孔隙度和裂缝渗透率这三个主要的裂缝参数进行了分析研究.数值结果表明,裂缝诱导HTI双孔隙介质中,裂缝弱度越大,介质的各向异性强度越强;与基质孔隙系统相比,裂缝系统孔隙度对介质等效孔隙度的影响很小,而裂缝系统渗透率的增大则将显著提高介质在裂缝发育方向上的等效渗透率,这符合对裂缝系统"低孔"、"高渗"特性的认识.此外,裂缝系统渗透率的增大也使慢纵波的振幅显著增强. 相似文献
16.
利用新方法制作出含可控裂缝的双孔隙人工砂岩物理模型,具有与天然岩石更为接近的矿物成分、孔隙结构和胶结方式,其中裂缝密度、裂缝尺寸和裂缝张开度等裂缝参数可以控制以得到实验所需要的裂缝参数,岩样具有真实的孔隙和裂缝空间并可以在不同饱和流体状态下研究流体性质对于裂缝介质性质的影响.本次实验制作出一组具有不同裂缝密度的含裂缝人工岩样,对岩样利用SEM扫描电镜分析可以看到真实的孔隙结构和符合我们要求的裂缝参数,岩样被加工成八面棱柱以测量不同方向上弹性波传播的速度,用0.5 MHz的换能器使用透射法测量在饱和空气和饱和水条件下各个样品不同方向上的纵横波速度,并得出纵横波速度、横波分裂系数和纵横波各向异性强度受裂缝密度和饱和流体的影响.研究发现流体对于纵波速度和纵波各向异性强度的影响较强,而横波速度、横波分裂系数和横波各向异性强度受饱和流体的影响不大,但是对裂缝密度的变化更敏感. 相似文献
17.
Michel Bouchon 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1996,148(1-2):3-20
We review the application of the discrete wave number method to problems of scattering of seismic waves formulated in terms of boundary integral equation and boundary element methods. The approach is based on the representation of the diffracting surfaces and interfaces of the medium by surface distributions of sources or by boundary source elements, the radiation from which is equivalent to the scattered wave field produced by the diffracting boundaries. The Green's functions are evaluated by the discrete wave number method, and the boundary conditions yield a linear system of equations. The inversion of this system allows the calculation of the full wave field in the medium. We investigate the accuracy of the method and we present applications to the simulation of surface seismic surveys, to the diffraction of elastic waves by fractures, to regional crustal wave propagation and to topographic scattering. 相似文献
18.
Elastic properties of fluid saturated porous media with aligned fractures can be studied using the model of fractures as linear-slip interfaces in an isotropic porous background. Such a medium represents a particular case of a transversely isotropic (TI) porous medium, and as such can be analyzed with equations of anisotropic poroelasticity. This analysis allows the derivation of explicit analytical expressions for the low-frequency elastic constants and anisotropy parameters of the fractured porous medium saturated with a given fluid. The five elastic constants of the resultant TI medium are derived as a function of the properties of the dry (isotropic) background porous matrix, fracture properties (normal and shear excess compliances), and fluid bulk modulus. For the particular case of penny-shaped cracks, the expression for anisotropy parameter ε has the form similar to that of Thomsen [Geophys. Prospect. 43 (1995) 805]. However, contrary to the existing view, the compliance matrix of a fluid-saturated porous-fractured medium is not equivalent to the compliance matrix of any equivalent solid medium with a single set of parallel fractures. This unexpected result is caused by the wave-induced flow of fluids between pores and fractures. 相似文献
19.
Knowledge about the spatial distribution of the fracture density and the azimuthal fracture orientation can greatly help in optimizing production from fractured reservoirs. Frequency-dependent seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy data contain information about the fractures present in the reservoir. In this study, we use the measurements of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data corresponding to different seismic frequencies and azimuths to infer information about the multiple fracture sets present in the reservoir. We consider a reservoir model with two sets of vertical fractures characterized by unknown azimuthal fracture orientations and fracture densities. Frequency-dependent seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy data is computed using the effective viscoelastic stiffness tensor and solving the Christoffel equation. A Bayesian inversion method is then applied to measurements of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data corresponding to different seismic frequencies and azimuth to estimate the azimuthal fracture orientations and the fracture densities, as well as their uncertainties. Our numerical examples suggest that velocity anisotropy data alone cannot recover the unknown fracture parameters. However, an improved estimation of the unknown fracture parameters can be obtained by joint inversion of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data. 相似文献
20.
Colin M. Sayers 《Geophysical Prospecting》2002,50(4):393-401
Azimuthal anisotropy in rocks can result from the presence of one or more sets of partially aligned fractures with orientations determined by the stress history of the rock. A shear wave propagating in an azimuthally anisotropic medium splits into two components with different polarizations if the source polarization is not aligned with the principal axes of the medium. For vertical propagation of shear waves in a horizontally layered medium containing vertical fractures, the shear‐wave splitting depends on the shear compliance of the fractures, but is independent of their normal compliance. If the fractures are not perfectly vertical, the shear‐wave splitting also depends on the normal compliance of the fractures. The normal compliance of a fluid‐filled fracture decreases with increasing fluid bulk modulus. For dipping fractures, this results in a decrease in shear‐wave splitting and an increase in shear‐wave velocity with increasing fluid bulk modulus. The sensitivity of the shear‐wave splitting to fluid bulk modulus depends on the interconnectivity of the fracture network, the permeability of the background medium and on whether the fracture is fully or partially saturated. 相似文献